The document discusses reinforced concrete columns, including their functions, failure modes, classifications, and design considerations. Columns primarily resist axial compression but may also experience bending moments. They can fail due to compression, buckling, or a combination. Design depends on whether the column is short or slender, braced or unbraced. Reinforcement is determined based on the loads applied, including axial load only, symmetrical beam loading, or loading in one or two bending directions. Links are included to prevent bar buckling. Examples show how to design column longitudinal reinforcement and links for different load cases.
information on types of beams, different methods to calculate beam stress, design for shear, analysis for SRB flexure, design for flexure, Design procedure for doubly reinforced beam,
information on types of beams, different methods to calculate beam stress, design for shear, analysis for SRB flexure, design for flexure, Design procedure for doubly reinforced beam,
OUTLINE
introduction
classification
loads
materials used
Type of reinforcement
RCC
construction methods in RCC
Analysis and design
Detailing
Basic Rules
Site visit
video
OUTLINE
introduction
classification
loads
materials used
Type of reinforcement
RCC
construction methods in RCC
Analysis and design
Detailing
Basic Rules
Site visit
video
OUTLINE:
Introduction
Shoring Process
Effective Beam Flange Width
Shear Transfer
Strength Of Steel Anchors
Partially Composite Beams
Moment Capacity Of Composite Sections
Deflection
Design Of Composite Sections
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
2. Introduction to column
• Columns act as vertical supports to beams and
slabs, and to transmit the loads to the
foundations.
• Columns are primarily compression members,
although they may also have to resist bending
moment transmitted by beams.
• Columns may be classified as short or slender,
braced or unbraced depending on various
dimensional and structural factors.
3. Column sections
• Common column cross sections are: (a)
square, (b) circular and (c) rectangular section.
• The greatest dimension should not exceed
four times its smaller dimension. (h≤4b).
• For h>4b, the member should be regarded as
a wall for design purpose.
4. Failure modes of columns
• Columns may fail in one of three mechanisms:
1. Compression failure of the concrete or steel
reinforcement;
2. Buckling
3. Combination of buckling and compression
failure.
• Compression failure is likely to occur with
columns which are short and stocky.
• Buckling is probable with columns which are long
and slender.
6. Short and slender columns
(Clause
3.8.1.3, BS 8110)
• A braced column is classified as being short if :
7. Braced and unbraced columns
(clause
3.8.1.5, BS 8110)
• A column may be considered braced in a given
plane if lateral stability to the structure as a
whole is provided by wall or bracing or
buttressing designed to resist all lateral forces
in that plane. It should otherwise be
considered as unbraced.
10. Effective height of column (clause
3.8.1.6, BS 8110)
• The effective height, le of a column in a given
plane may be obtained from the following
equation:
Where is a coefficient depending on the fixity
at the column ends and lo is the height of the
columns.
• Effective height for a column in two plane
directions may be different.
11. Effective height of column
(clause
3.8.1.6, BS 8110)• for braced column can be obtained from
Table 3.19.
• End condition 1 signifies that the column end is fully
restrained.
• End condition 2 signifies that the column end is partially
restrained .
• End condition 3 signifies that the column is nominally
restrained.
12. End conditions (clause 3.8.1.6.2, BS 8110)• End condition 1 – the end of the column is
connected monolithically to beams on either side
which are at least as deep as the overall dimension
of the column in the plane considered. Where the
column is connected to foundation, it should be
designed to carry moment.
13. • End condition 2 – the end of column is connected
monolithically to beams or slabs on either side which
are shallower than the overall dimension of the
column in the plane considered.
End conditions (clause 3.8.1.6.2, BS 8110)
14. • End condition 3 – the end of the column is
connected to members which, while not specifically
designed to provide restraint to rotation of the
column will nevertheless, provide some nominal
restraint.
End conditions (clause 3.8.1.6.2, BS 8110)
17. Short column design
• The short column are divided into three
categories:
1. Columns resisting axial load only,
2. Columns supporting an approximately
symmetrical arrangement of beams,
3. Columns resisting axial loads and uniaxial or
biaxial bending
18. • B2 will resist an axial load only, as it supports beams
equal in length and symmetrically arranged.
19. • C2 supports a symmetrical arrangement of beams
but which are unequal in length. If (a) the loadings
on the beam are uniformly distributed, (2)the beam
spans do not differ by more than 15 percent, the
column C2 belongs to category 2.
• If the column does not meet criteria (a) and (b), then
the column belongs to category 3.
20. Theoretical strength of reinforced concrete
column
The equation is derived on the assumption that the axial load is
applied perfectly at the centre of the column.
21. Clause 3.8.4.3 Nominal eccentricity of short columns
resisting moments and axial force
• Toallow for nominal eccentricity, BS 8110
reduce the theoretical axial load capacity by
about 10%.
• Design maximum axial load capacity of short
column is:
22. Clause 3.8.4.4 Short braced columns supporting anapproximately symmetrical arrangement of beam
• The column is subjected to axial and small
moment when it supports approximately
symmetrical arrangement of beams:
•
• The design axial load capacity:
23. Column resisting an axial load and
uniaxial bending
• For column resisting axial load and bending moment
at one direction, the area of longitudinal
reinforcement is calculated using design charts in
Part 3 BS 8110.
• The design charts are available for columns having a
rectangular cross section and symmetrical
arrangement of reinforcement.
24. Column resisting an axial load and
uniaxial bending
• Design charts are derived based on yield stress of
460 N/mm2 for reinforcement steel. They are
applicable for reinforcement with yield stress of
500 N/mm2, but the area of reinforcement
obtained will be approximately 10% greater than
required.
• Design charts are available for concrete grades –
25, 30, 35, 40, 45 and 50.
• The d/h ratios are in the range of 0.75 to 0.95 in
0.05 increment.
25. Design chart for column resisting an axial load and
uniaxial bending moment, (Part 3, BS 8110)
26. Column resisting an axial load and
biaxial bending
• The columns are subjected to an
axial and bending moment in both x
and y directions.
• The columns with biaxial moments
are simplified into the columns with
uniaxial momentby increasing the
moment about one of the axes then
design the reinforcement according
the increased moment.
27. Column resisting an axial load and biaxial
bending (clause 3.8.4.5, BS 8110)
28. Reinforcement details: longitudinal
reinforcement (clause 3.12.5, BS 8110)
1. Size and minimum number of bars – bar size should not be
less than 12 mm in diameter. Rectangular column should
reinforced with minimum 4 bars; circular column should
reinforced with minimum 6 bars.
2. The area of longitudinal reinforcement should lie in the
limits:
3. Spacing of reinforcement – the minimum distance between
adjacent bars should not be less than the diameter of the
bar or hagg + 5 mm.
29. Reinforcement details – links (clause 3.12.7, BS 8110)
• The axial loading on the column may cause buckling
of the longitudinal reinforcement and subsequent
cracking and spalling of concrete cover.
• Links are passing round the bars to prevent buckling.
30. Reinforcement details – links (clause 3.12.7, BS 8110)
1. Size and spacing of links – the diameter of
the link should be at least one quarter of the
largest longitudinal bar size or minimum 8
mm. The maximum spacing is 12 times of the
smallest longitudinal bar.
2. Arrangement of links
31. Example 3.20 axially loaded column (Arya, 2009)
• Design the longitudinal and links for a 350mm square, short
braced column based on following information.
33. Example 3.21 Column supporting an approximately
symmetrical arrangement of beam ( Arya, 2009)
• An internal column in a braced two-storey building supporting
an approximately symmetrical arrangement of beams
(350mm wide x 600 mm deep) results in characteristic dead
and imposed loads each of 1100 kN being applied to the
column. The column is 350 mm square and has a clear height
of 4.5 m. Design the longitudinal reinforcement and links.
34. Example 3.21 Column supporting an approximately
symmetrical arrangement of beam ( Arya, 2009)
35. Example 3.21 Column supporting an approximately
symmetrical arrangement of beam ( Arya, 2009)
36. Example 3.21 Column supporting an approximately
symmetrical arrangement of beam ( Arya, 2009)
• Links
• link = diameter of largest longitudinal bar/4
• = 32/4 = 8 mm (equal to minimum bar size
of 8 mm)
• The spacing of the links
• = the lesser of (12 smallest longitudinal bar or
the smallest cross sectional dimension of
column)
• = the lesser of (12x25 = 300 mm or 350 mm)
• = 300 mm
37. Example 3.22 Columns resisting an
axial load and bending moment
• Design the longitudinal and shear reinforcement for
a 275 mm square, short braced column which
supports either
(a) An ultimate axial load of 1280 kN and a moment of
62.5 kNm about the x-x axis
(b) An ultimate axial load of 1280 kN and bending
moment of 35 kNm about the x-x axis and 25 kNm
about the y-y axis