Surface active agents
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The document discusses surface active agents, also known as surfactants. Surfactants are amphiphilic organic compounds that contain both hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups. When added to a liquid, surfactants reduce surface tension and increase spreading and wetting properties. In textile dyeing, surfactants help dye penetrate fabric evenly. Surfactants have various applications including detergents, fabric softeners, emulsifiers, paints, adhesives, and more. Detergents are classified as ionic (anionic, cationic, amphoteric) or nonionic. Anionic detergents contain negative ions like alkyl sulfates or alkyl benzene sulfonates. Cationic deterg
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Surface active agents
This document presents a summary of surfactants by Pradeepkumar Yadav and Ramniranjan Jhunjunwala from MSC(II) (Physical Chemistry) at an unspecified college. It defines surfactants as amphiphilic molecules that absorb at interfaces and have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions. The document outlines the critical micelle concentration and micellar solubilization. It describes different types of surfactants and some of their properties and applications including wetting, emulsification, foaming, and use in pharmaceuticals.
Surface active agents
Surface active agents, also known as surfactants, are amphipathic molecules that contain both hydrophilic and hydrophobic portions. They can interact with both polar and non-polar substances, increasing the solubility of insoluble substances. In water, surfactant molecules form spherical clusters called micelles with the non-polar ends on the inside and polar ends on the outside. Surfactants are classified as anionic, cationic, non-ionic, or amphoteric based on their charge, and can be used as detergents, emulsifiers, wetting agents, and other products.
Detergent
Detergents contain various active ingredients like surfactants, builders, solvents, and enzymes that help remove dirt from surfaces. Surfactants are the primary cleaning agents that use their hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties to break the bond between dirt and surfaces and suspend dirt particles in the cleaning solution. Builders help reduce water hardness by binding with metal ions and protect surfactants' cleaning ability. Solvents aid in dissolving oils and greases that water cannot remove on its own. A variety of ingredients work together synergistically to achieve optimal cleaning.
Surface active agents
This document discusses surface active agents, also known as surfactants, which are compounds that lower surface tension between two liquids or a liquid and solid. It classifies surfactants based on their structure and polar head groups. Surfactants have a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail, which allows them to align at liquid interfaces. They act by forming micelles that suspend materials by coating them with hydrophilic heads facing water. Surfactants are classified as ionic, including anionic, cationic and amphoteric types, or non-ionic based on the charge of their polar head group.
Surface and Interfacial tension
When phases exist together, the boundary between two of them is known as interface.
When the phase is in contact with atmosphere it is termed as surface.
Surfactant
Hydrophilic- Water loving / Oil hating
Hydrophobic- Water hating / Oil loving
Surfactants are amphiphilic molecules composed of a hydrophilic or polar moiety known as head and a hydrophobic or nonpolar moiety known as tail.
The nature and number of polar and nonpolar groups – Hydrophilic, Lipophillic or somewhere in between.
Example - Alcohols, Amines and Acids Changes from hydrophilic to Lipophillic as carbons atoms increasing in their alkyl chain.
Azo dye
Azo dyes are formed by the chemical reaction of two colorless components - napthols and bases (also called coupling and diazotization components). The dyeing process involves first treating the fabric with a napthol solution, then developing the dye by exposing the naptholated fabric to the diazotized base solution. This results in an insoluble azo compound that provides good light and washing fastness but poorer rubbing fastness. Rubbing fastness can be improved through a soaping treatment after dyeing. Azo dyes have excellent properties but require a multi-step process compared to ready-made dyes.
Adsorption isotherms
The document discusses different adsorption isotherm models including Freundlich, Langmuir, and BET isotherms. The Freundlich isotherm accounts for heterogeneous adsorption sites while the Langmuir isotherm assumes monolayer adsorption. The BET isotherm built upon Langmuir's assumptions to account for multilayer adsorption. Key factors in adsorption include pressure, temperature, surface energy, and the equilibrium between adsorbed and gaseous molecules. Adsorption amounts level off at high pressures when all adsorption sites are filled.
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Surface active agents
This document presents a summary of surfactants by Pradeepkumar Yadav and Ramniranjan Jhunjunwala from MSC(II) (Physical Chemistry) at an unspecified college. It defines surfactants as amphiphilic molecules that absorb at interfaces and have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions. The document outlines the critical micelle concentration and micellar solubilization. It describes different types of surfactants and some of their properties and applications including wetting, emulsification, foaming, and use in pharmaceuticals.
Surface active agents
Surface active agents, also known as surfactants, are amphipathic molecules that contain both hydrophilic and hydrophobic portions. They can interact with both polar and non-polar substances, increasing the solubility of insoluble substances. In water, surfactant molecules form spherical clusters called micelles with the non-polar ends on the inside and polar ends on the outside. Surfactants are classified as anionic, cationic, non-ionic, or amphoteric based on their charge, and can be used as detergents, emulsifiers, wetting agents, and other products.
Detergent
Detergents contain various active ingredients like surfactants, builders, solvents, and enzymes that help remove dirt from surfaces. Surfactants are the primary cleaning agents that use their hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties to break the bond between dirt and surfaces and suspend dirt particles in the cleaning solution. Builders help reduce water hardness by binding with metal ions and protect surfactants' cleaning ability. Solvents aid in dissolving oils and greases that water cannot remove on its own. A variety of ingredients work together synergistically to achieve optimal cleaning.
Surface active agents
This document discusses surface active agents, also known as surfactants, which are compounds that lower surface tension between two liquids or a liquid and solid. It classifies surfactants based on their structure and polar head groups. Surfactants have a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail, which allows them to align at liquid interfaces. They act by forming micelles that suspend materials by coating them with hydrophilic heads facing water. Surfactants are classified as ionic, including anionic, cationic and amphoteric types, or non-ionic based on the charge of their polar head group.
Surface and Interfacial tension
When phases exist together, the boundary between two of them is known as interface.
When the phase is in contact with atmosphere it is termed as surface.
Surfactant
Hydrophilic- Water loving / Oil hating
Hydrophobic- Water hating / Oil loving
Surfactants are amphiphilic molecules composed of a hydrophilic or polar moiety known as head and a hydrophobic or nonpolar moiety known as tail.
The nature and number of polar and nonpolar groups – Hydrophilic, Lipophillic or somewhere in between.
Example - Alcohols, Amines and Acids Changes from hydrophilic to Lipophillic as carbons atoms increasing in their alkyl chain.
Azo dye
Azo dyes are formed by the chemical reaction of two colorless components - napthols and bases (also called coupling and diazotization components). The dyeing process involves first treating the fabric with a napthol solution, then developing the dye by exposing the naptholated fabric to the diazotized base solution. This results in an insoluble azo compound that provides good light and washing fastness but poorer rubbing fastness. Rubbing fastness can be improved through a soaping treatment after dyeing. Azo dyes have excellent properties but require a multi-step process compared to ready-made dyes.
Adsorption isotherms
The document discusses different adsorption isotherm models including Freundlich, Langmuir, and BET isotherms. The Freundlich isotherm accounts for heterogeneous adsorption sites while the Langmuir isotherm assumes monolayer adsorption. The BET isotherm built upon Langmuir's assumptions to account for multilayer adsorption. Key factors in adsorption include pressure, temperature, surface energy, and the equilibrium between adsorbed and gaseous molecules. Adsorption amounts level off at high pressures when all adsorption sites are filled.
Surfactant seminar
This document discusses hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) and the classification of surfactants. It begins by defining surfactants as molecules that absorb at interfaces and have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions. It then explains that the HLB scale measures the ratio between these regions, ranging from 1 to 19. Numbers on the lower end indicate water-in-oil emulsifiers, while higher numbers indicate oil-in-water emulsifiers. The document also classifies surfactants as anionic, cationic, amphoteric, or nonionic and lists some common examples and uses of surfactants, such as wetting, emulsification, and detergency.
Sequestering agents
Sequestering agents form complexes with polyvalent metal ions that can interfere with textile processing. There are several types of commercial sequestering agents, including aminocarboxylic acids, phosphates, hydroxycarboxylic acids, polyacrylates, and sugar acrylates. The most important factors to consider when selecting a sequestering agent are the stability constant of the metal-chelate complex, the pH of the process, and whether the agent could remove metals from premetallized dyes. An effective sequestering agent forms stable complexes, works under the process pH conditions, and does not demetalize important process metals.
SUFACTANTS : ADSORPTION AT LIQUID SURFACE/INTERFACE
This document discusses adsorption at liquid surfaces and interfaces. It defines positive and negative adsorption, where some solute molecules are partitioned in favor of the surface/interface (positive adsorption) while others favor the bulk liquid (negative adsorption). Surfactant molecules that reduce surface/interfacial tension through positive adsorption are also introduced. The document then describes how surfactant molecules have both a polar head and nonpolar tail, and how they orient at interfaces. It discusses micelle formation above the critical micelle concentration and how this affects physical properties. In summary, the document provides an overview of adsorption phenomena at liquid surfaces/interfaces with a focus on surfactant molecules and micelle formation.
Rheology
Rheology is the study of deformation and flow of matter. It governs the flow of fluids in the body like blood, lymph, and mucus. From a rheological perspective, materials are solids, liquids, or gases depending on whether their shape and volume remain constant under forces. The flow properties of materials determine how easily substances like emulsions and ointments can be processed and used. Materials can exhibit Newtonian or non-Newtonian flow based on whether their viscosity changes with applied stress. Key non-Newtonian flows include plastic, pseudoplastic, and dilatant. Factors like polymer structure, hydration, pH, and temperature affect the rheological properties of pharmaceutical products.
Micelle and Critical Micelle Concentration
Critical micelle concentration refers to the minimum concentration of surfactant above which micelles start to form spontaneously in a solution. It is an important characteristic of surfactants that can be determined through measuring changes in properties like surface tension, conductivity, and turbidity at varying concentrations. Several factors influence the critical micelle concentration, including the structure of the surfactant's hydrophobic group and the presence of electrolytes in the solution.
Detergency
Detergency is the process of removing dirt and oil from fabric surfaces using surfactants or detergents. The detergent works by reducing the surface tension between the fabric and dirt/oil, allowing the dirt/oil to be converted from a horizontal to spherical shape and more easily removed. Detergent molecules form spherical micelle structures with their hydrophobic tails inward and hydrophilic heads outward. Dirt and oil particles are encapsulated inside the micelle structures and removed from the fabric surface. Detergents are classified as ionic (anionic, cationic, amphoteric) or non-ionic depending on whether they ionize in solution.
Azo dyes
Azo dyes are organic compounds bearing the functional group R−N=N−R′, in which R and R′ are usually aryl. They are a commercially important family of azo compounds, i.e. compounds containing the linkage C-N=N-C. Azo dyes are widely used to treat textiles, leather articles, and some foods.
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- Micelles are aggregates of surfactant molecules that form spherical structures in water, with the hydrophilic "heads" facing outwards and the hydrophobic tails sequestered in the inner core.
- They are typically 3-50 nm in size and form as a result of the packing behavior of single-tailed lipids, which leads to aggregation that allows accommodation of the head groups at the interface while filling the interior volume.
- Micelles have various applications including in detergents, cosmetics, and as nanoreactors for chemical reactions, and their formation is driven entropically by the ordering of water molecules despite the enthalpic cost of aggregation.
Derivation of Bet equation and different isotherms
This file includes BET adsorption isotherm and five types of isotherms, derivation of BET adsorption isotherms.
Surfactants
The document defines surfactants as substances that decrease surface tension by absorbing to surfaces/interfaces. Surfactants have a hydrophilic group that attracts water and a hydrophobic group that repels water. This amphipathic structure allows surfactants to position at water-organic interfaces. Surfactants are classified as ionic (anionic, cationic), nonionic, or amphoteric depending on their head groups. Key properties include critical micelle concentration (CMC) and hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB). Surfactants have many applications including detergents, personal care products, paints, food processing, and mining.
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Colloids have particle sizes between 1 nm and 1000 nm. They are classified as lyophilic, lyophobic, or association colloids based on particle interactions with the dispersion medium. Lyophilic colloids readily disperse in the medium while lyophobic colloids do not. Association colloids form micelles above a critical micelle concentration. Colloids demonstrate optical properties like Tyndall effect and can be imaged with electron microscopes. They also exhibit kinetic properties including Brownian motion, diffusion, osmotic pressure, and sedimentation. Colloidal particles are often electrically charged, leading to electrokinetic phenomena like electrophoresis and electroosmosis. Stability is important for preventing
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This document discusses soaps and detergents used for laundering and dry cleaning. It provides information on:
- Laundering uses water to dissolve soils through agitation and higher temperatures. Dry cleaning uses solvents instead of water for delicate fabrics.
- Common dry cleaning solvents include Stoddard, perchloroethylene, and valclene A.
- Detergents contain surfactants and other additives to help remove soils from fabrics. They have a hydrophobic and hydrophilic end that attract soils and suspend them in wash water.
- Detergents are widely used for cleaning textiles, dishes, surfaces and in agriculture and petroleum industries. They are available in powder,
Spreading coefficient
INCLUDES SPREADING COEFFICIENT AND ITS THEORY AND ALSO FEW OF ITS APPLICATION IN PHARMACEUTICAL FIELD
WILL BE HELPFUL FOR B PHARMACY STUDENTS
INCLUDES HOW IT IS DERIVED AND ALSO HOW IT IS RELATED TO SPREADING OF A CREAM OR OINTMENT ON OUR SKIN
IMPORTANCE OF SPREADING COEFFICIENT
SURFACTANTS
Surfactants are amphiphilic molecules that contain both hydrophilic and hydrophobic portions. They are able to interact with both polar and nonpolar substances. Surfactants lower the surface tension of liquids and allow mixtures of normally immiscible substances, such as oil and water, to form stable emulsions. They are widely used in industries such as detergents, personal care products, food, drugs, and others due to properties like wetting, foaming, emulsification, and solubilization. Surfactants are classified based on the charge of the hydrophilic head group into anionic, cationic, nonionic, and zwitterionic types.
micelle and surfactant
This document discusses surfactants and micelle formation. It defines surfactants as compounds that lower surface tension between liquids and between liquids and solids. Surfactants are amphiphilic, with a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail. Micelles are spherical aggregates of surfactant molecules that form in aqueous solutions above a critical concentration known as the critical micelle concentration (CMC). The document classifies surfactants as ionic, nonionic, cationic, anionic or zwitterionic and discusses their structures. It also outlines common uses of surfactants and types of micelles that can form.
Adsorption pharmaceutical analysis
This document discusses adsorption equilibrium and factors that influence adsorption. It defines adsorption as the accumulation of molecules on a surface, compared to absorption which is dissolution within a phase. The main factors that influence adsorption are surface area, nature of the gas, heats of adsorption, reversibility, temperature, pressure, and thickness of the adsorbed layer. Common adsorption models like Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms are also summarized.
Surface active agent by 269
This document defines surfactants as substances that lower surface tension and interfacial tension when dissolved in a medium. Surfactants are amphiphilic molecules with both hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads. They are classified as ionic (cationic, anionic, amphoteric) or non-ionic. Common examples include soap, detergents, emulsifiers, and foaming agents. Surfactants are used pharmaceutically as emulsifying agents, flocculating agents, wetting agents, solubilizing agents, and to modify membranes and enhance absorption and transport across mucosal tissues.
Surfactants
Surfactants are substances that can reduce the surface tension of liquids and allow them to foam or penetrate solids. They are used to help chemicals work together, such as allowing water to release oils from clothing during laundry. In embalming, a surfactant called Water/Clot Guard is added to condition water and aid the penetration of embalming chemicals into tissues by understanding how water molecules interact with other chemicals and capillaries. While surfactants are almost always useful in embalming solutions, knowing when to use them comes with experience.
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Surfactant seminar
This document discusses hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) and the classification of surfactants. It begins by defining surfactants as molecules that absorb at interfaces and have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions. It then explains that the HLB scale measures the ratio between these regions, ranging from 1 to 19. Numbers on the lower end indicate water-in-oil emulsifiers, while higher numbers indicate oil-in-water emulsifiers. The document also classifies surfactants as anionic, cationic, amphoteric, or nonionic and lists some common examples and uses of surfactants, such as wetting, emulsification, and detergency.
Sequestering agents
Sequestering agents form complexes with polyvalent metal ions that can interfere with textile processing. There are several types of commercial sequestering agents, including aminocarboxylic acids, phosphates, hydroxycarboxylic acids, polyacrylates, and sugar acrylates. The most important factors to consider when selecting a sequestering agent are the stability constant of the metal-chelate complex, the pH of the process, and whether the agent could remove metals from premetallized dyes. An effective sequestering agent forms stable complexes, works under the process pH conditions, and does not demetalize important process metals.
SUFACTANTS : ADSORPTION AT LIQUID SURFACE/INTERFACE
This document discusses adsorption at liquid surfaces and interfaces. It defines positive and negative adsorption, where some solute molecules are partitioned in favor of the surface/interface (positive adsorption) while others favor the bulk liquid (negative adsorption). Surfactant molecules that reduce surface/interfacial tension through positive adsorption are also introduced. The document then describes how surfactant molecules have both a polar head and nonpolar tail, and how they orient at interfaces. It discusses micelle formation above the critical micelle concentration and how this affects physical properties. In summary, the document provides an overview of adsorption phenomena at liquid surfaces/interfaces with a focus on surfactant molecules and micelle formation.
Rheology
Rheology is the study of deformation and flow of matter. It governs the flow of fluids in the body like blood, lymph, and mucus. From a rheological perspective, materials are solids, liquids, or gases depending on whether their shape and volume remain constant under forces. The flow properties of materials determine how easily substances like emulsions and ointments can be processed and used. Materials can exhibit Newtonian or non-Newtonian flow based on whether their viscosity changes with applied stress. Key non-Newtonian flows include plastic, pseudoplastic, and dilatant. Factors like polymer structure, hydration, pH, and temperature affect the rheological properties of pharmaceutical products.
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Detergency is the process of removing dirt and oil from fabric surfaces using surfactants or detergents. The detergent works by reducing the surface tension between the fabric and dirt/oil, allowing the dirt/oil to be converted from a horizontal to spherical shape and more easily removed. Detergent molecules form spherical micelle structures with their hydrophobic tails inward and hydrophilic heads outward. Dirt and oil particles are encapsulated inside the micelle structures and removed from the fabric surface. Detergents are classified as ionic (anionic, cationic, amphoteric) or non-ionic depending on whether they ionize in solution.
Azo dyes
Azo dyes are organic compounds bearing the functional group R−N=N−R′, in which R and R′ are usually aryl. They are a commercially important family of azo compounds, i.e. compounds containing the linkage C-N=N-C. Azo dyes are widely used to treat textiles, leather articles, and some foods.
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This presentation covers concepts such as surface tension, surface energy, liquid drops and bubbles, wetting, capillarity at the elementary school level. Comment down in a box for improvement.
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- Micelles are aggregates of surfactant molecules that form spherical structures in water, with the hydrophilic "heads" facing outwards and the hydrophobic tails sequestered in the inner core.
- They are typically 3-50 nm in size and form as a result of the packing behavior of single-tailed lipids, which leads to aggregation that allows accommodation of the head groups at the interface while filling the interior volume.
- Micelles have various applications including in detergents, cosmetics, and as nanoreactors for chemical reactions, and their formation is driven entropically by the ordering of water molecules despite the enthalpic cost of aggregation.
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The document defines surfactants as substances that decrease surface tension by absorbing to surfaces/interfaces. Surfactants have a hydrophilic group that attracts water and a hydrophobic group that repels water. This amphipathic structure allows surfactants to position at water-organic interfaces. Surfactants are classified as ionic (anionic, cationic), nonionic, or amphoteric depending on their head groups. Key properties include critical micelle concentration (CMC) and hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB). Surfactants have many applications including detergents, personal care products, paints, food processing, and mining.
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This presentation is as a preliminary knowledge on how to calculate the HLB value base on Griffin's Methods nor coventional methods
Colloids
Colloids have particle sizes between 1 nm and 1000 nm. They are classified as lyophilic, lyophobic, or association colloids based on particle interactions with the dispersion medium. Lyophilic colloids readily disperse in the medium while lyophobic colloids do not. Association colloids form micelles above a critical micelle concentration. Colloids demonstrate optical properties like Tyndall effect and can be imaged with electron microscopes. They also exhibit kinetic properties including Brownian motion, diffusion, osmotic pressure, and sedimentation. Colloidal particles are often electrically charged, leading to electrokinetic phenomena like electrophoresis and electroosmosis. Stability is important for preventing
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Soaps and detergents
This document discusses soaps and detergents used for laundering and dry cleaning. It provides information on:
- Laundering uses water to dissolve soils through agitation and higher temperatures. Dry cleaning uses solvents instead of water for delicate fabrics.
- Common dry cleaning solvents include Stoddard, perchloroethylene, and valclene A.
- Detergents contain surfactants and other additives to help remove soils from fabrics. They have a hydrophobic and hydrophilic end that attract soils and suspend them in wash water.
- Detergents are widely used for cleaning textiles, dishes, surfaces and in agriculture and petroleum industries. They are available in powder,
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INCLUDES SPREADING COEFFICIENT AND ITS THEORY AND ALSO FEW OF ITS APPLICATION IN PHARMACEUTICAL FIELD
WILL BE HELPFUL FOR B PHARMACY STUDENTS
INCLUDES HOW IT IS DERIVED AND ALSO HOW IT IS RELATED TO SPREADING OF A CREAM OR OINTMENT ON OUR SKIN
IMPORTANCE OF SPREADING COEFFICIENT
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Surfactants are amphiphilic molecules that contain both hydrophilic and hydrophobic portions. They are able to interact with both polar and nonpolar substances. Surfactants lower the surface tension of liquids and allow mixtures of normally immiscible substances, such as oil and water, to form stable emulsions. They are widely used in industries such as detergents, personal care products, food, drugs, and others due to properties like wetting, foaming, emulsification, and solubilization. Surfactants are classified based on the charge of the hydrophilic head group into anionic, cationic, nonionic, and zwitterionic types.
micelle and surfactant
This document discusses surfactants and micelle formation. It defines surfactants as compounds that lower surface tension between liquids and between liquids and solids. Surfactants are amphiphilic, with a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail. Micelles are spherical aggregates of surfactant molecules that form in aqueous solutions above a critical concentration known as the critical micelle concentration (CMC). The document classifies surfactants as ionic, nonionic, cationic, anionic or zwitterionic and discusses their structures. It also outlines common uses of surfactants and types of micelles that can form.
Adsorption pharmaceutical analysis
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3. An experiment compares the ability of soap, detergent, and shampoo to form suds in soft water, tap water, and hard water, finding soap performs worst in hard water due to precipitation.
Formulae and Manufacturing Process of Emulsifiers with Uses and Applications
Emulsifier is an organic compound that encompasses in the same molecule two dissimilar structural groups e.g. water soluble and a water insoluble moiety. It is the ingredient which binds the water and oil in a cream or lotion together permanently. The composition, solubility properties, location and relative sizes of these dissimilar groups in relation to the overall molecular configuration determine the surface activity of a compound. Emulsifiers are classified on the basis of their hydrophilic or solubilizing groups in to four categories anionic, non ionic, cationics and amphoterics. Emulsifier is utilized in various industries; agriculture, building and construction, elastomers & plastics, food & beverages, industrial cleaning, leather, metals, paper, textiles paints & protective coatings etc. An emulsion is an ideal formulation for the administration. The emulsion form allows uniform application of a small amount of active ingredient on the surface of the skin. Some of the important emulsions in different field are pharmaceutical emulsions, rosin & rubber emulsion, textile emulsions, pesticide emulsions, food emulsions, emulsion in paint industry, emulsion in polish industry, leather & paper treatment emulsions etc.
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How to Manufacture Detergents Powder, Active Ingredients for Detergents, Surf...
The Indian detergent industry is about three decades old. An interesting and unique feature of detergent industry in India is the existence of non power operated units which do not use any electrical power for the production of detergent powder. But the production technology of detergents have been changed involving high technique in process control, more skilled personnel and requiring large input.
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Cpi no. 9 soap and detergents
This document provides a history of soap making and the development of detergents. It discusses how soap making has evolved from ancient times using animal and vegetable oils combined with alkalis. It describes the traditional soap making process and key developments in commercial production. The document also summarizes the history of detergents, from the first synthetic detergent created in 1916 to their widespread use replacing soap after World War 2. The chemistry and components of detergents are briefly outlined.
Soap and detergent
This document discusses soap, detergent, and their cleansing actions. Soap is made through saponification by boiling fats with alkali, while detergent is a synthetic sulphonic acid salt. An experiment shows soap works best in soft water but not hard water, while detergent works in both. Soap reduces surface tension to wet surfaces and remove grease as droplets, while detergent works similarly but is also effective in hard water due to additives that enhance cleaning.
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Formulae and Manufacturing Process of Emulsifiers with Uses and Applications
Formulae and Manufacturing Process of Emulsifiers with Uses and Applications
How to Manufacture Detergents Powder, Active Ingredients for Detergents, Surf...
How to Manufacture Detergents Powder, Active Ingredients for Detergents, Surf...
Similar to Surface active agents
Cosmetic Excipients: Surfactants Used in cosmetic formulation
Cosmetic excipients used in the preparation of various skin care, hair care and oral care formulations.
SURFACTANT CLASSIFICATION AND APPLICATION.pptx
This document provides an overview of surfactant classification and applications. It defines surfactants as substances that lower surface tension and interfacial energies when present at low concentrations. Surfactants are classified as ionic (cationic, anionic, amphoteric) or non-ionic. Their special molecular structure allows them to solubilize insoluble substances. Common applications of surfactants include home care products, personal care products, health care products, industrial and institutional cleaning, crop care, and industrial uses. Surfactants are widely used due to their ability to mobilize and mix substances that do not normally combine.
Profitable Business Ideas for Starting Detergent Business
This document provides information on starting a detergent business, including market size and major players. It discusses the production of detergents and chemicals used in soaps and detergents such as alkyl sulfates and ethoxylated fatty alcohols. The document consists of multiple sections covering topics like soap making, detergent production, bleaching agents, dry cleaning, and analysis methods. It aims to provide entrepreneurs with the fundamentals and formulas needed for venturing into the soap, detergent, and cleaning products industry.
Surfactant
The word Surfactant is an abbreviation, a shortened way to explain “surface-active agent.” Surfactants are typically products made up of molecules containing a hydrophilic, or “water-loving” end, plus a hydrophobic, or “water-fearing” end. Surfactants are molecules that have the ability to adsorb at the interfaces between two phases (e.g. air–water, oil–water or liquid–solid), thus lowering the interfacial tension and stabilising the interface. Surfactants may act as detergents, wetting agents, emulsifiers, foaming agents, and dispersants.
SURFACTANT (SURFACE ACTIVE AGENT)AND CLASSIFICATION.pptx
surfactant, also called surface-active agent, substance such as a detergent that, when added to a liquid, reduces its surface tension, thereby increasing its spreading and wetting properties. In the dyeing of textiles, surfactants help the dye penetrate the fabric evenly.
SURFACTANT SURFACE ACTIVE AGENT.pptx
Surfactants lower the surface tension of liquids and the interfacial tension between two liquids. They are amphipathic molecules with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions. Surfactants are classified as anionic, cationic, non-ionic, or amphoteric based on the nature of their hydrophilic group. Anionic surfactants have a negatively charged hydrophilic group, while cationic have a positively charged group. Non-ionic surfactants have uncharged polar groups like ethylene oxide. Amphoteric surfactants can form both positive and negative surface-active ions. Surfactants are commonly used as emulsifying, foaming, cleansing, and wetting agents in cosmetics
Surfactants and its importance
Surfactants are amphiphilic molecules that lower surface tension between two liquids or a liquid and a solid. They have a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail. Surfactants are classified as non-ionic, anionic, cationic, or zwitterionic based on the head group. They form micelles above the critical micelle concentration and have uses as detergents, emulsifiers, wetting agents, foaming agents, and in pulmonary surfactants. Some key properties are their ability to lower surface tension, form micelles, and be characterized by their hydrophilic-lipophilic balance number. Surfactants have many applications including as antimicrobials, in personal care products, paints
Surfactants.pdf
This document provides an overview of surfactants and their applications in pharmacy. It begins by defining surfactants as substances that reduce surface tension between two phases. The document then discusses the different types of surfactants, including nonionic, anionic, cationic, and amphoteric surfactants. It explains how surfactants work to lower surface tension and form micelles. Key concepts covered include the critical micellar concentration and factors that influence micelle formation. The document concludes by describing various applications of surfactants in pharmacy, such as for emulsions, suppositories, respiratory therapies, and transdermal drug delivery.
SURFACTANTSURFACEACTIVEAGENT.pptx
Surfactants are compounds that lower surface tension and include both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions. They are commonly classified as anionic, cationic, non-ionic, or amphoteric based on the nature of the hydrophilic group. Anionic surfactants have a negatively charged hydrophilic group while cationic have a positively charged group. Non-ionic surfactants have uncharged polar groups and amphoteric have both acidic and alkaline properties. Surfactants are widely used as emulsifying, foaming, and cleansing agents in cosmetics and other products. Anionic, non-ionic and amphoteric surfactants are commonly used as emulsifiers while anionic and non-ionic are frequently used
Pertemuan 2. Surfactant (7 Nov 2022).pdf
The document discusses surfactants, which are substances that lower surface tension and interfacial tension when dissolved in water. Surfactant molecules have both a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail. They aggregate at interfaces and form micelles above a critical concentration. Surfactants are classified as anionic, cationic, zwitterionic, or non-ionic depending on the electrical charge of their hydrophilic head. Common applications of surfactants include detergents, fabric softeners, emulsifiers, adhesives, inks, and laxatives.
Softeners_and_its_types.pptx
This document discusses softeners used in textile finishing. It begins with an introduction to softeners and fabric softeners, noting they work by coating fabrics with chemicals. It then covers the objectives of using softeners to make textiles softer after mechanical and chemical processing. The mechanism section explains how softeners electrically charge threads to stand up and create a softer texture. Finally, it identifies 10 types of softeners classified by their ionic nature and lists advantages like making ironing easier and protecting fabric color.
DEMO 1.pptx
This document outlines a science class lesson on chemical cleaning products. It begins with an introductory activity that quizzes students on different types of cleaners. The lesson then discusses the active ingredients in common household cleaners and the dangers of mixing certain chemicals. Students participate in a group activity to identify cleaners, their uses, and ingredients. The lesson emphasizes being aware of product contents and cautions against mixing bleach with other substances. It aims to teach students about chemicals safely through hands-on experiments and discussions.
Different types of softener & their uses
Softener is an finishing agent that when applied to textile material improves its handle giving pleasing touch. As a general rule, the softening agents applied are lubricating agents, which facilitate the fiber sliding within the fabric structure, thus granting easier deformation and creasing of the fabric.
Softening Finishes
Softening finishes are important textile treatments that make fabrics feel softer. Chemical softeners allow fabrics to have a soft, smooth hand. The main types of softeners are cationic, anionic, non-ionic, and amphoteric softeners. Cationic softeners provide excellent softening but can cause yellowing, while anionic softeners have lower softening ability but better compatibility. Silicone softeners provide unique softness and properties like durability and heat stability, but can be expensive. Softener selection depends on the desired properties like fastness, compatibility with other chemicals, and effect on processes like seam slippage or drying.
Chemical auxiliaries used in textile wet processing
This document discusses chemicals and auxiliaries used in textile wet processing. It provides an overview of various chemicals like acids, alkalis, salts, oxidizing agents, reducing agents, detergents, wetting agents, and others. For each chemical or auxiliary, common examples and their uses in processes like scouring, bleaching, dyeing, and finishing are described. Successful wet processing requires the proper use of dyes and chemicals, as operations cannot be satisfactorily completed without things like alkalis for dyeing or sequestering agents to remove water hardness.
Humectant & surfactants(cosmetology)
This document discusses humectants and surfactants used in cosmetics. It defines surfactants as substances that lower surface tension and classify them as anionic, cationic, non-ionic and zwitterionic. Anionic surfactants are commonly used in foaming products like shampoos due to their high foaming, cleansing and washing abilities. Humectants are substances that increase skin moisture by retarding its loss. Common humectants used in cosmetics include propylene glycol, hexylene glycol and glycerin. They are included in products like lotions, creams and lip treatments to hydrate skin.
Cl10 soaps and detergents priya jha
The document discusses soaps, detergents, and their differences. It aims to develop students' interest in science through demonstrations and activities about soap and detergent chemistry. Soaps are metal salts of fatty acids made through saponification of oils and fats, but do not work well in hard water. Detergents are synthetic surfactants made from petrochemicals that lower water surface tension and clean effectively even in hard water due to soluble salt formation. While both act via micelle formation, detergents are preferable due to better cleaning power and solubility, though some are non-biodegradable.
SURFACTANTS - Classification and applications
Surfactants, are wetting agents that lower the surface tension of a liquid, allowing easier spreading and dispersion, and can also lower the interfacial tension between two liquids.
Surfactants in cosmetics class
Surfactants in Cosmetics talks about the multiple uses for surfactants and how they are made for cosmetics.
http://www.naturesgardencandles.com/candlemaking-soap-supplies/item/surfact/-surfactants-in-cosmetics.html
004.Chemistry Of Cleaning & Sanitizing
The document discusses the key components of detergents which include surfactants, builders, chelating agents, solvents, preservatives, bleaches, and enzymes. Surfactants are the main active ingredient that helps reduce surface tension and allow water to penetrate dirt. Common surfactant types include anionic, cationic, non-ionic and amphoteric surfactants. Builders and chelating agents help reduce water hardness. Solvents are used to dissolve greasy soils that water cannot dissolve on its own.
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Cosmetic Excipients: Surfactants Used in cosmetic formulation
Cosmetic Excipients: Surfactants Used in cosmetic formulation
Profitable Business Ideas for Starting Detergent Business
Profitable Business Ideas for Starting Detergent Business
SURFACTANT (SURFACE ACTIVE AGENT)AND CLASSIFICATION.pptx
SURFACTANT (SURFACE ACTIVE AGENT)AND CLASSIFICATION.pptx
Chemical auxiliaries used in textile wet processing
Chemical auxiliaries used in textile wet processing
More from Md. Mazadul Hasan Shishir
A note of textile terms and definitions
This document provides definitions and background information on various textile terms. It begins with an introduction to textiles and defines key terms like fiber, filament, yarn and fabric. It then discusses the history of natural fibers like cotton, wool and silk. The document also summarizes the development of various man-made fibers like rayon, nylon, acrylic and polyester. It provides timelines of when these fibers were first invented and commercialized. The document is intended to serve as a reference for textile engineering students.
Handbook of garments manufacturing technology
This document provides information about garment manufacturing and exporting processes. It was prepared by Md. Kamrul Hasan, a Textile Engineering graduate from Southeast University in Bangladesh. The document contains several sections that discuss key topics like buyers and buying houses, major garment exporting countries, GSP status, garment export procedures, costing, purchase orders, letters of credit, and timelines. It aims to serve as a reference for students and professionals in the garments sector.
carbon fibre
This document provides information about carbon fiber, including:
1. What carbon fiber is composed of and its structure.
2. The process of forming carbon fiber from precursor materials like polyacrylonitrile through heating without oxygen.
3. Applications of carbon fiber in composites for aircraft, vehicles, and other products due to its strength and light weight.
4. Major manufacturers of carbon fibers and the growing market for carbon fiber composites.
Acrylic fiber
The document discusses acrylic fiber, including its definition, chemical composition, properties, characteristics, advantages, uses, and commercial applications. Acrylic fiber is a synthetic fiber made from polymers containing acrylonitrile. It is often used as an artificial replacement for wool in applications like sweaters, socks, and blankets due to its softness and insulating properties. Major uses of acrylic fiber include knit apparel, carpets, and home furnishings due to its ability to wick moisture, durability, and resistance to moths and chemicals.
Elastomeric Fiber
Elastomeric fibers are fibers that can stretch to very high elongations (400-800%) and rapidly recover their original length. They include fibers made from natural and synthetic rubbers as well as spandex and polyacrylates. Elastomeric fibers are produced via a spinning process where polymers are mixed and reacted to form long chains, then extruded through spinnerets into a water bath or air to solidify. The fibers have excellent elasticity and strength even at high elongations. Common applications include clothing, automotive and industrial parts, coatings and more where elasticity is required.
project on Application of Disperse & Reactive Dyes In a P/C Blended Fabric of...
project on Application of Disperse & Reactive Dyes In a P/C Blended Fabric of...Md. Mazadul Hasan Shishir
project on Application of Disperse & Reactive Dyes In a P/C Blended Fabric of 65/35 In Using Two Bath SystemPresentation of sayeed
This document provides a project report on applying disperse and reactive dyes to a 65/35 polyester/cotton blended fabric using a two bath system. It acknowledges those who helped with the project and thanks the textile college and company for the opportunity. The abstract discusses challenges in dyeing poly/cotton blends and how dye selection can help control color value, strength, and other properties. Laboratory trials tested compatibility of reactive dyes and analyzed dye fixation using spectrophotometry. The introduction discusses the importance of practical experience and outlines the project goals of studying dye application in different textile industries in Bangladesh.
PROJECT : REACTION MECHANISM OF REACTIVE DYES IN ON CELLULOSE FIBER.
This document provides a project report on the reaction mechanism of reactive dyes in Bengal Hurricane Group on cellulose fiber. It discusses the raw materials used, including fabrics, dyes, and chemicals. It explains the importance of studying reactive dye usage in major Bangladeshi textile industries. The methods of dyeing and printing cotton with reactive dyes and the technical deficiencies, causes, and remedies are examined.
INTERSTOFF APPARELS LTD
This document provides information about Interstoff Apparels Ltd., a garment manufacturing company in Bangladesh. It discusses the company profile, including its name, business type, employees, and address. It also describes the knitting, quality control, dyeing, and project work sections of the company. The knitting section details the types of yarns, knitting machines, production calculations, and common knitting faults. The quality control section lists inspection equipment. The dyeing section outlines the dyeing process and possible faults. The project work section explains common knitting defects and their causes and remedies.
INDUSTRIAL ATTACHMENT OF GTA SPORTS LTD
The document provides information about GTA Sports Ltd., a knitwear factory in Bangladesh. It includes an organogram of the company's management structure and sections. The knitting section is described in detail, outlining the knitting process, types of knitting machines and their parts. It also discusses methods to increase production quantity. The dyeing and finishing sections are briefly introduced, including raw materials, machinery and quality control processes.
Apex weaving & finishing mills limited
This document provides an overview of Apex Weaving & Finishing Mills Limited, a textile company located in Gazipur, Bangladesh. It describes the company's various subsidiaries and business sections, which include weaving, dyeing, printing, finishing, and garments. The document also lists the types of machinery used in each section of the facility, such as 231 shuttleless looms, rotary printers, loop steamers, and sewing machines. Finally, it includes photos of the different areas of the plant, including the weaving floor, wet processing section, printing area, laboratories, and maintenance facilities.
Industrial Attachment of GTA Sports Ltd.
The document provides information about GTA Sports Ltd., a knitwear factory in Bangladesh. It includes an organogram of the company's management structure and sections. The knitting section is described in detail, outlining the knitting process, types of knitting machines and their parts. It also discusses increasing production quantity and common knitting faults. The dyeing and finishing sections are briefly introduced, including raw materials, machinery and quality control processes.
Reactive Dye
The document provides information about reactive dyes, including:
- Reactive dyes form covalent bonds with fiber polymers through reactive groups, giving excellent wash and light fastness.
- Important reactive groups include triazine, vinyl sulfone, and halogen groups.
- Reactive dyes were invented in 1956 and became popular for their bright colors, low temperature dyeing, and simple process.
- Common application methods are pad-batch and pad-dry processes at low temperatures. Proper pH, electrolyte, alkali, and time are required for effective dye fixation to the fiber.
Weaving
This document discusses the development of looms from primitive hand looms to modern automated looms. It outlines the key stages of development including the fly shuttle loom, power looms, semi-automatic looms, and modern shuttle-less looms. The basic mechanisms and motions of weaving are described, including primary, secondary, and tertiary motions. Different parts of a loom and their functions are also summarized.
Industrial attachment of urmi garments ltd
This document provides information about Urmi Group and one of its concerns, Fakhruddin Textile Mills Ltd. It details the company profile, factory information, manpower and organizational structure, raw materials used, and production process of the textile mill. Fakhruddin Textile Mills Ltd is a leading Bangladeshi manufacturer and exporter of knit garments established in 2004. It has over 1200 employees and uses various natural and synthetic yarns, chemicals, and dyes to produce knitted fabrics and garments for the export market.
Industrial attachment of Sadma fashion wear ltd
This document provides an overview of Sadma Fashion Wear Ltd., a garment manufacturing company in Bangladesh. It details the company's profile, facilities, production capacity, certifications, buyers, and organizational structure. Key points include that it has over 200 employees, a production capacity of 20,000 pieces per day, and major buyers such as Walmart, C&A, and Sears. The company operates departments for knitting, dyeing, finishing, garments production and quality assurance.
Industrial attachment of mitali fasions ltd
This document provides an overview of Mitali Fashions Ltd., a knit composite garment factory in Bangladesh. It discusses the company's establishment in 2000, leadership, expansion, and certification. The factory has various production sections including knitting, dyeing, finishing, garments, and quality control. It employs over 5,000 people and produces knitwear and garments for major international brands. The document also includes organizational charts, maps of the factory premises, and lists of raw materials and major customers.
Industrial attachment of Olio apparels ltd (envoy group)
The document provides information about an industrial training internship at Olio Apparels Ltd, which is part of the Envoy Group. The objectives of the internship are to learn about the different departments of the company and gain practical knowledge about garment manufacturing. It also aims to compare theoretical knowledge learned in class to real-world practices and identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of the company. Olio Apparels Ltd is described as a large garment manufacturing facility that produces high quality products for European and American customers using modern machinery and technologies.
Industrial attachment of divine group of industries limited (dgi).
1. The document provides information about Divine Group of Industries Limited (DGI), a textile company in Bangladesh. It details DGI's facilities, production capacity, certifications, and clientele.
2. DGI aims to suit every fashion taste and demand from around the world. It has several factories producing knitted fabrics and garments.
3. The document outlines DGI's management structure, production processes from knitting to garments, and machinery used in key departments like CAD and sampling.
Apparel Merchandising
This document provides information about garment merchandising and industrial engineering. It defines merchandising and outlines the key steps in the merchandising process from developing buyers to shipment. It also describes the work of merchandisers, including sourcing, pricing, order follow up, and ensuring on-time shipment. Additionally, it discusses industrial engineering and its focus on improving productivity through methods like time studies, layout optimization, and training. It provides details on cost analysis, production planning, and the different techniques used to set work standards.
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project on Application of Disperse & Reactive Dyes In a P/C Blended Fabric of...
project on Application of Disperse & Reactive Dyes In a P/C Blended Fabric of...
PROJECT : REACTION MECHANISM OF REACTIVE DYES IN ON CELLULOSE FIBER.
PROJECT : REACTION MECHANISM OF REACTIVE DYES IN ON CELLULOSE FIBER.
Industrial attachment of Olio apparels ltd (envoy group)
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Industrial attachment of divine group of industries limited (dgi).
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Hematology Analyzer Machine - Complete Blood Count
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CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECT
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
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3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
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Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAM
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
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- 2. Prepared By : Mazadul Hasan sheshir ID: 2010000400008 13th Batch (session 2009-2013) Department : Wet Processing Technology Email: mazadulhasan@yahoo.com Blog : www. Textilelab.blogspot.com (visit) Southeast University Department Of Textile Engineering I/A 251,252 Tejgaon Dhaka Bangladesh Prepared By : ©right
- 3. Surface Active Agents The term surfactant is a blend of surface active agent. Surfactants are usually organic compounds that are amphiphilic, meaning they contain both hydrophobic groups (their "tails") and hydrophilic groups (their "heads"). when added to a liquid, reduces its surface tension, thereby increasing its spreading and wetting properties. In the dyeing of textiles, surface-active agents help the dye penetrate the fabric evenly.
- 4. Application of Surfactants Detergents Fabric softener Emulsifiers and Emulsions Paints Adhesives Inks Anti-fogging Dispersants Wetting Ski wax, snowboard wax Defoamers Agrochemical formulations Herbicides some Insecticides Biocides Shampoo Hair conditioners (after shampoo) Spermicide Firefighting Foaming agents
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- 8. Cationic detergents The cationic classes of detergents have a positive ionic charge and are called "cationic" detergents. In addition to being good cleansing agents, they also possess germicidal properties which makes them useful in hospitals. Most of these detergents are derivatives of ammonia. A cationic detergent is most likely to be found in a shampoo or clothes "rinse".
- 9. Nonionic detergents Nonionic surfactant molecules are produced by first converting the hydrocarbon to an alcohol and then reacting the fatty alcohol with ethylene oxide. They are not ionize in water. They are very popular in textile uses.
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