This document discusses various superficial reflexes and how to elicit them, including:
1. Plantar reflexes can be elicited by stroking the sole of the foot and will result in either flexion or extension responses depending on neurological conditions.
2. Other reflexes discussed include corneal, conjunctival, pharyngeal, scapular, abdominal, cremasteric, bulbocavernosus, and anal reflexes.
3. Babinski's sign, which is an extensor plantar response, can occur in conditions that involve upper motor neuron lesions or alterations in consciousness.
Reflex activity is the response to a peripheral stimulation that occurs without our consciousness.
Is an involuntary response to a stimulus.
It is a type of protective mechanism.
Reflex activity is the response to a peripheral stimulation that occurs without our consciousness.
Is an involuntary response to a stimulus.
It is a type of protective mechanism.
Claw Hand,Definition,Causes,Types,Symptoms and ManagementDr.Md.Monsur Rahman
Dr.Md.Monsur Rahman, Bachelor of Physiotherapy (BPT), Master of Physiotherapy (MPT) in Musculoskeletal Disorders, ABC-Spine in Osteopathic Approach,
Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Ambala -Haryana.
The sacral plexus is a network of nerves formed by the lumbosacral trunk (L4, L5) and sacral spinal nerves (S1 - S4). The sacral plexus is located on the posterior pelvic wall, posterior to the internal iliac vessels and ureter, and anterior to the piriformis muscle.
Claw Hand,Definition,Causes,Types,Symptoms and ManagementDr.Md.Monsur Rahman
Dr.Md.Monsur Rahman, Bachelor of Physiotherapy (BPT), Master of Physiotherapy (MPT) in Musculoskeletal Disorders, ABC-Spine in Osteopathic Approach,
Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Ambala -Haryana.
The sacral plexus is a network of nerves formed by the lumbosacral trunk (L4, L5) and sacral spinal nerves (S1 - S4). The sacral plexus is located on the posterior pelvic wall, posterior to the internal iliac vessels and ureter, and anterior to the piriformis muscle.
Reflexes are important to understand for all medical professional it is an assessment tool for patients with neurological conditions.
a god knowledge of primitive reflexes can be effective for pediatric health care as well. it helps us in identifying any developmental delay in children.
Human reflexes
Definition: It is involuntary response of an organ to a stimulus.
- It is the arrangement of neurons through which the reflex is carried out.
- It is usually formed of:
Afferent (sensory) neuron.
2) An interneuron (may be absent).
3) nerve center (cell body of the efferent neuron).
4) Efferent (motor) neuron.
Lower limb neurological examination frequently appears in OSCEs. You’ll be expected to pick up the relevant clinical signs using your examination skills. This lower limb neurological examination OSCE guide provides a clear, concise, step-by-step approach to performing a neurological examination of the lower limb
VAGUS (X)
Accessory nerve (XI)
HYPOGLOSSAL (XII)
agus nerve (X):
Has a wide range of functions, including control of the heart, lungs, and digestive tract. It also has sensory and motor components. The vagus nerve emerges from the medulla. Located lateral to olive and below the glossopharyngeal nerve.
Accessory nerve (XI):
Controls the muscles of the neck and shoulders. It emerges from the medulla.
Hypoglossal nerve (XII):
Controls the muscles of the tongue. It emerges from the medulla behind pyramid.
introduction of cranial nerve.
type of cranial nerve
clinical test for cranial nerve
all types of cranial nerve action checking
cranial nerve for students NEET, AIMS, and OPTOMETRY, OPHTHALMOLOGY
all explain
1. SUPERFICIAL REFLEXES
INTRODUCTION
– They are elcited by stimulation of certain parts of the skin or mucous membrane and the end result being
contraction of one or more muscles.
- They are polysynaptic reflexes.
- They are lost in lesions of corticospinal tract.
OTHER METHODS OF ELICITING PLANTAR REFLEX
1. Squeezing the calf or pressing heavily along the inner border of the tibia (oppenheim’s Reflex)
2. Hard squeezed on the calf muscles (Gordon’s reflex)
3. Light stroke below the external malleous on the outer surface of the foot. (Chaddock Reflex)
4. Squeezing Achilles Tendon. (Schaefer’s Sign).
5. Pin pick on the dorsum of the foot. (Bing Sign).
CONDITIONS WHERE BABINSKI’S SIGN IS POSITIVE
REFLEXES METHOD OF ELICITING RESPONSE
CORNEAL REFLEX
Afferent V cranial nerve
reflex centre pons
Efferent VII cranial nerve
Touch the cornea with wisp of cotton just below the pupil
brought in from the side of the patient.
Reflex blinking of both eyelids.
CONJUNCTIVAL REFLEX
Afferent V cranial nerve
reflex centre pons
Efferent VII cranial nerve
This reflex is performed similar to the corneal reflex but
the conjunctiva is touched.
Reflex blinking of both eyelids.
PHARYNGEAL REFLEX
Afferent IX cranial nerve
Efferent X cranial nerve
Stimulating the posterior pharyngeal wall with a cotton
stick.
Contraction of the pharynx and
elevation of the pharyngeal wall
SCAPULAR REFLEX
Afferent C4&C5
Efferent is dorsal scapular nerve.
Stroking skin in interscapular area. Contraction of the scapular muscles.
ABDOMINAL REFLEX
(Epigastric T 7-9, upper abdominal T9-11, lower
abdominal T11-L1)
Lightly stroke the abdomen from without inwards in all
quadrants on both sides.
Contraction of abdominal muscles.
CREMASTERIC REFLEX – (L1 & L2)
Afferent femoral nerve.
Efferent Genito femoral nerve
Upper part of the inner thigh is lightly stroked downward
and inward.
Pulling up of the testis and scrotum on
that side.
BULBOCAVERNOUS REFLEX-(S3&4)
Afferent pudendal nerve
Efferent pudendal nerve
Squeezing the tip of the glans penis. Contraction of the bulbocavernous
muscle.
ANAL REFLEX-(S4&S5)
Afferent pudendal nerve
Efferent pudendal nerve
Lightly scratching the perianal skin. Contraction of the external anal
sphincter.
PLANTAR REFLEX-(L5&S1)
NERVE- Posterior tibial nerve Muscles of the lower limb should be relaxed.
Knee is flexed and thigh externally rotated.
The outer end of the sole of the foot is stimulated by
using a key or a blunt object along it from the heel upto
the ball of the great toe.
Flexor response -
flexion of the toes.
Extensor response -
dorsiflexion of the great toe,
fanning of the other toes,
dorsiflexion of the ankle,
flexion of the knee and hip &
contraction of tensor fascia lata.
1. U.M.N. LESIONS
2. DEEP SLEEP
3. INFANTS
4. COMA
5. POST ICTAL STATE
6. HYPOGLYCEMIC ENCEPHALOPATHY
7. HYPERTENSIVE ENCEPHALOPATHY
8. HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY