This document discusses routing in ad hoc networks. It begins by defining an ad hoc network as a collection of mobile wireless nodes that form a network without any infrastructure or centralized administration. It describes some key differences between ad hoc and normal wireless networks. It then discusses different types of routing protocols that can be used in ad hoc networks, including proactive, reactive, hybrid, and power-aware protocols. It also covers some security challenges in ad hoc networks and discusses energy efficient routing protocols like DSR and MBCR. It concludes by discussing advantages and disadvantages of ad hoc networks and opportunities for future research.

1. Routing in adhoc networks of mobile hosts
SUBMITTED BY
S.Aravind
(09491A0423)
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
QIS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
.

2. What is an Ad hoc Network
• Collection of mobile wireless nodes forming a network
without the aid of any infrastructure or centralized
administration
• Nodes have limited transmission range
• Nodes act as a routers

3. DIFFERENCE B/W ADHOC AND
NORMAL WIRELESS MODE
ADHOC MODE NORM.WIRELESS MODE

4. WHY IT IS ADHOC
• IN NORMAL WIRELESS MODE BACK LOG IS
INFRASTRUCTURE..
• IN ADHOC THERE IS NO INFRASTRUCTURE..SO
IT IS PREFERRED TO OTHER N/W’S
• WI-FI,WI-MAX,BLUETOOTH ARE SOME OF
INFRASTRUCTURED N/W’S
• MANET,VANET ARE SOME OF THE ADHOC
NETWORKS

5. ROUTING IN ADHOC
• ROUTING IS NOTHING BUT THE WAY OF DATA
TRANSFERRING B/W THE NODES.
• IN ADHOC EVERY COMPUTER ,MOBILE,PDA
ACTS AS NODE,DATA IS TRANSFERRED B/W
THE NODES
• DATA IS TRANSFERRED B/W THE NODES IN
THE FORM OF PACKETS

6. TYPES OF ROUTING PROTOCOLS IN
ADHOC
• Proactive routing: This type of protocols maintains
fresh lists of destinations and their routes by
periodically distributing routing tables throughout the
network
• Reactive (on demand ) routing: This type of protocols
finds a route on demand by flooding the network with
Route Request packets
• Flow oriented routing: This type of protocols finds a
route on demand by following present flows.
• Hybrid (both proactive &reactive routing):This type of
protocols combines the advantages of proactive and of
reactive routing

7. • Hierarchical routing protocols:With this type of protocols
the choice of proactive and of reactive routing depends on
the hierarchic level where a node resides.
• Backpressure routing:This type of routing does not pre-
compute paths. It chooses next-hops dynamically as a
packet is in progress toward its destination. These decisions
are based on congestion gradients of neighbor nodes
• Host specific routing protocols:This type of protocols
requires thorough administration to tailor the routing to a
certain network layout and a distinct flow strategy
• Power aware routing protocols:Here the data is tranferred
by calculating power of the next node.Highest power node
is selected for transferring of data

8. ADHOC PROTOCOLS DERIVED TYPE
adhoc Mobile Routing Protocols
Table Driven Protocols On Demand Protocols
Hybrid
Protocols
DSDV, WR ABR, DSR, AO
P, STAR DV, TORA
ZRP

9. Security Challenges in Ad Hoc
Networks
• Lack of Infrastructure or centralized control
– Key management becomes difficult
• Dynamic topology
– Challenging to design sophisticated & secure routing
protocols
• Communication through Radio Waves
– Difficult to prevent eavesdropping
• Vulnerabilities of routing mechanism
– Non-cooperation of nodes
• Vulnerabilities of nodes
– Captured or Compromised

10. ENERGY EFFICIENT ROUTING
PROTOCOLS FOR ADHOC
• 1. DYNAMIC SOURCE ROUTING (DSR):The key feature of
DSR is the use of source routing. That is ,the sender knows
the complete hop by hop route to destination .These routes
are stored in route cache.
• 2. MINIMUM BATTERY COST ROUTING (MBCR):The
minimum battery cost routing model uses the remaining
battery capacity of the node to measure the node life
time, and path is choosed as per the good life time basis.
• 3. MINIMUM MAXIMUM BATTERY COST ROUTING
(MMBCR):The main objective of MMBCR is to make sure
that route selection is done based on the battery capacity
of all the individual nodes. It selects the path having more
battery capacity

11. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES:
• Can be accessible to remote areas where a wlan cannot reach.
• Can be established and destroyed easily.
• There is no need of long wires and cables and infrastructure
equipment.
• It can be considered as fastest operation.
• Can be accessed at anywhere with the same ip address
DISADVANTAGES:
• No security in data transfer.
• If the battery power consumed the node will be destroyed.
• Threats from compromised nodes inside the network
• Lack of centralized management facility

12. PRACTICAL XP ADHOC SETUP

15. FUTURE REASERCHES
• Routing Protocol Optimization
• QoS Support
• Simulation
• Security
• Standardization and Interoperability

16. CONCLUSION
• THOUGH ADHOC HAS SOME DEMERITS..LIKE
SECURITY AND OTHER ,IT IS SOLVING SO
MUCH PROBLEMS IN OUR DAY TO DAY
LIFE…SO THINK FOR BETTER ADHOC…..ING

17. THANK YOU FOR YOUR
CONCENTRATION
ANY QUESTIONS FROM YOUR SIDE…?