Abstract The inherent fire resistance property of concrete is one of its benefits. This thesis mainly focuses on fire resistant design of RC flexural member’s viz. beams and slabs using finite element software ANSYS 13. Both thermal and thermo-structural analysis was carried out for various parameters. Thermal analysis is done by taking into concern several parameters viz. aggregate type, cover to the reinforcement, concrete thickness, strength of concrete etc. The results are compared with IS 456:2000 provisions. Thermo-structural analysis is conducted for various support conditions and load ratio. Elements were modeled using SOLID 70 element and LINK 33 element for thermal analysis. For thermo-structural analysis instead of SOLID 70 element, SOLID 65 element was used. The parameters having a paramount influence on fire resistance are support conditions, dimensions of members, action of members under load, cover to the reinforcement, type of aggregates etc. Effect of the parameters on fire resistance is found out. Techniques to develop fire resistance are then found out. Moreover, it is found out that by changing some parameters, better fire resistant design for structural elements can be achieved. Key Words: Thermal analysis, Thermo-structural analysis, SOLID 70, SOLID 65, LINK 33
To minimize loss of life and property, structure of building should be established to allow time for evacuation from place location of the fire and to provide the structure and prevent the collapse of buildings having high fire risk rate. Considered most of buildings made by concrete in our country, integrity of concrete must be provided during the time period escape from fire. Particularly, buildings and fire compartments having high fire risk, must be designed to provide high strength and to minimize the loss of goods. Forming fireproof compartments may be accomplished by, treatment of the weak points and determinating temperature changes on the concrete components. Fire resistance of concrete increased by adding puzzolan additives. In the study, behavior of concrete exanimate at different temperatures and optimal concrete composition evaluated. Use of such concrete built with laboratories and flammable and chemical gases or liquids stores, will reduce the life losses significantly. Moreover, studies in the light of the findings obtained that, usage of concrete in those locations has a great significance, in the creation of a secure environment during evacuation and quenched period.
Keywords: Concrete, Fire Resistant, Puzzolan Additives,
High Performance concrete, Durability
Assessment of fire damage and structural rectification process.Jude Aruna Gayan
A presentation on the methodology of assessing the fire damage may cause due to an in house fire and method of structural rectification can be adopted to strengthen the structure.
Fire damage, evaluation, ndt, and repair of concrete structuresAkshaykumar More
Reinforced concrete and masonry structures are protected from fire by the cover that is present over the reinforcement, whereas steel structures are protected with externally applied fire- resistive materials. All three of these types of structures must be properly evaluated after a fire to assess the nature and extent of the damage.
A proper assessment of the structure after a fire event involves both field and laboratory work to determine the extent of fire damage, in order to design appropriate and cost effective repairs. This presentation presents an overview of how to conduct an evaluation of fire-damaged Concrete structures.
FIRES AS A CAUSE OF CONCRETE DETERIORATIONMohamed Omer
Presentation outline
Introduction to the subject
What is the causes of fire?
Physical and chemical response to fire
Spalling of concrete
Factors influencing the explosive spalling
How to improve the concrete structures in the fire resistance?
Case study - Concrete structure subjected to a fire in U.A.E
Rehabilitation methods and the repairing plan
Recommendation and conclusions
Study of mechanical properties of concrete at elevated temperatures a revieweSAT Journals
Abstract Concrete, the second highest consumed material after water in the world, plays a vital role in the construction field because of the versatility in its use. Developments during the last two decades have shown a marked increase in the number of structures involving the long time heating of concrete. In recognition of its importance, many researchers have attempted to investigate the effect of elevated temperature on mechanical properties of concrete. These researchers, during their investigation, used materials with varying combination and different experimental conditions. These materials include cement, different percentages of admixtures like fly ash, silica fume, metakaolin, finely grounded pumice(FGP), group granulated blast furnace slag(GGBS), polypropylene fibre(PP fibre), palm oil fuel ash(POFA), Portland pozzolana cement(PPC), rice husk ash(RHA), different fine and coarse aggregates, super plasticisers, retarders and the conditions included a temperature range of 28oC to 1200oC . The other conditions that were varied are the shapes and sizes of test specimens, curing methods, curing conditions and test methods. The analysis of these investigations and their results are reviewed and presented in this paper. Key words: concrete, mechanical properties, elevated temperature, admixtures, curing methods
To minimize loss of life and property, structure of building should be established to allow time for evacuation from place location of the fire and to provide the structure and prevent the collapse of buildings having high fire risk rate. Considered most of buildings made by concrete in our country, integrity of concrete must be provided during the time period escape from fire. Particularly, buildings and fire compartments having high fire risk, must be designed to provide high strength and to minimize the loss of goods. Forming fireproof compartments may be accomplished by, treatment of the weak points and determinating temperature changes on the concrete components. Fire resistance of concrete increased by adding puzzolan additives. In the study, behavior of concrete exanimate at different temperatures and optimal concrete composition evaluated. Use of such concrete built with laboratories and flammable and chemical gases or liquids stores, will reduce the life losses significantly. Moreover, studies in the light of the findings obtained that, usage of concrete in those locations has a great significance, in the creation of a secure environment during evacuation and quenched period.
Keywords: Concrete, Fire Resistant, Puzzolan Additives,
High Performance concrete, Durability
Assessment of fire damage and structural rectification process.Jude Aruna Gayan
A presentation on the methodology of assessing the fire damage may cause due to an in house fire and method of structural rectification can be adopted to strengthen the structure.
Fire damage, evaluation, ndt, and repair of concrete structuresAkshaykumar More
Reinforced concrete and masonry structures are protected from fire by the cover that is present over the reinforcement, whereas steel structures are protected with externally applied fire- resistive materials. All three of these types of structures must be properly evaluated after a fire to assess the nature and extent of the damage.
A proper assessment of the structure after a fire event involves both field and laboratory work to determine the extent of fire damage, in order to design appropriate and cost effective repairs. This presentation presents an overview of how to conduct an evaluation of fire-damaged Concrete structures.
FIRES AS A CAUSE OF CONCRETE DETERIORATIONMohamed Omer
Presentation outline
Introduction to the subject
What is the causes of fire?
Physical and chemical response to fire
Spalling of concrete
Factors influencing the explosive spalling
How to improve the concrete structures in the fire resistance?
Case study - Concrete structure subjected to a fire in U.A.E
Rehabilitation methods and the repairing plan
Recommendation and conclusions
Study of mechanical properties of concrete at elevated temperatures a revieweSAT Journals
Abstract Concrete, the second highest consumed material after water in the world, plays a vital role in the construction field because of the versatility in its use. Developments during the last two decades have shown a marked increase in the number of structures involving the long time heating of concrete. In recognition of its importance, many researchers have attempted to investigate the effect of elevated temperature on mechanical properties of concrete. These researchers, during their investigation, used materials with varying combination and different experimental conditions. These materials include cement, different percentages of admixtures like fly ash, silica fume, metakaolin, finely grounded pumice(FGP), group granulated blast furnace slag(GGBS), polypropylene fibre(PP fibre), palm oil fuel ash(POFA), Portland pozzolana cement(PPC), rice husk ash(RHA), different fine and coarse aggregates, super plasticisers, retarders and the conditions included a temperature range of 28oC to 1200oC . The other conditions that were varied are the shapes and sizes of test specimens, curing methods, curing conditions and test methods. The analysis of these investigations and their results are reviewed and presented in this paper. Key words: concrete, mechanical properties, elevated temperature, admixtures, curing methods
Study of Fire on Structural Materials and Its ProtectionRSIS International
Fire Safety is one of the important parameter in
modern design philosophy. Effect of fire on structural elements
made up of concrete and steel are quite different and is mostly
considered as secondary effects. Both most widely used
structural materials concrete and steel shows different response
when subjected to fire of constant temperature. Thus detailed
study on effect of fire on structural materials like concrete and
steel under different loading conditions, exposure conditions and
cooling methodology is essential. In the present study effect of
fire on concrete cubes subjected to different loading conditions
and cooling conditions are studied experimentally. Apart efficacy
of protective coating made up of piezoelectric powder with
structural epoxy for structural steel material subjected to
temperature exposure is also explored. It has been found that,
compressive strength of concrete cube reduces significantly when
preloaded with load irrespective of types of cooling methods.
Corrosion resistance performance of fly ash blended cement concreteseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Performance of Concrete at Elevated Temperatures: Utilizing A Blended Ordinar...IOSR Journals
This study aimed at investigating the effect of subjecting concrete, produced with cement being
partially replaced with saw dust ash (SDA) to elevated temperatures. The performance of the test concrete cubes
was done by exposing them to elevated temperatures of 200oC, 400oC, 600oC and 800oC, and allowed to cool
down to room temperature before testing for their properties. Both the physical and thermal properties of the
concrete cubes were determined. The concrete produced by blending cement with 10% SDA with an average
percentage loss of 23.04% retained more of its compressive strength when exposed to the different
temperatures, than concrete produced using only OPC, which has an average percentage loss of 29.11%. It is
also found that, at an elevated temperature of 800oC, concrete fail totally in flexure due to the effect of high
heat on binding elements. The flexural strength of both the control concrete (at 0% OPC replacement) and
OPC/SDA blended concrete (at 10% OPC replacement) decreased as the temperature is increased. The
replacement of OPC by 10% SDA increased the thermal shock resistance of the concrete by 11 cycles than the
0% OPC concrete at the same temperature. The concrete produced with OPC has better thermal conductivity
than the concrete produced by blending OPC with SDA, as a result, the dislodgement of the concrete edges is
relatively lower in the SDA blended cement concrete than in the OPC concrete. The result shows that, blending
OPC with SDA in concrete performed better at elevated temperatures than concrete produced with only OPC.
Therefore, the replacement of OPC with 10% SDA can be applied as a fire resisting bonding material in
concrete.
Thermal Barrier Coating For Gas Turbine EnginesNelsonkandulna
This presentation describes the thermal barrier coating process, its anatomy, types, material selection, failure, and characterization. Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) were introduced to protect the external surface of gas turbine engine components from thermal resistance and thereby decrease the temperature of the metal surfaces. Yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) is one of the most popular and widely used TBC materials as it provides the best performance in high-temperature zones such as diesel engines and gas turbines. The columnar microstructure of YSZ coating provides excellent strain tolerance and adhesion to the coating. Gas turbines are used to power aircraft, trains, ships, electrical generators, pumps, gas compressors, and tanks.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
Duplex 2209 Weld Overlay by ESSC ProcessIJERA Editor
In the modern world of industrialization the wear is eating metal assets worth millions of dollars per year. The wear is in the form of corrosion, erosion, abrasion etc. which occur in the process industries like oil & gas, refineries, cement plants, steel plants, shipping and offshore working structures. The equipments like pressure vessels, heat exchangers, hydro processing reactors which very often work at elevated temperatures face corrosion in the internal diameter. Duplex 2209 weld overlay on ferrous material is developed for high corrosion resistance properties and having high productivity by Electroslag strip cladding process due to its less dilution ~10% as compared to SMAW , GTAW or FCAW process. Because of Low Dilution ~10% undiluted chemistry can be achieved with single layer as compared to other weld overlay processes. The facility was developed inhouse to carry out weld overlay by ESSC and Testing.
CONCRETE
CONSTITUENTS OF CONCRETE
LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
APPLICATIONS
PRINCIPLE TECHNIQUES BEHIND LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE
LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATE CONCRETE
PRODUCTION OF LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATE CONCRETE
CLASSIFICATION OF LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATE CONCRETE
NATURAL AGGREGATE
ARTIFICIAL AGGREGATE
LOW-DENSITY CONCRETES
STRUCTURAL LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE
MODERATE-STRENGTH LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE
PROPERTIES OF LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATE CONCRETE
AERATED OR FOAMED CONCRETE
MANUFACTURING OF FOAMED CONCRETE
PROPERTIES OF FOAMED CONCRETE
APPLICATIONS OF FOAMED CONCRETE
NO FINES CONCRETE
PROPERTIES NO FINES CONCRETE
APPLICATIONS NO FINES CONCRETE
HIGH DENSITY CONCRETE
Man-made (Synthetic) Aggregates
ADMIXTURE
High Strength Concrete
SPECIAL METHODS OF MAKING HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE
Comparitive analysis between timber and concreteSOAKASHMIR
Comparison on the basis of
comprehensive strength
tensile strength
modules of elasticity
density
coefficient of thermal expansion
stress to strain ratio
creep
Study of Fire on Structural Materials and Its ProtectionRSIS International
Fire Safety is one of the important parameter in
modern design philosophy. Effect of fire on structural elements
made up of concrete and steel are quite different and is mostly
considered as secondary effects. Both most widely used
structural materials concrete and steel shows different response
when subjected to fire of constant temperature. Thus detailed
study on effect of fire on structural materials like concrete and
steel under different loading conditions, exposure conditions and
cooling methodology is essential. In the present study effect of
fire on concrete cubes subjected to different loading conditions
and cooling conditions are studied experimentally. Apart efficacy
of protective coating made up of piezoelectric powder with
structural epoxy for structural steel material subjected to
temperature exposure is also explored. It has been found that,
compressive strength of concrete cube reduces significantly when
preloaded with load irrespective of types of cooling methods.
Corrosion resistance performance of fly ash blended cement concreteseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Performance of Concrete at Elevated Temperatures: Utilizing A Blended Ordinar...IOSR Journals
This study aimed at investigating the effect of subjecting concrete, produced with cement being
partially replaced with saw dust ash (SDA) to elevated temperatures. The performance of the test concrete cubes
was done by exposing them to elevated temperatures of 200oC, 400oC, 600oC and 800oC, and allowed to cool
down to room temperature before testing for their properties. Both the physical and thermal properties of the
concrete cubes were determined. The concrete produced by blending cement with 10% SDA with an average
percentage loss of 23.04% retained more of its compressive strength when exposed to the different
temperatures, than concrete produced using only OPC, which has an average percentage loss of 29.11%. It is
also found that, at an elevated temperature of 800oC, concrete fail totally in flexure due to the effect of high
heat on binding elements. The flexural strength of both the control concrete (at 0% OPC replacement) and
OPC/SDA blended concrete (at 10% OPC replacement) decreased as the temperature is increased. The
replacement of OPC by 10% SDA increased the thermal shock resistance of the concrete by 11 cycles than the
0% OPC concrete at the same temperature. The concrete produced with OPC has better thermal conductivity
than the concrete produced by blending OPC with SDA, as a result, the dislodgement of the concrete edges is
relatively lower in the SDA blended cement concrete than in the OPC concrete. The result shows that, blending
OPC with SDA in concrete performed better at elevated temperatures than concrete produced with only OPC.
Therefore, the replacement of OPC with 10% SDA can be applied as a fire resisting bonding material in
concrete.
Thermal Barrier Coating For Gas Turbine EnginesNelsonkandulna
This presentation describes the thermal barrier coating process, its anatomy, types, material selection, failure, and characterization. Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) were introduced to protect the external surface of gas turbine engine components from thermal resistance and thereby decrease the temperature of the metal surfaces. Yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) is one of the most popular and widely used TBC materials as it provides the best performance in high-temperature zones such as diesel engines and gas turbines. The columnar microstructure of YSZ coating provides excellent strain tolerance and adhesion to the coating. Gas turbines are used to power aircraft, trains, ships, electrical generators, pumps, gas compressors, and tanks.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
Duplex 2209 Weld Overlay by ESSC ProcessIJERA Editor
In the modern world of industrialization the wear is eating metal assets worth millions of dollars per year. The wear is in the form of corrosion, erosion, abrasion etc. which occur in the process industries like oil & gas, refineries, cement plants, steel plants, shipping and offshore working structures. The equipments like pressure vessels, heat exchangers, hydro processing reactors which very often work at elevated temperatures face corrosion in the internal diameter. Duplex 2209 weld overlay on ferrous material is developed for high corrosion resistance properties and having high productivity by Electroslag strip cladding process due to its less dilution ~10% as compared to SMAW , GTAW or FCAW process. Because of Low Dilution ~10% undiluted chemistry can be achieved with single layer as compared to other weld overlay processes. The facility was developed inhouse to carry out weld overlay by ESSC and Testing.
CONCRETE
CONSTITUENTS OF CONCRETE
LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
APPLICATIONS
PRINCIPLE TECHNIQUES BEHIND LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE
LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATE CONCRETE
PRODUCTION OF LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATE CONCRETE
CLASSIFICATION OF LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATE CONCRETE
NATURAL AGGREGATE
ARTIFICIAL AGGREGATE
LOW-DENSITY CONCRETES
STRUCTURAL LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE
MODERATE-STRENGTH LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE
PROPERTIES OF LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATE CONCRETE
AERATED OR FOAMED CONCRETE
MANUFACTURING OF FOAMED CONCRETE
PROPERTIES OF FOAMED CONCRETE
APPLICATIONS OF FOAMED CONCRETE
NO FINES CONCRETE
PROPERTIES NO FINES CONCRETE
APPLICATIONS NO FINES CONCRETE
HIGH DENSITY CONCRETE
Man-made (Synthetic) Aggregates
ADMIXTURE
High Strength Concrete
SPECIAL METHODS OF MAKING HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE
Comparitive analysis between timber and concreteSOAKASHMIR
Comparison on the basis of
comprehensive strength
tensile strength
modules of elasticity
density
coefficient of thermal expansion
stress to strain ratio
creep
Thermal performance & fire resistance of autoclaved aerated concrete expo...eSAT Journals
Abstract Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) is also being produced for many years, there are still some points that need to be clarified. One of these points needs to know is humidity intrusion effects on AAC members in areas with high relative humidity levels of Mediterranean climates which are important in durability and insulation properties of AAC. Therefore, some tests on mechanical and physical properties of ACC concrete carried out. These include thermal insulation and fire resistance tests under different level of humidity ACC blocks. According to the test results; increasing in humidity condition inside the chamber during heating procedure under steady state condition, caused increasing in average temperature change on outside surface of AAC wall. AAC losses its mass and mechanical properties subjected to the high elevated temperature above 500°C. Keywords: Thermal performance, AAC, fire resistance test, humidity
Effects of Combustible Stacking in Large CompartmentsFranco Bontempi
This paper focuses on the modelling of fire in case of various distributions of combustible materials in a large compartment. Large compartments often represent a challenge for structural fire safety, because of lack of prescriptive rules to follow and difficulties of taking into account the effect of non uniform distribution of the combustible materials and fire propagation. These aspects are discussed in this paper with reference to an industrial steel building, taken as case study. Fires triggered by the burning of wooden pallets stored in the premises have been investigated with respect to different stacking configurations of the pallets with the avail of a CFD code. The results in term of temperatures of the hot gasses and of the steel elements composing the structural system are compared with simplified analytical model of localized and post-flashover fires, with the aim of highlighting limitation and potentiality of different modelling approaches.
All reinforced concrete beams crack, generally starting at loads well below service level, and possibly even prior to loading due to restrained shrinkage. Flexural cracking due to loads is not only inevitable, but actually necessary for the reinforcement to be used effectively. Prior to the formation of flexural cracks, the steel stress is no more than n times the stress in the adjacent concrete, where n is the modular ratio E5/Ec. For materials common in current practice, n is approximately 8.
Corso di Progettazione Strutturale Antincendio, Facolta' di Ingegneria Civile e Industriale, Universita' degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza - Franco Bontempi.
Quality Control in Concrete and Durability factors : An overviewbybyRAJESH PRASAD,IRSE, CPM/M, RVNL. KOLKATA. An interesting and informative presentation....
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Seismic evaluation of rc frame with brick masonry infill wallseSAT Journals
Abstract
Infill panels are widely used as partition walls as well as external walls of the building to fill the gap between RC frames. Non-structural member may provide considerable stiffness to the building and hence may improve the performance of the RC building during ground motions. But In most of the cases, the ignorance of this property of masonry in designing of the RC frame may get an unsafe design. There are two methods are used to determine the effect of ground motion. The effect of ground motion on RC frame building has been carried out by considering with and without the stiffness of infill wall. A comparative study is carried out with RC building using Equivalent Lateral Force method and Response Spectrum method. The masonry infill has been modeled as an equivalent diagonal strut element using Hendry formula. Pushover analysis is carried out on bare frame and frame with infill wall. The model has been generated using STAAD Pro and results obtained from the analysis are compared in terms of strength and stiffness with bare frame.
Keywords: Seismic evaluation, Response Spectrum, masonry infill, diagonal strut.
Case study on slender multi storey rc building with brick infilleSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Evaluation of fnp for rc frame with brick infilleSAT Journals
Abstract The RC multistoryedframe buildings are commonly built with brick masonry as infill walls.Window and entryway openings are unavoidable piece of the infill dividers. The vicinity of openings in infill dividers fundamentally lessens the parallel quality and solidness of RC casings. The fundamental natural period (FNP) of the building with infill panels depend on strength and stiffness of these infill. The strength and stiffness effect of the infill walls are not considered in any of the seismic codes across the world for calculating FNP. An attempt is made in the present paper to evaluate a new empirical formula by method of least squares (MLS), considering the stiffness of the infill walls and number of bays and storeys. The analysis is carried using SAP v14.2 for gravity and seismic loading. Gravity analysis is carried out as per IS 456: 2000 code provisions. Seismic analysis is carried out as per IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002 procedures for multistoryed ordinary moment resisting frame (OMRF) buildings. All the models are constructed in seismic zone IV.The FNP results by MLS are compared with periods obtained from empirical formulae prescribed in seismic codes across the world.The authors conclude that, FNPs obtained by MLS are accurate than the FNPs calculated from the empirical formulae given in seismic codes considered in the paper. KeyWords: Fundamental Natural Period, Infill Frame, Method of Least Square, OMRF, Seismic Code
Optimisation of earth quake response of tall building by using different fram...eSAT Journals
Abstract In India reinforced concrete structures are mostly used since this is the most convenient & economic system for low-rise buildings. However, for medium to high-rise buildings this type of structure is no longer economic because of increased dead load, less stiffness, span restriction and hazardous formwork. So the Structural engineers are facing the challenge of striving for the most efficient and economical design solution. Also Earthquake engineering should be extended to the design of earthquake sensitive tall buildings. Use of composite material is of particular interest, due to its significant potential in improving the overall performance through rather modest changes in manufacturing and constructional technologies. In India, many consulting engineers are reluctant to accept the use of composite steel-concrete structure because of its unfamiliarity and complexity in its analysis and design. But literature says that if properly configured, then composite steel-concrete system can provide extremely economical structural systems with high durability, rapid erection and superior seismic performance characteristics. This paper discusses Optimization of Earth quack response of tall building by using different types of framing system over the height of the building . So to optimize the earth quack response, a Ten story Combined model ( R.C.C, Composite and Steel frames) is developed and analyzed by using ETABS ; it proves that the combined model is better option. Key Words: Composite structure, Tall Building and Steel structures
Experimental studies on confined steel concrete composite beams under pure be...eSAT Journals
Abstract
An experimental investigation of the ultimate strength and behaviour of a new type of composite beam called CSCC beam (Confined Steel Concrete Composite Beam) is a concrete beam shuttered with cold formed steel sheet which acts as a composite beam by means of shear connectors and bracings. Stud shear connectors are used to take up the bond between sheet and concrete. The passive confinement by the cold formed sheet in the sides and bottom influences the strength and ductility of the system. These beams are provides very good confinement of concrete. Totally eight CSCC beams are tested and the entire behaviour of the beams are monitored to predict the physical response of the beams under three different types loading such as pure bending, pure torsion and combined bending and torsion. Two point loading was obtained for pure bending. The deformation criteria (deflection, moment and flexural rigidity) are also included in the investigation throughout the entire load history experimentally. The results obtained by the experimental values which are found to be in good agreement.
Keywords—composite beams; pure bending
Effect of stiffeners on the lateral stiffness of infill frames with openingseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A study of r.c.c. beam column connection subjected to monotonic loadingeSAT Journals
Abstract
Beam and column where intersects is called as joint or Connection. The different types of joints are classified as corner joint, exterior
joint, interior joint etc. on beam column joint applying quasi-static loading .i. e. monotonic loading on cantilever end of the beam and
study of various parameters as to be find out on corner and exterior beam column joint i.e. maximum stress, minimum stress,
displacement and variation in stiffness of beam column joint can be analyzed in Ansys software ( Non-Linear FEM Software) The
various research studies focused on corner and exterior beam column joints and their behavior, support conditions of beam-column
joints. Some recent experimental studies, however, addressed beam-column joints of substandard RC frames with weak columns, poor
anchorage of longitudinal beam bars and insufficient transverse reinforcement. the behavior of exterior beam column joint is different
than the corner beam column joint.
Keywords: beam, column, corner, exterior, joint, monotonic load, quasi-static, varying stiffness
A study of r.c.c. beam column connection subjected to monotonic loadingeSAT Journals
Abstract
Beam and column where intersects is called as joint or Connection. The different types of joints are classified as corner joint, exterior
joint, interior joint etc. on beam column joint applying quasi-static loading .i. e. monotonic loading on cantilever end of the beam and
study of various parameters as to be find out on corner and exterior beam column joint i.e. maximum stress, minimum stress,
displacement and variation in stiffness of beam column joint can be analyzed in Ansys software ( Non-Linear FEM Software) The
various research studies focused on corner and exterior beam column joints and their behavior, support conditions of beam-column
joints. Some recent experimental studies, however, addressed beam-column joints of substandard RC frames with weak columns, poor
anchorage of longitudinal beam bars and insufficient transverse reinforcement. the behavior of exterior beam column joint is different
than the corner beam column joint.
Keywords: beam, column, corner, exterior, joint, monotonic load, quasi-static, varying stiffness.
“Comparison of Maximum Stress distribution of Long & Short Side Column due to...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Seismic analysis of high damping rubber bearings for base isolationeSAT Journals
Abstract
Base isolation is a mechanism that provides earthquake resistance to the new structure. The base isolation system decouples the building from the horizontal ground motion induced by earthquake, and offers very stiff vertical components to the base level of the superstructure in connection to substructure (foundation). It shifts the fundamental lateral period, dissipates the energy in damping, and reduces the amount of the lateral forces that transferred to the building, inter-story drift, and the floor acceleration.
The work deals with modelling and finite element analysis of a high damping rubber bearing in ANSYS 12.0. A displacement controlled transient analysis was done to analyse the behaviour of the isolator during earthquakes.
Keywords: Base isolation, High damping rubber, Transient analysis
Optimum insulation thickness for building envelope a revieweSAT Journals
Abstract Through this paper an important issue that what should be the level of insulation for energy conservation in conditioned building envelope is being address. It is well established from the earlier studies of heat transfer across the composite walls that as insulation thickness increases the corresponding resistance to heat flow increases so the rate of heat transfer decreases. The corresponding cost of maintain temperature through artificial means decreases but this is achieve at the cost of insulation which also increases as its thickness increases. The thickness of insulation where total cost of heating/ cooling and insulation cost over the life time becomes minimum is known as optimum insulation thickness. Answer to this question of thermal insulation level in the building envelope components like external wall or roof from economy point of view is being reviewed. Different angles of research in this field being discuss like methods of analyzing annual heating/ cooling loads, insulation material point of view, effect of climate, effect of energy source on optimum insulation thickness. Further different methods used for determination of optimum insulation thickness being reviewed. The effect of solar radiation on optimum insulation thickness is an area which needs further research in Indian context. There is a great need of not only insulating building envelope components like external wall or roof but from economical point of view there is a need to optimize insulation thickness. Further there is need to analyze two insulation materials in combination for maximizing savings. KeyWords- Optimum insulation thickness, Heating/cooling degree day, life cycle cost analysis, insulation material, external wall.
Effect of modulus of masonry on initial lateral stiffness of infilled frames ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Serviceability behavior of Reinforcement Concrete beams with polypropylene an...IJERA Editor
Serviceability Limit States (SLS) may lead to the design of concrete elements internally reinforced with Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP).In many types of concrete structure loss the serviceability due to wide cracks, number of cracks or large deflection is not uncommon behaviour in concrete structures or concrete beams.The flexural ductility affects the serviceability deflection of RC beams once flexural cracking take place.Imprvement will be focused on the use of polypropilene fibres , which is the subject of thispaper. The performance of concrete with fibers is judged by the flexural toughness obtained by load-deflection curves. The flexural toughness of concrete is depend on different types of fibersin use.Its tougness will be reperesent in the behaviour of RC memebres at failure. Sometimes, it is difficult to use the flexural toughness to judge the behavior of concrete structures under service load. The result of cracking on concrete beam due to the applied load and the method of loading to monitor and check the performance of concrete with different types of fiber arediscussed in this paper. The reductionin the dimension of cracks and the effect of energy disipations of polypropilene fibres will be the main aim of this research work.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Similar to Study on the fire resistant design of reinforced concrete flexural members (20)
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Soil stabilization has proven to be one of the oldest techniques to improve the soil properties. Literature review conducted revealed
that uses of natural inorganic stabilizers are found to be one of the best options for soil stabilization. In this regard an attempt has
been made to evaluate the influence of RBI-81 stabilizer on properties of black cotton soil through laboratory investigations. Black
cotton soil with varying percentages of RBI-81 viz., 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 percent were studied for moisture density relationships
and strength behaviour of soils. Also the effect of curing period was evaluated as literature review clearly emphasized the strength
gain of soils stabilized with RBI-81 over a period of time. The results obtained shows that the unconfined compressive strength of
specimens treated with RBI-81 increased approximately by 250% for a curing period of 28 days as compared to virgin soil. Further
the CBR value improved approximately by 400%. The studies indicated an increasing trend for soil strength behaviour with
increasing percentage of RBI-81 suggesting its potential applications in soil stabilization.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
Abstract
Increase in traffic along with heavier magnitude of wheel loads cause rapid deterioration in pavements. There is a need to improve
density, strength of soil subgrade and other pavement layers. In this study an attempt is made to improve the properties of locally
available loamy soil using twin approaches viz., i) increasing the compaction of soil and ii) treating the soil with chemical stabilizer.
Laboratory studies are carried out on both untreated and treated soil samples compacted by different compaction efforts. Studies
show that increase in compaction effort results in increase in density of soil. However in soil treated with chemical stabilizer, rate of
increase in density is not significant. The soil treated with chemical stabilizer exhibits improvement in both strength and performance
properties.
Keywords: compaction, density, subgradestabilization, resilient modulus
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
Abstract
Water resources projects are inherited with overlapping and at times conflicting objectives. These projects are often of varied sizes
ranging from major projects with command areas of millions of hectares to very small projects implemented at the local level. Thus,
in all these projects there is seldom proper coordination which is essential for ensuring collective sustainability.
Integrated watershed development and management is the accepted answer but in turn requires a comprehensive framework that can
enable planning process involving all the stakeholders at different levels and scales is compulsory. Such a unified hydrological
framework is essential to evaluate the cause and effect of all the proposed actions within the drainage basins.
The present paper describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) which is
intended to meet the specific information needs of the various line departments of a typical State connected with water related aspects.
The HIS consist of a hydrologic information database coupled with tools for collating primary and secondary data and tools for
analyzing and visualizing the data and information. The HIS also incorporates hydrological model base for indirect assessment of
various entities of water balance in space and time. The framework would be maintained and updated to reflect fully the most
accurate ground truth data and the infrastructure requirements for planning and management.
Keywords: Hydrological Information System (HIS); WebGIS; Data Model; Web Mapping Services
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper presents an outlook on experimental behavior and a comparison with predicted formula on the behaviour of circular
concentrically loaded self-consolidating fibre reinforced concrete filled steel tube columns (HSSCFRC). Forty-five specimens were
tested. The main parameters varied in the tests are: (1) percentage of fiber (2) tube diameter or width to wall thickness ratio (D/t
from 15 to 25) (3) L/d ratio from 2.97 to 7.04 the results from these predictions were compared with the experimental data. The
experimental results) were also validated in this study.
Keywords: Self-compacting concrete; Concrete-filled steel tube; axial load behavior; Ultimate capacity.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Efficiency of the road network system is analyzed by travel time reliability measures. The study overlooks on an important measure of
travel time reliability and prioritizing Tiruchirappalli road network. Traffic volume and travel time were collected using license plate
matching method. Travel time measures were estimated from average travel time and 95th travel time. Effect of non-motorized vehicle
on efficiency of road system was evaluated. Relation between buffer time index and traffic volume was created. Travel time model has
been developed and travel time measure was validated. Then service quality of road sections in network were graded based on
travel time reliability measures.
Keywords: Buffer Time Index (BTI); Average Travel Time (ATT); Travel Time Reliability (TTR); Buffer Time (BT).
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
Abstract
Land and water are the two vital natural resources, the optimal management of these resources with minimum adverse environmental
impact are essential not only for sustainable development but also for human survival. Satellite remote sensing with geographic
information system has a pragmatic approach to map and generate spatial input layers of predicting response behavior and yield of
watershed. Hence, in the present study an attempt has been made to understand the hydrological process of the catchment at the
watershed level by drawing the inferences from moprhometric analysis and runoff. The study area chosen for the present study is
Yagachi catchment situated in Chickamaglur and Hassan district lies geographically at a longitude 75⁰52’08.77”E and
13⁰10’50.77”N latitude. It covers an area of 559.493 Sq.km. Morphometric analysis is carried out to estimate morphometric
parameters at Micro-watershed to understand the hydrological response of the catchment at the Micro-watershed level. Daily runoff
is estimated using USDA SCS curve number model for a period of 10 years from 2001 to 2010. The rainfall runoff relationship of the
study shows there is a positive correlation.
Keywords: morphometric analysis, runoff, remote sensing and GIS, SCS - method
-
Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The nonlinear Static procedure also well known as pushover analysis is method where in monotonically increasing loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable to resist any further load. It is a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. In literature lot of research has been carried out on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiency efforts have been made to improve it. But actual test results to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are rarely available. It has been found that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Initial study is carried out by considering user defined hinge properties and default hinge length. Attempt is being made to assess the variation of pushover analysis results by considering user defined hinge properties and various hinge length formulations available in literature and results compared with experimentally obtained results based on test carried out on a G+2 storied RCC framed structure. For the present study two geometric models viz bare frame and rigid frame model is considered and it is found that the results of pushover analysis are very sensitive to geometric model and hinge length adopted. Keywords: Pushover analysis, Base shear, Displacement, hinge length, moment curvature analysis
Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and aggregate quarries for the road construction is a serious problem to procure materials. Hence
recycling or reuse of material is beneficial. On emphasizing development in sustainable construction in the present era, recycling of
asphalt pavements is one of the effective and proven rehabilitation processes. For the laboratory investigations reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
These test results were compared with conventional mixes and asphalt concrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP
aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
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Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
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Study on the fire resistant design of reinforced concrete flexural members
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 09 Issue: 09 | September-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 52
STUDY ON THE FIRE RESISTANT DESIGN OF REINFORCED
CONCRETE FLEXURAL MEMBERS
Jothis K Mathew1
, Arunkumar B N2
1
Post Graduate Student, Department of Civil Engineering, the Oxford College of Engineering, Bangalore
2
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, the Oxford College of Engineering, Bangalore
Abstract
The inherent fire resistance property of concrete is one of its benefits. This thesis mainly focuses on fire resistant design of
RC flexural member’s viz. beams and slabs using finite element software ANSYS 13. Both thermal and thermo-structural
analysis was carried out for various parameters. Thermal analysis is done by taking into concern several parameters viz.
aggregate type, cover to the reinforcement, concrete thickness, strength of concrete etc. The results are compared with IS
456:2000 provisions. Thermo-structural analysis is conducted for various support conditions and load ratio. Elements were
modeled using SOLID 70 element and LINK 33 element for thermal analysis. For thermo-structural analysis instead of SOLID 70
element, SOLID 65 element was used. The parameters having a paramount influence on fire resistance are support
conditions, dimensions of members, action of members under load, cover to the reinforcement, type of aggregates etc. Effect of
the parameters on fire resistance is found out. Techniques to develop fire resistance are then found out. Moreover, it is found
out that by changing some parameters, better fire resistant design for structural elements can be achieved.
Key Words: Thermal analysis, Thermo-structural analysis, SOLID 70, SOLID 65, LINK 33
--------------------------------------------------------------------***----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Fire resistant building components and systems have
specific fire resistance ratings on the basis of fire resistance
tests. These ratings are expressed in terms of minutes and
hours. It describes the time duration a given building
component or system is capable of maintaining specific
functions whilst being exposed to a specific simulated fire
event. To most buildings and structures, fire is a severe
potential risk. As a structural material, the use of concrete is
widespread. Upon baring RC member to fire, temperatures
in steel reinforcement as well as concrete escalates. This
leads to a declination of strength and stiffness, and a
potential damage to the structure. The existing technique of
valuing fire resistance of reinforced concrete columns and
beams is based on prescriptive approaches, and is generally
a function of concrete cover thickness, size of the member
and aggregate type.
1.1 Process of Fire Development
The process of fire development is shown in figure 1. For
the fire to reach flashover, ample amounts of fuel and
oxygen is needed. The object initially ignited do not contain
enough energy and do not release it swiftly enough (heat
release rate), flashover will not take place (e.g., small trash
can burn in the middle of a large room). Similarly, if the
fire tends to deplete the oxygen that is available, drop the
heat release rate then fire in the compartment should not
attain flashover. In the post flash over stage, the rate of
energy release is large amount but it is usually restricted by
ventilation.
Fig.1 Time - temperature curve
1.2 Objectives
In order to develop an overall different and safe structure, it
is important to understand the response of components
during loading. Experimental based testing is widely used to
analyze each individual element and the effects of concrete
strength under loading. Though this method is real life
response it is very time consuming and costly. Here, first of
all study the behavior of reinforced concrete flexural
members namely beams and slabs subjected to fire load.
And the study extended to get the result of effect of support
conditions, cover to the reinforcement, aggregate type, and
strength of concrete as different parameters on the behavior
of these members. The structure is analyzed in ANSYS 13.
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 09 Issue: 09 | September-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 53
2. FIRE RESISTANT ANALYSIS OF BEAMS
FEA is an alternative to this, which is numerical method.
This is performed using a commercial software ANSYS
which is suite powerful engineering simulation programs.
More efficient and better analysis can be made with the use
of finite element packages. Development in the field of
computer aided engineering resulted in several benefits for
the engineering industries area last two decades. However in
the building industry advance finite element tools are used
for the development of accurate design methods.
ANSYS deals with 3 different stages for the structural
analysis:-
a) Pre-processing – Environmental factors and FE model
defining stage and to be applied to it.
b) Analysis solver - solution of finite element model.
c) Post-processing of results like deformation contours for
displacement, etc., using visualization tools.
2.1 Description of SOLID 70 element
SOLID 70 have a 3-D thermal conduction capability. The
element has eight nodes with temperature, a single degree of
freedom at each node. The element is applicable for a 3-D,
steady-state or transient thermal analysis.
F
ig.2 Geometry of SOLID 70 element
2.2 Description of LINK 33 Element
Basically LINK 33 comes under uniaxial element. And
which have the ability to transfer heat between its elements.
The element has eight nodes with temperature, a single
degree of freedom at each node. And the conducting bar is
applicable to steady-state or transient thermal analysis.
Fig.3 Geometry of link 33 element
2.3 Modeling and Meshing
Using “volume” option concrete block is created and
meshed with solid 70 using “mesh tool”, “volume sweep”
command. The command between steel reinforcement and
concrete is assumed as perfect and no loss of bond between
them is considered. The nodes for main steel, stirrups and
concrete are made common thus ensured the connectivity of
nodes. The meshed finite element beam with the lines
showing main beam, stirrups and concrete is shown in the
figure 4.
Fig.4 Finite element mesh for 200 mm Χ 350 mm beam
2.4 Parametric Study
Case 1: Aggregate Type
Fig.5 Thermal conductivity of different aggregate types
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Fig.6 Temperature profile for 200 mm Χ 350 mm beam for
various time exposure
Fig.7 Time –temperature curve for aggregate types
Case 2: Strength of Concrete
Fig.8 Thermal conductivity for normal strength and high
strength concrete
Fig.9 Time –temperature curve for NSC and HSC at the
position of reinforcement
Case 3: Cover to the Reinforcement
Fig.10 Thermal analysis of 200 mm Χ 350 mm beam for
different cover
Fig.11 Effect of cover on fire resistance of reinforced
concrete beams
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Beam
Parameter
Rebar temperature
Dimension
(mm)
(o
C )
Aggregate
Siliceous
aggregate 948
type
Carbonate
942
aggregate
200 Χ 350
25 671
Cover 30 647
(mm) 35 623
Strength of NSC 623
concrete HSC 660
Table-1: Effect of various parameters on the fire resistance
of RC beams
2.5 Thermo Structural Analysis Using Ansys 13
In finite element method the most commonly used
application in all probability is analysis of structure. The
particular term structure is not limited to civil engineering
structure like buildings and bridges but also connected to
most other engineering fields like mechanical structure.
2.5.1 Parametric Study
Case 1: Support Conditions
Fig.12 Deflection of simply supported beams for various
time exposures
Fig.13 Deflection of fixed beams for various time exposures
5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Fig.14 Deflection of continuous beams for various time
exposures
Fig.15 Increase in deflection for various times of exposure
3. FIRE RESISTANT ANALYSIS OF ONE WAY
SLAB
Reinforced concrete one way slab is modeled using the
finite element software ANSYS-13. The slab was modeled
as 3-D block element in numerical structural model.
Restraint conditions on the supports are varied. Thermal and
thermo-structural analysis was carried out and deflection of
slab was found out for different time of thermal exposures.
3.1 Thermal Analysis of One-Way Slab
Thermal analysis was carried out for a slab of 6000
mmΧ3000 mmΧ100 mm. ISO fire curve was given as
thermal load. Analysis was done for 1/2, 1, 2, and 3 hour
thermal exposure and reinforcement bar temperature was
found out.
Fig.16 Temperature profile for 100 mm thick slab
Fig.17 Reinforcement bar temperature for different time of
exposure
3.2 Thermo Structural Analysis of One-Way Slab
Slab of 6000 mm Χ 3000 mm Χ 100 mm was analyzed with
a structural load of 5.4 kN/m2. Properties were given as
indicated in the previous chapter. 8 mm diameter
reinforcement was provided at a spacing of 200 mm center
to center. Deflection of slab was found out for various times
of exposures along with the application of structural load.
Fig.18 Modeling of 6000 mm Χ 3000 mm Χ 100 mm with
simply supported ends
Fig.19 Deflection of simply supported slab for 3 hour fire
exposure
6. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Fig.20 Deflection of simply supported slab for various times
of exposures
Fig.21 Deflection of fixed supported slab for various times
of exposures
4. FIRE RESISTANT ANALYSIS OF TWO WAY
SLABS
Slab is a major structural component. In this chapter fire
resistant analysis of two way slabs is studied. It consists of
both thermal and thermo structural analysis. Fire ratings are
determined for parameters like aggregate type, cover to the
reinforcement, thickness of slab, load ratio, support
conditions etc. using finite element software ANSYS13.
4.1 Modeling
Model of two -way slab used for the analysis is shown in the
figure 5.2. Slab of dimensions 4000 mm Χ 3000 mm Χ100
mm was used for the analysis. Model after meshing is
shown in figure 5.3. Meshing is done as per the requirement
in thermal analysis.
Fig.22 Model for slab 4000 mm Χ 3000 mm Χ 100 mm
Fig.23 Slab model after meshing
Slab Properties
Description Tested by Linus Lim
Cross Section 4000 mm Χ 3000 mm
Reinforcement 12mm diameter @200mm grid
Applied load 5.4kN/m2
Concrete cover 20mm
Thickness 100mm
Support condition Simply supported
Aggregate type Siliceous aggregate
Table-2: Description of the test slab
Fig 24 Comparison of test result with thermal
criteriaobtained from ANSYS for test slab
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4.2 Thermal Analysis Using Finite Element
Software
Case 1: Aggregate Type
Fig.25 Effect of aggregate on the fire resistance of slab
Case 2: Concrete thickness
F
ig.26 Effect of concrete thickness on fire resistance of slab
Case 3: Cover to the reinforcement
F
ig.27 Effect of cover on the fire resistance of slab
4.3 Thermo Structural Analyses Using Finite
Element Software
Case 1: Support Condition
Fig.28 Deflection of fixed slab for various time exposures
Fig.29 Deflection of simply supported slab for various time
exposures
Fig.30 Effect of support condition on deflection of slab
5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Fire resistant design of reinforced concrete flexural element
is dealt with in this project. Finite element software ANSYS
13 is used for analysis. Elements were modeled using
SOLID 70 element and LINK 33 element for thermal
analysis. For thermo-structural analysis instead of SOLID
70 element, SOLID 65 element was used.
8. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 09 Issue: 09 | September-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 59
Beam is analyzed for various parameters like aggregate
type, concrete cover, and strength of concrete, support
conditions and load ratio. Effect of these parameters on the
fire resistance of beams was discussed.
Thermal and thermo-structural analysis was carried out In
order to find out the behavior of slabs under fire exposure.
To understand the effect of support conditions on fire
resistance one way slab is analyzed. Fire resistant analysis
of two way slab was done by considering various parameters
for different time of exposures.
Both thermal and thermo-structural analysis was carried out
for various parameters like aggregate type, concrete
thickness, concrete cover, type of exposure, hydrocarbon
fire, support conditions and load ratio and the results were
compared.
Some of the specific conclusions derived from the analysis
are listed below:-
[1]. As per IS code provisions, beam of 200mm width has
a fire rating of 120 minutes even with 20mm cover to
the reinforcement. However, as per ANSYS fire
rating; in order to get 120 minutes fire rating minimum
of 40mm cover is required.
[2]. Rebar temperature was reduced from 673°C to 623°C
upon increasing the cover from 25 to 35 mm.
[3]. For zero hour exposure, stress in concrete is only
8.96Χ106 N/m2. But it increases to 18.5Χ106N/m2
for a fire exposure of 30 minutes, i.e., with even 30
minutes of fire exposure, the stress in concrete is
increased by 51 %.
[4]. Moment capacity is reduced by 80% when exposed to
fire for 180 minutes.
[5]. In case of two way slab, for 30mm cover fire resistance
is 236 minutes. But for 20mm cover it is 216 minutes
only, i.e., cover thickness is directly proportional to
fire resistance.
[6]. In 180 minutes, for standard fire, temperature in
reinforcement is recorded as 556°C whereas due to
hydrocarbon fire it is 780°C. Hence, special care
should be taken in case of hydrocarbon fire.
[7]. Increase in load ratio from 0.2 to 0.5, deflection is
increased by 16.6 mm, for 60 minutes fire exposure.
General Conclusions obtained from fire resistant analysis of
beams and slabs include:-
[1]. The thermal response of concrete beams modeled in
ANSYS shows good agreement with available
experimental results.
[2]. For the same cross-section of the beam, theoretical fire
rating is less than that of IS code provisions.
[3]. During fire exposure, a thermal failure criterion is
more critical compared to deflection criteria and rate of
deflection criteria.
[4]. For structures exposed to fire, carbonate aggregate
concrete is favorable.
[5]. Large increase in rebar temperature resulting from
reduced concrete cover is associated with large plastic
and creep strains, leading to increased deflections in
the beam.
[6]. For structures subjected to fire loading, use normal
strength concrete instead of high strength concrete,
wherever possible.
[7]. Fixed beam behaves in better way compared to simply
supported beam under fire load, i.e., rotational restraint
at both end supports have much better behavior and
significantly higher fire resistance than pin-supported
ends.
[8]. For the three-bay beam, the continuity over the
supports does not greatly enhance the fire resistance
compared to a simply supported beam.
[9]. Increased load ratio causes early yielding of the steel
reinforcement and therefore accelerates the plastic and
creep strains. This in turn leads to lower stiffness in
the beam and results in substantial increase in
deflection and rate of deflection. Hence, in order to
improve fire resistance, keep the load ratio to a lower
value.
[10]. Temperature profiles generated for slabs exposed to
one side fire exposure shows good agreement with the
Eurocode2 temperature profile in shape.
[11]. In case of two way slab fire resistance is not much
affected by aggregate type as in case of a beam.
Increase in concrete thickness and concrete cover
reduces temperature in the reinforcement and thus
increases the fire resistance.
REFERENCES
[1]. Abu A, Ramanitrarivo V and Burgess, “Collapse
Mechanisms of Composite Slab Panels in fire” Sixth
international conference on structures in fire, June
2010, pp 382-389.
[2]. Allam.M.Said and Hazem M.F, “Behaviour Of One-
Way Reinforced Concrete Slabs Subjected To Fire”,
Alexandria engineering journal, December 2013,pp
749-761.
[3]. Amer M. Ibrahim, Mohammed Sh. Mahmood, “Finite
Element Modelling of Reinforced Concrete Beams
Strengthened with FRP Laminates”, European Journal
of Scientific Research, Volume.30, 2009, pp.526-541.
[4]. Antonio F. Barbosa and Gabriel O. Ribeiro, “Analysis
of Reinforced Concrete Structures Using Ansys
Nonlinear Concrete Model”, Computational
mechanics, 1998, pp 1-7.
[5]. Aqeel Ahmed, Venkatesh Kodur, “The Experimental
Behaviour Of FRPStrengthened RC Beams Subjected
to Design Fire Exposure”, Engineering Structures,
March 2011, Volume33, pp2201–2211.
[6]. Cashell K.A, Elghazouli And Izzuddin, “Influence Of
Reinforcement Properties On the failure Of Composite
Slabs In Fire”, Sixth international conference on
structures in fire ,June 2010 ,pp 373-381
[7]. Chang.J, Buchanan A.H, Dhakal R.P & Moss P.J,
“Simple Method For Modelling Hollow Core Concrete
Slabs Under Fire”, University of Canterbury, February
2005, pp 1-6.