This document discusses the assessment and rehabilitation of concrete structures affected by fire. It begins by introducing how concrete behaves when exposed to high temperatures during a fire. It then covers: assessing the damage to non-structural elements, utilities, and structural members through visual inspection and field/laboratory testing; common rehabilitation techniques like fiber reinforced polymer jacketing, concrete jacketing, and steel jacketing; and concludes that a systematic assessment is needed to determine appropriate repairs.
This power point presentation gives you information about the various chemicals, admixtures used to repair members and improve the properties of concrete. it gives you information about the various types of concrete. it gives you information about the various methods of repair.
This presentation has been prepared by civil engineering students of Tolani Foundation Gandhidham Polytechnic:
DHAWANI LAVISH
GAYAKWAD TEJAS
GORASIYA MAYUR
HIRANI YATIN
KATARMAL DARSHAN
LALWANI PIYUSH
MALI VISHNU
PATEL PARTH
PRAJAPATI JAYESH
PRAJAPATI KALPESH
Thank You!!
This topic discusses in general about the repair, maintenance and their strategies to be followed. It is also discussed about the assessment procedures and investigations to be done while repairing any structures.
This power point presentation gives you information about the various chemicals, admixtures used to repair members and improve the properties of concrete. it gives you information about the various types of concrete. it gives you information about the various methods of repair.
This presentation has been prepared by civil engineering students of Tolani Foundation Gandhidham Polytechnic:
DHAWANI LAVISH
GAYAKWAD TEJAS
GORASIYA MAYUR
HIRANI YATIN
KATARMAL DARSHAN
LALWANI PIYUSH
MALI VISHNU
PATEL PARTH
PRAJAPATI JAYESH
PRAJAPATI KALPESH
Thank You!!
This topic discusses in general about the repair, maintenance and their strategies to be followed. It is also discussed about the assessment procedures and investigations to be done while repairing any structures.
Marsh cone test is reliable and simple method to study the rheological properties of cements and mortars.
Flow time of cement/mortar through marsh cone is indicator of viscosity, which depends upon cement super plasticizer compatibility.
THIS IS THE PRESENTATION ON REPAIR AND RESTORATION OF CONCRETE STRUCTURE. DURING EARTHQUAKE, STRUCTURES GOES TO COLLAPSE OR GET CRACK. DUE TO THIS MINOR CRACK THE STRUCTURE WILL COLLAPSE AFTER EARTHQUAKE DONE. TO RESOLVE REPAIR AND RESTORATION WORK ADOPTED TO MAKE STRUCTURE STRENGTHENING.
Workability of concrete is defined as the ease and homogeneity with which a freshly mixed concrete or mortar can be mixed, placed, compacted and finished. Strictly, it is the amount of useful internal work necessary to produce 100% compaction.
Marsh cone test is reliable and simple method to study the rheological properties of cements and mortars.
Flow time of cement/mortar through marsh cone is indicator of viscosity, which depends upon cement super plasticizer compatibility.
THIS IS THE PRESENTATION ON REPAIR AND RESTORATION OF CONCRETE STRUCTURE. DURING EARTHQUAKE, STRUCTURES GOES TO COLLAPSE OR GET CRACK. DUE TO THIS MINOR CRACK THE STRUCTURE WILL COLLAPSE AFTER EARTHQUAKE DONE. TO RESOLVE REPAIR AND RESTORATION WORK ADOPTED TO MAKE STRUCTURE STRENGTHENING.
Workability of concrete is defined as the ease and homogeneity with which a freshly mixed concrete or mortar can be mixed, placed, compacted and finished. Strictly, it is the amount of useful internal work necessary to produce 100% compaction.
Non destructive test in CIVIL ENGINEERING Construction SAURABH GUPTA
NON DESTRUCTIVE TEST (NDT)
SAURABH GUPTA
BLOG - http://notescivil.blogspot.in/
After this seminar you will able to answer the following
Non- destructive testing
Rebound hammer testing
Ultrasonic pulse velocity test
Cover test
methods including principle, advantages and point of action
NDT
Technique to test new or old concrete structure with respect to its strength and durability ,without or partial damage to a small part of concrete.
It doesn’t estimate ultimate or yield strength of concrete.
It is easy mechanized method, and is very cost effective , many test can be performed at the same cost of single destructive test.
No sample is required to collect for the laboratory testing as compare to some methods destructive testing
TEST
Rebound Hammer Test
Windsore Probe Testing
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test
Acoustic Emission Method
Pulse Echo Method
Initial Surface Absorption Test
Radar Technique
Infrared Thermography
Quantab Test
Carbonation test
Profometer / Rebar locator
REBOUND HAMMER TEST (IS 13311 II)
Determination of strength and hardness of concrete.
ULTRASONIC PULSE VELOCITY TEST (IS 13311 I)
To determine the homogeneity, compatibility and cracks or void if present .
PROFOMETER / REBAR LOCATOR
Location of bar and diameter of bar
CARBONATION TEST
To estimate the amount of carbon and corrosion estimation.
To assess the likely compressive strength of concrete with help of with suitable co-relations between rebound index and compressive strength.
To assess the uniformity of concrete.
To assess the quality of concrete in relation to standard requirements.
To assess the quality of one element of concrete in relation to another
This method can be used with greater confidence for differentiating between the questionable and acceptable part of a structure or for relative comparison between two different structure.
When the plunger of rebound hammer is pressed against the surface of concrete, the spring control mass rebounds and the extent of such rebound depend upon the surface hardness of concrete, the rebound is thus related with compressive strength of concrete and the graduated scale is designated as rebound number
It Consists of spring controlled mass that slides on a plunger within a tubular housing.
The impact energy required for rebound hammer for different application is different (shown in table in next slide)
Rebound hammer is used to check –
1 Compressive strength of concrete
2 Uniformity of concrete
3 Quality of element of concrete
Ultrasonic pulse velocity test
To assess the uniformity and homogeneity of concrete.
To assess the quality of concrete in relation of standard requirement.
Detection of presence of voids, cracks & imperfection of concrete.
Measurement of changes occurring with time in the properties of concrete.
To overcome all these problems, the methods have been developed for investigation and evaluation of concrete st
Tall Structures
Usually structure or building having height more than 80m is considered as a tall structure.
Generally tall structure may be defined as one that because of its height it is affected by lateral.
Classification: 1. Multi storeyedresidential building.
2. Multi storeyedcommercial building.
3. Tall chimneys.
4. Transmission Towers
5. Cooling towers
Prestressed Concrete
•Prestressis defined as a method of applying pre-compression to control the stresses resulting due to external loads below the neutral axis of the beam tension developed due to external load which is more than the permissible limits of the plain concrete.
Demolition
•The action or process of destroying(demolishing)the building or other structures.
•In congested area, in particular, the quality of demolition technique becomes an essential element which determines the success of revitalization of city.
•In addition to efficiency in demolition, strategies must be adopted to avoid noise, vibration and dust which affect the surrounding environment and there must be efficient disposal of waste products
Soundness & feasibility of additional floor on existing rc building with ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Many RC structures are influenced by different adverse conditions, where the serviceability and structural capacity may be decreased. Some structural disorders may be observed due to inadequacy of reinforcement provided, strength of concrete or the difference in grade of concrete used during construction. This requires the application of strengthening measures. Hence the structure is thoroughly investigated for quality, strength of concrete and other design aspects. A major part of the investigation also involves the feasibility of one additional floor over the existing RC structure where the deficiency of reinforcement is analyzed for the proposed additional load. The appropriate strengthening measures for the deficient RC members are presented based on the analysis of the structure and also considering the different site constraints. Keywords - RC structure, structural disorder, feasibility, strengthening measures
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Assessment and rehabilitation technique of fire damaged structures
1. ASSESSMENT METHOD AND
REHABLITATION TECHNIQUE OF FIRE
AFFECTED CONCRETE STRUCTURE
Presented by:
Mohammed Faazil
Alvas institute of engineering and technology
1
2. Contents:
• Introduction
• Assessment of fire affected structures
• Assessment of non-structural members and utilities
• Assessment of structural members
• Rehabilitation techniques
• Conclusion
• references
Assessment method and Rehabilitation technique of fire
affected concrete structure 2
3. Introduction:
• Concrete is being a heterogeneous material, consisting of cement, aggregates and
steel.
• Each of these components has a different reaction to thermal exposures.
• Concrete during high temperature event has a complex behaviour due to the
differences in coefficient of thermal expansion of each constitute.
• High temperature during fire reduces strength of reinforced concrete structure due to
deformability of materials, reduction in cross-sectional dimensions, weakening of
bond between reinforcement and concrete.
Assessment method and Rehabilitation technique of fire
affected concrete structure 3
4. Assessment of fire affected structures:
• The aim of assessment of fire damaged structure is to propose appropriate repair
methods or to decide whether demolition of elements or the whole structure is more
appropriate.
• The severity of the damage depends upon the duration, magnitude and temperature
attained by fire.
• General assessment involves following steps:
a) Type of structure
b) Scope of damage
c) Size, duration and temperature of fire.
Assessment method and Rehabilitation technique of fire
affected concrete structure 4
5. Assessment of non-structural members and utilities:
• Non-structural members of the building like doors, windows, ventilators, partition
walls, floor coverings etc. bear heavy damages often in case of fire.
• Visual inspection of the building with a team of crafts men can determine the
condition of the utilities or non-structural members.
• There is no need to conduct excessive testing on these parts or utilities of the
building.
Assessment method and Rehabilitation technique of fire
affected concrete structure 5
6. Item Nature of damage
(FD,WD,ID,SD)
Damage rating
(1 to 5)
Description Recommendation
Windows
Doors
Roof coverings
Partition walls
HVAC
Plumbing
Electrical wirings
Railings
Flooring materials
Light fixtures
Alarm system
1 = needs cleaning, 2 = needs surface treatment, 3 = needs minor repair, 4 = needs major repair, 5 = replacement
FD = fire damage, WD = water damage, ID = internal damage, SD = smoke damage 6
7. Assessment of structural members:
• Condition assessment of structural members is very vital part as the strength of
structure is dependent on it.
• For the assessment of structural members following methods are used:
a) Visual inspection
b) Field testing
c) Laboratory testing
Assessment method and Rehabilitation technique of fire
affected concrete structure 7
8. Visual inspection:
• Visual inspection is a very powerful tool and one of the most common and oldest
available non-destructive testing techniques available.
• Visual inspection gives a wealth of information about the structure and its
condition but has certain requirements and limitations.
• Visual inspection only gives impression of visible issues and hidden issues remain
unnoticed.
Assessment method and Rehabilitation technique of fire
affected concrete structure
8
9. Field testing:
• After visual inspection, field tests have to be performed to get better understanding
about the structure and its residual strength.
• Location of these field tests have to be carefully decided by an engineer as it has a
very obvious effect on the results.
• Various types of field testing are as follows:
a) Rebound hammer
b) Ultra sonic pulse velocity
c) Windsor probe or penetration resistance test
Assessment method and Rehabilitation technique of fire
affected concrete structure 9
10. a) Rebound hammer:
• A Rebound Hammer is a simple, handy tool used to measure the elastic properties
or compressive strength of concrete or rock, mainly surface hardness and
penetration resistance.
• The values of the test are quite variable even when same test is performed on the
same element at two different places.
Assessment method and Rehabilitation technique of fire
affected concrete structure
10
11. b) Ultra sonic pulse velocity:
• This is a commonly used non-destructive test. It is done to assess the quality and
compressive strength of concrete by ultrasonic pulse velocity method.
• The method consists of measuring the time of travel of an ultrasonic pulse
passing through the concrete being tested.
• A complex system of stress waves develops, which include both longitudinal and
shear waves, and propagates through the concrete. 11
12. c) Windsor probe or penetration resistance test:
• Windsor probe or penetration resistance test is used as a non-destructive testing
technique for the evaluation of concrete’s compressive strength.
• Penetration resistance test is not sensitive to the personal skills though probe has
to be at right angle to the testing surface and it is compulsory but doesn’t require
special skills to be carried out.
Assessment method and Rehabilitation technique of fire
affected concrete structure
12
13. • Laboratory testing is done for the samples collected from the site.
• Laboratory testing are destructive sampling test.
• The following methods are used for laboratory testing:
a) Petrography
b) Tensile test
c) Scanning electron microscopy
Laboratory testing:
Assessment method and Rehabilitation technique of fire
affected concrete structure 13
14. a) Petrography:
• Petrography test is like putting the structure under microscope.
• Petrography is done on the samples that are obtained from the field by core sampling at
various depths.
• The sample must be extracted with care as it must inhibit the characteristics of the damage
that is needed to be studied.
Assessment method and Rehabilitation technique of fire
affected concrete structure 14
15. b) Tensile test:
• If concrete cover is not thick and spalling of cover has occurred then there are fair
chances that reinforcement bars will be damaged.
• The samples are placed within the grips of the UTM and then they are loaded under
uniform tensile load until failure.
• Tensile Test gives us virtually all necessary information we require about the
reinforcements of the fire damaged concrete structure. 15
16. c) Scanning electron microscopy:
• SEM test is conducted on the damaged reinforcement specimens to understand the
patterns of the material fibre, which gives valuable information about the stress in
the reinforcement bars.
• This is pretty helpful in term to understand the overall stability and integrity of
pre-stressed concrete elements.
Assessment method and Rehabilitation technique of fire
affected concrete structure 16
17. • For fire damaged building not many options are available for retrofitting of
structure.
• Most conventional ones are strengthening of structural members with fibre
reinforced plastic and replacement of damaged concrete either with shotcrete or
in-situ placement of concrete.
• Following are the methods of rehabilitation:
a) Fibre reinforced polymer
b) Concrete jacketing
c) Steel jacketing
Rehabilitation techniques:
Assessment method and Rehabilitation technique of fire
affected concrete structure 17
18. a) Fibre reinforced polymer:
• Fibre reinforced polymer is a synthetic material in which polymer matrix is reinforced
with fibres.
• FRP is highly durable material if properly handled. It is a non-corrosive material hence
not suspected to oxidation like steel.
• FRP material doesn’t require special labour effort as it can be easily moulded into shapes
and can cover almost all geometries of buildings without any formwork requirement.
Assessment method and Rehabilitation technique of fire
affected concrete structure 18
19. b) Concrete jacketing:
• Concrete jacketing is the retrofitting technique for structural members. In fire
damaged building concrete jacketing can provide extra strength to damaged
structural member.
• Concrete jacketing can be done on column and beams and slab systems as well.
Assessment method and Rehabilitation technique of fire
affected concrete structure 19
20. • It is done by removing the existing cover of the element and providing a new
concrete cover along with new reinforcement bars.
• The new applied concrete jackets the existing structural element and provides much
needed strength after the structure is damaged.
• Concrete jacketing can be done on column and beams and slab systems as well.
Assessment method and Rehabilitation technique of fire
affected concrete structure 20
21. c) Steel jacketing:
• Steel jacketing is the technique in which structural element is encased by steel angles,
channels and bands.
• This technique gives certain confinement to the element and helps to increase its flexural
strength.
Assessment method and Rehabilitation technique of fire
affected concrete structure 21
22. • As steel will be exposed to the weathering agents hence it is mandatory to apply
protective coating against rust.
• Steel is a green material as it doesn’t depletes fossil fuel and waste too much
energy in its manufacturing as it is in case of FRP. Hence it can be credited as a
sustainable repair technique.
• It is pretty fast as unlike concrete jacketing it doesn’t need long curing times and
number of activities are also reduced.
Assessment method and Rehabilitation technique of fire
affected concrete structure 22
23. Conclusion:
• All structures subjected to fire should be evaluated in a systematic manner to determine
the extent of required repairs
• The intensity and duration of the fire can be estimated by observing the collateral
damage
• Evaluations combined with an engineering analysis, allow effective and economical
repair details to be developed and installed as needed.
• Assessment helps in reducing construction costs and preventing unnecessary
constructions
Assessment method and Rehabilitation technique of fire
affected concrete structure 23
24. References:
[1]. Ankit M. Mungale; Dr. Deepa A Joshi “Construction Techniques for Retrofitting by Jacketing of
RCC Member” international journal of innovations in engineering and technology (IJET) volume 6
issue 3 february 2016.
[2]. Kodur, V. R.; Sultan, M. A. “Effect of Temperature on Thermal Properties of HighStrength
Concrete”,Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 15, 2, pp. 101-107, (2003).
[3]. N. K. Raut, V. K. R. Kodur, F.ASCE, “Response of High-Strength Concrete Columns Under
Design Fire Exposure”,J. Struct. Eng. 2011.137:69-79, (2013).
[4]. S.H.Chowdhury, “Effect of Elevated Temperature on Mechanical Properties Of High Strength
Concrete”, 23rd Australasian Conference on the Mechanics of Structures and Materials (ACMSM23)
Byron Bay, Australia, 9-12 December 2014, S.T. Smith (Ed.),(2014).
[5]. VenkateshKodur, “Properties of Concrete at Elevated Temperatures”, Volume 2014, Article ID
468510.
Assessment method and Rehabilitation technique of fire
affected concrete structure 24