building super structure

1. superstructure
SHRAFAT HUSSAIN.
BS CIVIL ENGINEERING
TECHNOLOGY
INDUS UNIVERSITY
KARACHI

2. 4. SUPERSTRUCTURE

3. 4.1
BEA
M
-
27-
AND COLUMN
BEAM
B eam is the horizontal member of a structure, carrying and
transferring transverse loads
is commonlyreinforced with
across space to supporting elements. It
rebar.
CONCRETE BEAM
For our site, the beams are mostly made of concrete. There are
two disctinc types of concrete beams, which are Pre cast and In
Situ. Pre cast being beams t h a t are pre casted off site and brought
on site t o be assembled on t o the structure and I n -S i tu being casted on
site using form work which was what mostly used in our site.
The beams and columns are built on site and are affected by the
site conditions. The i n -s i t u concrete structure mostly contains steel
reinforcements for stronger support. Reinforced concrete beams are
designed t o act together with longitudinal and web reinforcement in
resisting applied forces.
TEY THIEN HEE

4. 4.1
BEA
M
-
28-
AND COLUMN
Casted ground beams Preparation of formwork for
ground beams
beamsCasting of ground
completed.
1. Casted ground beams with using reinforcement bar.
2. Preparation of formwork for ground beams
3. Pour concrete. Wait for the concrete dry up then
remove the formwork.
TEY THIEN HEE

5. 4.1 BEAM AND
COLUMN -
29-
axial
along
compressive loads
with the concrete
applied
beam
COLUMNS
Columns are rigid, relatively slender structural members designed primarily t o support t o
the ends of the members. The concrete column t h a t is built in our site was built and slab.
Fix the
reinforcement
bar for the
concrete
column
Fix the
formwork for
the concrete
column
Pour
wait
concrete,
for it t o
be cured then
remove the
formwork.
Concrete
column section
CONCRETE
R e -bards /form wor k for columns
in progress
COLUMN CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
in ourThe column t h a t is applied
site is concrete column.
TEY THIEN HEE

6. Walls are often used to support loads, to insulate the building and t o
as a climatic enclosure, protecting the building from sun, win andwork
rain.
Walls can be load bearing, supporting the
bearing. However, they always separate a
filters in space. Their qualities affect the
floor and roofs or n o n - l o a d
place from another,working like
space they create.
Type of bricks t h a t used in the building are mostly concrete bricks.
walls qualify as noncombustible construction and
their load-carrying capability. While strong in
and masonry require reinforcing o handle tensile
Concrete and masonry
rely on their mass for
compression, concrete
stresses.
MORTAR
Mortar is a workable paste
consists of cement or lime, or
a combination of both with
sand and water. It is used as
a bonding agent in masonry
construction. A standard
mortar mix for new brickwork
would be 1:1:6
(cement:lime:sand ) or 1:4
(Portland:cement:sand)
TYPES OF MORTAR JOINTS
4.2
WAL
L
-
30-
Concrete
TEY THIEN HEE
bricks with mortar on site
Concave joint
"V" joint
Weather joint
Flush joint
Raked joint
Concrete wall on site

7. 4.2
WAL
L
-
31-
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
The process of making a wall begins with the intention of either making a
normal wall or a special load bearing wall. Calculations are made, then
layering styles are chosen the best fit the criteria. After
process begins. Cement thickness and concrete fills and
determined and executed. This is
that, the layering
all minute details
t o ensure noare calculated out and
excess or unaccounted
lengths are not added
steel bars and stirrups
for the measurements t o the buildings, or extra
without notice. Reinforcement (if needed) such as
will be added in a t this point, generally in between
bricks in cement fills. Finally when the bricks are layered to completion,
the wall is ready for the next step of the construction process.
TEY THIEN HEE

8. of the units may be limited by the means of transportation. Fabrication in a factoryThe size and proportion
environment enables the units to have a consistent quality of strength, durability, and finish, and eliminates the need
for o n - s i t e formwork. The modular nature of the standard-sized units, however, may not be suitable for irregular
building shapes.
Example of precast concrete slab
Small openings may be
cut in the field. Narrow
openings parallel to slab
span are preferred.v
Precast concrete
Wide opening may be cut,
but required engineering
analysis
Beam Support
Precast
Precast
concrete slab is another common concrete slab used in big construction t h a t could be used in our site.
concrete are cast and cured in industrial plants, transported t o the construction job site, and erected as
rigid components.
erected and little
Erection process is much faster than c a s t - i n - p l a c e concrete because there is no formwork to be
or no waiting for concrete t o cure.
4.3
SLA
B4.3.1 REFERENCES
SHAM ZHEN WEN - 32-

9. 4.3
SLA
B
Fresh
cures
concrete m u s t be shaped and supported by formwork until it
and can support itself.
2. Add welded wire fabric support.
3. Add concrete mixture.
4. Formwork dismantled after the concrete gain its strength.
2nd floor slab formwork being prepared
for concrete casting.
4.3.2 ON SITE
Concrete slabs are plate structures t h a t are reinforced t o span either one or both direction of a structural bay.
Cast in place concrete slab was used in the site for floor and ceiling. Cast in place concrete slab is more reliable
and required less transport compare t o precast concrete.
Cast in place concrete slab construction process:
1. Making Formwork.
Slab sheating, usually plywood
Metal or wood joist
Support (wood or steel)
SHAM ZHEN WEN - 33-

10. 4.4
STAIRCAS
E
 STAIRCASE PRIMARY FUNCTION
 Provide a means of circulation between floor
levels.
 Establish a safe means of travel between
floor levels.
 Provide an easy means of travel between
floor levels.
 Provide a means of conveying fittings and
furniture between floor levels.
 IN- SITU REINFORCED CONCRETE STAIRS -
INCLINED SLAB STAIR
 Landingsspan from well edge to load
- Stair flights span from floor to landing and from landing to
floor.
Illustration of
WONG KAI CHIANG - 34-
simple stairs
Key plan t o stairs
Dimension of steps of stairs.
In plan, the risers in the upper flight are not in
line with those in the lower flight. This is to
ensure t h a t the soffitsof the two flights line
through
the half
a t their intersection with the soffit of
space landing.

11. 4.4
STAIRCAS
E
asd
WONG KAI CHIANG - 35-
Illustration on the detail of the staircase

12. 4.4
STAIRCAS
E
The formwork t o construct a staircase The arrangement of steel bars
Section of the formwork
Staircase made of bricks
On site pictures, construction of staircase
CONSTRUCTION OF STAIRCASE
WONG KAI CHIANG - 36-