IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Comparison of performance of lateral load resisting systems in multi storey f...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper introduces the comparison between lateral load resisting systems in multi storey building. Multi storey building
composed of very special class of structure and therefore require special treatment. Hence to overcome the effects of seismic
forces, Flat slab system in which slab rests on drop or capital which is connected to column is induced with different load
resisting systems. The combined systems which is used to withstand seismic forces in this study are 1. Flat slab without lateral
load resisting system, 2. Flat slab with shear wall, 3. Flat slab with infill wall, 4. Flat slab with bracings, 5. Flat slab with shear
wall and bracings. ETABS software version is used to accomplish dynamic analysis and also building is investigated for nonlinear
static analysis in order to identify seismic demands. From the obtained results conclusions are drawn.
Keywords: Capital, Bracings, Dynamic, and Treatment etc…
Analysis of rc frame with and without masonry infill wall with different stif...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A comparative study of the effect of infill walls on seismic performance of reiIAEME Publication
This document discusses a comparative study on the effect of infill walls on the seismic performance of reinforced concrete buildings. It summarizes different approaches to modeling infill walls as equivalent diagonal struts, including elastic analysis, ultimate load, plastic analysis, and finite element analysis approaches. The key findings are that infill walls reduce displacements and time period while increasing base shear. Modeling the strength and stiffness of infill walls is important for accurately analyzing seismic behavior, as ignoring infill walls can lead to unconservative design of soft-story buildings.
Evaluation of the Seismic Response Parameters for Infilled Reinforced Concret...IOSRJMCE
This document summarizes an analytical study that evaluated the seismic response parameters of reinforced concrete frame buildings with masonry infill walls. Finite element models were developed for 5, 7, and 10-story buildings with different infill configurations to investigate the effect of parameters like infill ratio and geometry. The infill walls were modeled using a diagonal strut approach. Nonlinear static analyses were performed to determine response values like maximum strength, displacement, ductility, and proposed modification factors according to codes. The study aimed to develop a matrix of realistic modification factors for medium-rise infilled frame buildings under lateral loads.
Influence of Modeling Masonry Infill on Seismic Performance of Multi-Storeyed...ijsrd.com
Masonry infilled RC frames are the most common type of structures used for multi-storeyed constructions in the developing countries, even in those which are located in seismically active regions also. Masonry infill walls are mainly used to increase the stiffness and strength of R C framed buildings. R C framed building with open first storey is known as soft storey, which performs poorly during earthquakes. A similar soft storey effect can also appear top storey level if it is used as service storey. The soft storey located in the upper part of the multistorey building does not significantly affect. To observe the effect of masonry infill panel, it is modeled as an equivalent double diagonal strut. In this study 7 models are taken were analyzed with two different techniques of modelling of masonry infill wall with L type of shear wall when subjected to earthquake loading. The results of masonry infill show more stiffness than the strut modeling technique. It is observed that, providing infill wall and shear wall improves earthquake resistant behavior of the structure and also the effect of water pressure, an attempt is made to develop relationship between strength and stiffness ratios for linear trend line.
Effect of infill walls on the seismic performance of the multistoried buildingseSAT Journals
Abstract The most commonly used structural system in our country for almost all types of building are multi-storey reinforced concrete frames with masonry infills. Therefore it is essential to understand the seismic behaviour of these structures when subjected to lateral forces. Several research works has been done on the masonry infilled reinforced concrete frames in the past decades. Mortar is used as a binder in normal brick construction in order to create continuous structural form and to bind together the individual units in brickwork. In the present study, analysis has been carried out by considering the increase in height of building from five to ten storied by using finite element software ANSYS 14.5. The seismic analysis of multi-storeyed building frames with infill walls and without infill walls are conducted. 3D analysis will give more realistic values of deflection and stresses. Since this type of study is not feasible in terms of analysis time taken, 2D model was adopted for the present study. A three bay two dimensional building frame is considered with the number of stories varying from 5 storied to 10 storied. The loading applied is as per IS 1893 (Part I): 2002. Equivalent diagonal strut method is adopted for modelling infill walls. The results showed that there is considerable decrease in deflection when infills are used in RC frames. Key Words: Deflection , Equivalent diagonal strut method, lateral load, Solid brick infills, Storey drift
Seismic evaluation of rc frame with brick masonry infill wallseSAT Journals
Abstract
Infill panels are widely used as partition walls as well as external walls of the building to fill the gap between RC frames. Non-structural member may provide considerable stiffness to the building and hence may improve the performance of the RC building during ground motions. But In most of the cases, the ignorance of this property of masonry in designing of the RC frame may get an unsafe design. There are two methods are used to determine the effect of ground motion. The effect of ground motion on RC frame building has been carried out by considering with and without the stiffness of infill wall. A comparative study is carried out with RC building using Equivalent Lateral Force method and Response Spectrum method. The masonry infill has been modeled as an equivalent diagonal strut element using Hendry formula. Pushover analysis is carried out on bare frame and frame with infill wall. The model has been generated using STAAD Pro and results obtained from the analysis are compared in terms of strength and stiffness with bare frame.
Keywords: Seismic evaluation, Response Spectrum, masonry infill, diagonal strut.
Comparison of performance of lateral load resisting systems in multi storey f...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper introduces the comparison between lateral load resisting systems in multi storey building. Multi storey building
composed of very special class of structure and therefore require special treatment. Hence to overcome the effects of seismic
forces, Flat slab system in which slab rests on drop or capital which is connected to column is induced with different load
resisting systems. The combined systems which is used to withstand seismic forces in this study are 1. Flat slab without lateral
load resisting system, 2. Flat slab with shear wall, 3. Flat slab with infill wall, 4. Flat slab with bracings, 5. Flat slab with shear
wall and bracings. ETABS software version is used to accomplish dynamic analysis and also building is investigated for nonlinear
static analysis in order to identify seismic demands. From the obtained results conclusions are drawn.
Keywords: Capital, Bracings, Dynamic, and Treatment etc…
Analysis of rc frame with and without masonry infill wall with different stif...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A comparative study of the effect of infill walls on seismic performance of reiIAEME Publication
This document discusses a comparative study on the effect of infill walls on the seismic performance of reinforced concrete buildings. It summarizes different approaches to modeling infill walls as equivalent diagonal struts, including elastic analysis, ultimate load, plastic analysis, and finite element analysis approaches. The key findings are that infill walls reduce displacements and time period while increasing base shear. Modeling the strength and stiffness of infill walls is important for accurately analyzing seismic behavior, as ignoring infill walls can lead to unconservative design of soft-story buildings.
Evaluation of the Seismic Response Parameters for Infilled Reinforced Concret...IOSRJMCE
This document summarizes an analytical study that evaluated the seismic response parameters of reinforced concrete frame buildings with masonry infill walls. Finite element models were developed for 5, 7, and 10-story buildings with different infill configurations to investigate the effect of parameters like infill ratio and geometry. The infill walls were modeled using a diagonal strut approach. Nonlinear static analyses were performed to determine response values like maximum strength, displacement, ductility, and proposed modification factors according to codes. The study aimed to develop a matrix of realistic modification factors for medium-rise infilled frame buildings under lateral loads.
Influence of Modeling Masonry Infill on Seismic Performance of Multi-Storeyed...ijsrd.com
Masonry infilled RC frames are the most common type of structures used for multi-storeyed constructions in the developing countries, even in those which are located in seismically active regions also. Masonry infill walls are mainly used to increase the stiffness and strength of R C framed buildings. R C framed building with open first storey is known as soft storey, which performs poorly during earthquakes. A similar soft storey effect can also appear top storey level if it is used as service storey. The soft storey located in the upper part of the multistorey building does not significantly affect. To observe the effect of masonry infill panel, it is modeled as an equivalent double diagonal strut. In this study 7 models are taken were analyzed with two different techniques of modelling of masonry infill wall with L type of shear wall when subjected to earthquake loading. The results of masonry infill show more stiffness than the strut modeling technique. It is observed that, providing infill wall and shear wall improves earthquake resistant behavior of the structure and also the effect of water pressure, an attempt is made to develop relationship between strength and stiffness ratios for linear trend line.
Effect of infill walls on the seismic performance of the multistoried buildingseSAT Journals
Abstract The most commonly used structural system in our country for almost all types of building are multi-storey reinforced concrete frames with masonry infills. Therefore it is essential to understand the seismic behaviour of these structures when subjected to lateral forces. Several research works has been done on the masonry infilled reinforced concrete frames in the past decades. Mortar is used as a binder in normal brick construction in order to create continuous structural form and to bind together the individual units in brickwork. In the present study, analysis has been carried out by considering the increase in height of building from five to ten storied by using finite element software ANSYS 14.5. The seismic analysis of multi-storeyed building frames with infill walls and without infill walls are conducted. 3D analysis will give more realistic values of deflection and stresses. Since this type of study is not feasible in terms of analysis time taken, 2D model was adopted for the present study. A three bay two dimensional building frame is considered with the number of stories varying from 5 storied to 10 storied. The loading applied is as per IS 1893 (Part I): 2002. Equivalent diagonal strut method is adopted for modelling infill walls. The results showed that there is considerable decrease in deflection when infills are used in RC frames. Key Words: Deflection , Equivalent diagonal strut method, lateral load, Solid brick infills, Storey drift
Seismic evaluation of rc frame with brick masonry infill wallseSAT Journals
Abstract
Infill panels are widely used as partition walls as well as external walls of the building to fill the gap between RC frames. Non-structural member may provide considerable stiffness to the building and hence may improve the performance of the RC building during ground motions. But In most of the cases, the ignorance of this property of masonry in designing of the RC frame may get an unsafe design. There are two methods are used to determine the effect of ground motion. The effect of ground motion on RC frame building has been carried out by considering with and without the stiffness of infill wall. A comparative study is carried out with RC building using Equivalent Lateral Force method and Response Spectrum method. The masonry infill has been modeled as an equivalent diagonal strut element using Hendry formula. Pushover analysis is carried out on bare frame and frame with infill wall. The model has been generated using STAAD Pro and results obtained from the analysis are compared in terms of strength and stiffness with bare frame.
Keywords: Seismic evaluation, Response Spectrum, masonry infill, diagonal strut.
Use of flat slabs in multi storey commercial building situated in high seismi...eSAT Publishing House
This document discusses a study that compares the behavior of multi-storey commercial buildings with flat slab construction and conventional reinforced concrete frame construction. Six building models are analyzed: conventional RC frame and flat slab buildings with heights of 4, 9, and 13 stories. The models are analyzed using ETABS software to study parameters like lateral displacement, storey drift, storey shear, column moments and axial forces, and time period under different load conditions. The analysis is done for Seismic Zone IV. The study aims to better understand the seismic behavior of flat slab buildings and identify design improvements needed for their performance in high seismic zones.
Study on Concentric Steel Bracing at Soft Storey During EarthquakeIRJET Journal
This document studies the effect of adding concentric steel bracing at the soft storey of an 8-story building during an earthquake. A soft storey is the ground floor that is left open for parking. 8 building models are analyzed: a bare frame, fully infilled except the first storey, and models with X-bracing, inverted V-bracing, or different steel sections added at the soft storey. The analysis uses equivalent static analysis in Etabs software to compare storey displacements, bending moments, time periods between the models. Results show that models with bracing at the soft storey experience less displacement and bending moments compared to the bare frame model, with X-bracing performing slightly better than
Seismic evelution of rc space frame with rectangular and equivalent square co...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document summarizes the results of a study analyzing the ductility of different outrigger typologies for high-rise structures under seismic loading. The study models 25, 30, and 35 story buildings with different outrigger configurations including rigid outriggers, vierendel outriggers, and bracing outriggers. Nonlinear pushover analyses were performed to generate capacity curves and evaluate ductility. The results show that while outriggers increase strength and stiffness, they reduce ductility. Vierendel outriggers have less effect on strength but increase ductility compared to other typologies. Bracing outriggers provide increased strength and stiffness without major changes to ductility. For new structures, outriggers with bracing
EXPERIMENTAL MODELING OF IN FILLED RC FRAMES WITH OPENINGIAEME Publication
Reinforced concrete frames are usually infilled with masonry walls but, in most designs, both the shear strength capacity of these walls and the contribution of the infill panel openings on the shear strength of the infilled frame, especially in critical cases of seismic loading are generally ignored. This paper reports the results of an experimental study of the influence of central openings in the infill on the sway stiffness of reinforced concrete plane frames. A series of 1:4 scaled structural models with opening ratios from 0 to 50 percent in steps of 10 percent were designed, constructed and tested in the study to obtain the load - displacement profiles.
A study on behaviour of outrigger system on high rise steel structure by vary...eSAT Journals
This study analyzed the behavior of an outrigger structural system on a 40-story steel structure by varying the depth of the outriggers. Three models were analyzed: with outrigger depth equal to full story height, 2/3 of story height, and 1/3 of story height. Lateral displacement and story drift were compared between a structure with a central braced core and each outrigger model. Results showed that providing additional outriggers and belt trusses reduced displacement and drift by up to 36.96% and 30.10% respectively. Reducing outrigger depth to 2/3 and 1/3 of story height resulted in only minor increases in displacement and drift compared to full height outriggers. The
Effect of modeling of infill walls on performance of multi story rc buildingIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on the effect of modeling masonry infill walls in multi-story reinforced concrete buildings. Three models of an 8-story building were analyzed: a bare frame, a frame with infill excluding the ground floor to create a soft story, and a frame with full infill. Nonlinear static pushover analysis was performed on the models. The results showed that modeling full infill improved seismic performance by increasing base shear and stiffness, distributing plastic hinges elastically throughout the structure. The bare frame and soft-story structure had plastic hinges form in the life safety to collapse prevention range, indicating poorer performance, while the full infill structure remained elastic. Therefore, modeling infill walls more
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Analysis of outrigger system for tall vertical irregularites structures subje...eSAT Journals
Abstract The Analysis of the tall building is carried out to find the optimum position of outrigger system and belt truss by using lateral loads. The three dimensional model is considered and designed for the gravity load and placing of first and second position of the outrigger. Considering the design of Wind load is calculated by using IS 875 (Part 3) and Design of Earthquake load is calculated by using code IS 1893(part-1): 2000 in order to achieve reduction in drift, Deflection and story shear. The analysis is done by considering tall vertical irregularity of 30th storey of 7 X 7 bay for 1 to 10th storey and 7X6 bay 11th to 20th storey and 7X5 Bay 21st to 30th storey. Keywords: vertical irregularities, outrigger, linear static analysis Wind and earthquake load.
Effectiveness of Shear Wall-Frame Structure Subjected to Wind Loading in Mult...ijceronline
This document analyzes the effectiveness of different shear wall configurations in an 8-story building subjected to wind loading. Three models are analyzed: an exterior wall frame case (Model 1), a middle interior wall frame case (Model 2), and a core shear wall case (Model 3). Results show that Model 3 performed best, with the lowest maximum lateral deformation, storey drift index, bending moment, and shear forces. Model 3 also had the core shear wall taking on the majority of loads. The document concludes that Model 3 provided the most lateral stiffness and rigidity to the structure against wind loads.
Numerical Optimization of Shoring Towers for Slab Formwork SystemsIJTET Journal
The usage of Shoring Tower for slab formwork is getting increased due to not only because of flexibility in the assemble and
construction over Prop-Supported Slab Formwork but also the capacity to withstand maximum construction working loads. The Shoring Tower is
generally used for the construction of heavy structures like Bridges, Culverts, staging of Retaining walls, etc. However a comprehensive scale down
of the shoring tower design goes well with the large span and increased slab thickness of conventional buildings. This research focuses primarily on
Analysis, Modelling, Design and Adaptability of shoring tower for slab formwork through computer models and optimized. The different models are
made from the combination of diameter of tubes with slab thickness and also with plywood thickness in Solid Works. Periodic analysis is done in
ANSYS for different load combinations with the variations of slab thickness and plywood thickness will gives the optimized results for the slab
formwork systems.
Out of Plane Behavior of Contained Masonry Infilled Frames Subjected to Seism...paperpublications3
The document discusses the out-of-plane behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) frames with contained masonry infill subjected to seismic forces. It presents results from a finite element analysis of RC frames with different configurations: bare frames, frames with plain masonry infill, and frames with contained masonry infill wrapped in steel wires. The analysis determined the natural frequencies of the frames under different configurations and aspect ratios. It found that frames with contained masonry infill had the highest natural frequencies, followed by frames with plain masonry infill, with bare frames having the lowest natural frequencies.
MODELLING OF AN INFILL WALL FOR THE ANALYSIS OF A BUILDING FRAME SUBJECTED TO...IAEME Publication
In general the analysis of a building frame is carried out with a bare frame but the presence of masonry infill in a framed structure results in high stiffness and influence the distribution of lateral load and also the response of the framed buildings. It can be noted that there is a large variation of mechanical properties of bricks. Masonry, a combination of brick and mortar, behaves in a highly nonlinear manner. The infill panel needs to be modelled in the analysis of a structural frame subjected to lateral load to obtain its true behaviour. In order to model the masonry infill, its properties required. In order to determine the properties of brick masonry compression tests were conducted on masonry infill panels and prisms.
1) The document reviews several expressions proposed by researchers to calculate the equivalent width of diagonal struts used to model masonry-infilled reinforced concrete (RC) frames.
2) It applies these expressions to a sample one-bay one-story RC frame and analyzes the results using ABAQUS software to validate the modeling approach.
3) The study finds that the Paulay and Priestley expression, which defines the equivalent strut width as one-fourth the diagonal length of the infill panel, provides an average value that gives a reasonably accurate model for further analysis of RC infilled frames.
IRJET- Numerical Study on Behaviour of Non-Tower Building Attached with TowerIRJET Journal
This document presents a numerical study on the behavior of non-tower buildings attached to tower structures. It analyzes key parameters that contribute to in-plane strutting forces and drift at the top of the tower through parametric studies on representative podium-tower models. The study varies properties of the podium, including size, structural configuration with beams or flat slabs, and addition of outriggers or extended blade walls. The goal is to minimize the effect of strutting forces and evaluate the podium's role in controlling tower displacement.
Static Analysis of Masonry Infilled R.C.Frame With &Without Opening Including...IOSR Journals
Masonry infill is considered as a non-structural element in all type of buildings where masonry use.
But, masonry infill walls are mainly used to increase initial stiffness and strength of reinforced concrete (RC)
frame buildings. This Open First storey is also termed as “Soft Storey”. The upper storeys have brick infilled
wall panels with various opening percentage in it. In many cities of India, it is very common to leave the first
storey of masonry infilled reinforcement concrete (RC) frame building open preliminary to generate parking
space or any other usage in the first storey. Such buildings are highly undesirable in seismically active areas. In
the present study, it is an attempt to access the performance of masonry infilled reinforced concrete (RC) frames
with soft storey of with and without opening. In this paper, symmetrical frame of college building (G+5) located
in seismic zone-III is considered by modelling of initial frame. According to FEMA-273, & ATC-40 which
contain the provisions of calculation of stiffness of infilled frames by modelling infill as“Equivalent Diagonal
Strut Method”. Therefore, the infill panels are modelled as equivalent diagonal strut method. The error
involved in modelling such buildings as neglecting the presence of infills in the upper storeys, is brought out
through the study of an example building with different analytical models. This linear static analysis is to be
carried out on the models such as Strut frame with 15%, 20%, & 25% centre &corner opening, which is
performed by using computer software STAAD-Pro from which different parameters are computed. In which it
shows that how infill panels increase the stiffness of the structure. While the increase in the opening percentage
leads to a decrease on the lateral stiffness of infilled frame. This paper highlights the importance of the presence
of the open first storey in the analysis of the building
The document proposes research to analyze the seismic performance of reinforced concrete buildings with and without masonry infill panels through dynamic analysis and comparison of methods. The research aims to demonstrate the importance of including infill walls in seismic design by comparing bare frame structures to partially and fully infilled frames using analytical and computer models. The results could help reduce risks of collapsed structures in earthquakes by providing a better understanding of how infill walls affect structural behavior.
Case study on slender multi storey rc building with brick infilleSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IRJET- Analysis of Prestressed Concrete Girder for BridgesIRJET Journal
This document discusses the analysis of prestressed concrete girders used in bridge construction using MIDAS CIVIL software. It begins with an introduction to prestressed concrete and its advantages over reinforced concrete for long span bridges. The objectives are listed as analyzing prestressed concrete girders in MIDAS CIVIL, comparing straight and parabolic tendon profiles, and investigating the effects of eccentricity, prestressing force, and tendon profile on structural properties. Relevant codes and standards for loads, design, shear capacity, reinforcement, and end blocks are also summarized.
Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Steel Moment Resisting Frame due to Infil...IDES Editor
Steel moment resisting frame with open first storey
(soft storey) is known to perform well compared with the RC
frames during strong earthquake shaking. The presence of
masonry infill wall influences the overall behavior of the
structure when subjected to lateral forces, when masonry infill
are considered to interact with their surrounding frames the
lateral stiffness and lateral load carrying capacity of structure
largely increase. In this paper, the seismic vulnerability of
building with soft storey is shown with an example of G+10
three dimensional (3D) steel frame. The open first storey is
an important functional requirement of almost all the urban
multi-storey buildings, and hence, cannot be eliminated.
Hence some special measures need to be adopted for this
specific situation. The under-lying principle of any solution
to this problem is in increasing the stiffness’s of the first
storey such that the first storey stiffness is at least 50% as
stiff as the second storey, i.e., soft first storeys are to be avoided,
and providing adequate lateral strength in the first storey. In
this paper, stiffness balancing is proposed between the first
and second storey of a steel moment resisting frame building
with open first storey and brick infills as described in models.
A simple example building is analyzed by modeling it with
nine different methods. The stiffness effect on the first storey
is demonstrated through the lateral displacement profile of
the building.
Secure and efficient key pre distribution schemes for wsn using combinatorial...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A novel active charge equalisation method for series connected batterieseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Use of flat slabs in multi storey commercial building situated in high seismi...eSAT Publishing House
This document discusses a study that compares the behavior of multi-storey commercial buildings with flat slab construction and conventional reinforced concrete frame construction. Six building models are analyzed: conventional RC frame and flat slab buildings with heights of 4, 9, and 13 stories. The models are analyzed using ETABS software to study parameters like lateral displacement, storey drift, storey shear, column moments and axial forces, and time period under different load conditions. The analysis is done for Seismic Zone IV. The study aims to better understand the seismic behavior of flat slab buildings and identify design improvements needed for their performance in high seismic zones.
Study on Concentric Steel Bracing at Soft Storey During EarthquakeIRJET Journal
This document studies the effect of adding concentric steel bracing at the soft storey of an 8-story building during an earthquake. A soft storey is the ground floor that is left open for parking. 8 building models are analyzed: a bare frame, fully infilled except the first storey, and models with X-bracing, inverted V-bracing, or different steel sections added at the soft storey. The analysis uses equivalent static analysis in Etabs software to compare storey displacements, bending moments, time periods between the models. Results show that models with bracing at the soft storey experience less displacement and bending moments compared to the bare frame model, with X-bracing performing slightly better than
Seismic evelution of rc space frame with rectangular and equivalent square co...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document summarizes the results of a study analyzing the ductility of different outrigger typologies for high-rise structures under seismic loading. The study models 25, 30, and 35 story buildings with different outrigger configurations including rigid outriggers, vierendel outriggers, and bracing outriggers. Nonlinear pushover analyses were performed to generate capacity curves and evaluate ductility. The results show that while outriggers increase strength and stiffness, they reduce ductility. Vierendel outriggers have less effect on strength but increase ductility compared to other typologies. Bracing outriggers provide increased strength and stiffness without major changes to ductility. For new structures, outriggers with bracing
EXPERIMENTAL MODELING OF IN FILLED RC FRAMES WITH OPENINGIAEME Publication
Reinforced concrete frames are usually infilled with masonry walls but, in most designs, both the shear strength capacity of these walls and the contribution of the infill panel openings on the shear strength of the infilled frame, especially in critical cases of seismic loading are generally ignored. This paper reports the results of an experimental study of the influence of central openings in the infill on the sway stiffness of reinforced concrete plane frames. A series of 1:4 scaled structural models with opening ratios from 0 to 50 percent in steps of 10 percent were designed, constructed and tested in the study to obtain the load - displacement profiles.
A study on behaviour of outrigger system on high rise steel structure by vary...eSAT Journals
This study analyzed the behavior of an outrigger structural system on a 40-story steel structure by varying the depth of the outriggers. Three models were analyzed: with outrigger depth equal to full story height, 2/3 of story height, and 1/3 of story height. Lateral displacement and story drift were compared between a structure with a central braced core and each outrigger model. Results showed that providing additional outriggers and belt trusses reduced displacement and drift by up to 36.96% and 30.10% respectively. Reducing outrigger depth to 2/3 and 1/3 of story height resulted in only minor increases in displacement and drift compared to full height outriggers. The
Effect of modeling of infill walls on performance of multi story rc buildingIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on the effect of modeling masonry infill walls in multi-story reinforced concrete buildings. Three models of an 8-story building were analyzed: a bare frame, a frame with infill excluding the ground floor to create a soft story, and a frame with full infill. Nonlinear static pushover analysis was performed on the models. The results showed that modeling full infill improved seismic performance by increasing base shear and stiffness, distributing plastic hinges elastically throughout the structure. The bare frame and soft-story structure had plastic hinges form in the life safety to collapse prevention range, indicating poorer performance, while the full infill structure remained elastic. Therefore, modeling infill walls more
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Analysis of outrigger system for tall vertical irregularites structures subje...eSAT Journals
Abstract The Analysis of the tall building is carried out to find the optimum position of outrigger system and belt truss by using lateral loads. The three dimensional model is considered and designed for the gravity load and placing of first and second position of the outrigger. Considering the design of Wind load is calculated by using IS 875 (Part 3) and Design of Earthquake load is calculated by using code IS 1893(part-1): 2000 in order to achieve reduction in drift, Deflection and story shear. The analysis is done by considering tall vertical irregularity of 30th storey of 7 X 7 bay for 1 to 10th storey and 7X6 bay 11th to 20th storey and 7X5 Bay 21st to 30th storey. Keywords: vertical irregularities, outrigger, linear static analysis Wind and earthquake load.
Effectiveness of Shear Wall-Frame Structure Subjected to Wind Loading in Mult...ijceronline
This document analyzes the effectiveness of different shear wall configurations in an 8-story building subjected to wind loading. Three models are analyzed: an exterior wall frame case (Model 1), a middle interior wall frame case (Model 2), and a core shear wall case (Model 3). Results show that Model 3 performed best, with the lowest maximum lateral deformation, storey drift index, bending moment, and shear forces. Model 3 also had the core shear wall taking on the majority of loads. The document concludes that Model 3 provided the most lateral stiffness and rigidity to the structure against wind loads.
Numerical Optimization of Shoring Towers for Slab Formwork SystemsIJTET Journal
The usage of Shoring Tower for slab formwork is getting increased due to not only because of flexibility in the assemble and
construction over Prop-Supported Slab Formwork but also the capacity to withstand maximum construction working loads. The Shoring Tower is
generally used for the construction of heavy structures like Bridges, Culverts, staging of Retaining walls, etc. However a comprehensive scale down
of the shoring tower design goes well with the large span and increased slab thickness of conventional buildings. This research focuses primarily on
Analysis, Modelling, Design and Adaptability of shoring tower for slab formwork through computer models and optimized. The different models are
made from the combination of diameter of tubes with slab thickness and also with plywood thickness in Solid Works. Periodic analysis is done in
ANSYS for different load combinations with the variations of slab thickness and plywood thickness will gives the optimized results for the slab
formwork systems.
Out of Plane Behavior of Contained Masonry Infilled Frames Subjected to Seism...paperpublications3
The document discusses the out-of-plane behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) frames with contained masonry infill subjected to seismic forces. It presents results from a finite element analysis of RC frames with different configurations: bare frames, frames with plain masonry infill, and frames with contained masonry infill wrapped in steel wires. The analysis determined the natural frequencies of the frames under different configurations and aspect ratios. It found that frames with contained masonry infill had the highest natural frequencies, followed by frames with plain masonry infill, with bare frames having the lowest natural frequencies.
MODELLING OF AN INFILL WALL FOR THE ANALYSIS OF A BUILDING FRAME SUBJECTED TO...IAEME Publication
In general the analysis of a building frame is carried out with a bare frame but the presence of masonry infill in a framed structure results in high stiffness and influence the distribution of lateral load and also the response of the framed buildings. It can be noted that there is a large variation of mechanical properties of bricks. Masonry, a combination of brick and mortar, behaves in a highly nonlinear manner. The infill panel needs to be modelled in the analysis of a structural frame subjected to lateral load to obtain its true behaviour. In order to model the masonry infill, its properties required. In order to determine the properties of brick masonry compression tests were conducted on masonry infill panels and prisms.
1) The document reviews several expressions proposed by researchers to calculate the equivalent width of diagonal struts used to model masonry-infilled reinforced concrete (RC) frames.
2) It applies these expressions to a sample one-bay one-story RC frame and analyzes the results using ABAQUS software to validate the modeling approach.
3) The study finds that the Paulay and Priestley expression, which defines the equivalent strut width as one-fourth the diagonal length of the infill panel, provides an average value that gives a reasonably accurate model for further analysis of RC infilled frames.
IRJET- Numerical Study on Behaviour of Non-Tower Building Attached with TowerIRJET Journal
This document presents a numerical study on the behavior of non-tower buildings attached to tower structures. It analyzes key parameters that contribute to in-plane strutting forces and drift at the top of the tower through parametric studies on representative podium-tower models. The study varies properties of the podium, including size, structural configuration with beams or flat slabs, and addition of outriggers or extended blade walls. The goal is to minimize the effect of strutting forces and evaluate the podium's role in controlling tower displacement.
Static Analysis of Masonry Infilled R.C.Frame With &Without Opening Including...IOSR Journals
Masonry infill is considered as a non-structural element in all type of buildings where masonry use.
But, masonry infill walls are mainly used to increase initial stiffness and strength of reinforced concrete (RC)
frame buildings. This Open First storey is also termed as “Soft Storey”. The upper storeys have brick infilled
wall panels with various opening percentage in it. In many cities of India, it is very common to leave the first
storey of masonry infilled reinforcement concrete (RC) frame building open preliminary to generate parking
space or any other usage in the first storey. Such buildings are highly undesirable in seismically active areas. In
the present study, it is an attempt to access the performance of masonry infilled reinforced concrete (RC) frames
with soft storey of with and without opening. In this paper, symmetrical frame of college building (G+5) located
in seismic zone-III is considered by modelling of initial frame. According to FEMA-273, & ATC-40 which
contain the provisions of calculation of stiffness of infilled frames by modelling infill as“Equivalent Diagonal
Strut Method”. Therefore, the infill panels are modelled as equivalent diagonal strut method. The error
involved in modelling such buildings as neglecting the presence of infills in the upper storeys, is brought out
through the study of an example building with different analytical models. This linear static analysis is to be
carried out on the models such as Strut frame with 15%, 20%, & 25% centre &corner opening, which is
performed by using computer software STAAD-Pro from which different parameters are computed. In which it
shows that how infill panels increase the stiffness of the structure. While the increase in the opening percentage
leads to a decrease on the lateral stiffness of infilled frame. This paper highlights the importance of the presence
of the open first storey in the analysis of the building
The document proposes research to analyze the seismic performance of reinforced concrete buildings with and without masonry infill panels through dynamic analysis and comparison of methods. The research aims to demonstrate the importance of including infill walls in seismic design by comparing bare frame structures to partially and fully infilled frames using analytical and computer models. The results could help reduce risks of collapsed structures in earthquakes by providing a better understanding of how infill walls affect structural behavior.
Case study on slender multi storey rc building with brick infilleSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IRJET- Analysis of Prestressed Concrete Girder for BridgesIRJET Journal
This document discusses the analysis of prestressed concrete girders used in bridge construction using MIDAS CIVIL software. It begins with an introduction to prestressed concrete and its advantages over reinforced concrete for long span bridges. The objectives are listed as analyzing prestressed concrete girders in MIDAS CIVIL, comparing straight and parabolic tendon profiles, and investigating the effects of eccentricity, prestressing force, and tendon profile on structural properties. Relevant codes and standards for loads, design, shear capacity, reinforcement, and end blocks are also summarized.
Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Steel Moment Resisting Frame due to Infil...IDES Editor
Steel moment resisting frame with open first storey
(soft storey) is known to perform well compared with the RC
frames during strong earthquake shaking. The presence of
masonry infill wall influences the overall behavior of the
structure when subjected to lateral forces, when masonry infill
are considered to interact with their surrounding frames the
lateral stiffness and lateral load carrying capacity of structure
largely increase. In this paper, the seismic vulnerability of
building with soft storey is shown with an example of G+10
three dimensional (3D) steel frame. The open first storey is
an important functional requirement of almost all the urban
multi-storey buildings, and hence, cannot be eliminated.
Hence some special measures need to be adopted for this
specific situation. The under-lying principle of any solution
to this problem is in increasing the stiffness’s of the first
storey such that the first storey stiffness is at least 50% as
stiff as the second storey, i.e., soft first storeys are to be avoided,
and providing adequate lateral strength in the first storey. In
this paper, stiffness balancing is proposed between the first
and second storey of a steel moment resisting frame building
with open first storey and brick infills as described in models.
A simple example building is analyzed by modeling it with
nine different methods. The stiffness effect on the first storey
is demonstrated through the lateral displacement profile of
the building.
Secure and efficient key pre distribution schemes for wsn using combinatorial...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A novel active charge equalisation method for series connected batterieseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Stability analysis of open pit slope by finite difference methodeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Microstructure analysis of steel 85 & al 7050 for cold expanded holeseSAT Publishing House
1) The document analyzes the microstructure of steel 85 and aluminum 7050 that have undergone cold expansion of holes. Micrographs show zones of plastic and elastic deformation created by the expansion.
2) The micrographs clearly show a zone of plastic deformation close to the hole followed by a zone of elastic compression induced by the split sleeve expansion. The pattern changes with different extents of expansion.
3) Analysis found that plastic deformation increases with higher percentages of hole expansion. The zones of plastic deformation were also thicker closer to the expanded hole.
Root cause failure analysis of blanking device of strainer housing used in st...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Experimental studies on pressure drop in a sinusoidal plate heat exchanger ef...eSAT Publishing House
The document summarizes experimental studies on pressure drop in a sinusoidal plate heat exchanger with varying corrugation angles. Three plate heat exchangers were fabricated with corrugation angles of 30, 40, and 50 degrees. Experiments with water flow showed that pressure drop and friction factor are affected by the corrugation angle. Pressure drop increased linearly with Reynolds number and was highest for the 50 degree angle. Friction factor decreased linearly with Reynolds number on a logarithmic scale and was lowest for the 50 degree angle. The results indicate that higher corrugation angles induce more turbulence, increasing pressure drop but decreasing friction factor.
Simulation of pedestrian at intersection in urban congested areaeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Analysis the effects of different types of tool on metal spinning processeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A batch study of phosphate adsorption characteristics on clay soileSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A study of r.c.c. beam column connection subjected to monotonic loadingeSAT Journals
Abstract
Beam and column where intersects is called as joint or Connection. The different types of joints are classified as corner joint, exterior
joint, interior joint etc. on beam column joint applying quasi-static loading .i. e. monotonic loading on cantilever end of the beam and
study of various parameters as to be find out on corner and exterior beam column joint i.e. maximum stress, minimum stress,
displacement and variation in stiffness of beam column joint can be analyzed in Ansys software ( Non-Linear FEM Software) The
various research studies focused on corner and exterior beam column joints and their behavior, support conditions of beam-column
joints. Some recent experimental studies, however, addressed beam-column joints of substandard RC frames with weak columns, poor
anchorage of longitudinal beam bars and insufficient transverse reinforcement. the behavior of exterior beam column joint is different
than the corner beam column joint.
Keywords: beam, column, corner, exterior, joint, monotonic load, quasi-static, varying stiffness.
A study of r.c.c. beam column connection subjected to monotonic loadingeSAT Journals
Abstract
Beam and column where intersects is called as joint or Connection. The different types of joints are classified as corner joint, exterior
joint, interior joint etc. on beam column joint applying quasi-static loading .i. e. monotonic loading on cantilever end of the beam and
study of various parameters as to be find out on corner and exterior beam column joint i.e. maximum stress, minimum stress,
displacement and variation in stiffness of beam column joint can be analyzed in Ansys software ( Non-Linear FEM Software) The
various research studies focused on corner and exterior beam column joints and their behavior, support conditions of beam-column
joints. Some recent experimental studies, however, addressed beam-column joints of substandard RC frames with weak columns, poor
anchorage of longitudinal beam bars and insufficient transverse reinforcement. the behavior of exterior beam column joint is different
than the corner beam column joint.
Keywords: beam, column, corner, exterior, joint, monotonic load, quasi-static, varying stiffness
Effect of stiffeners on the lateral stiffness of infill frames with openingseSAT Publishing House
This document presents research on the effect of stiffeners on the lateral stiffness of masonry infilled frames with openings. It first provides background on the structural contribution of masonry infills and challenges in modeling infill frames with openings. The study then analyzes infill frames with different types of stiffeners around openings, including lintel bands, using finite element analysis in ANSYS. Results show that providing stiffeners, especially thicker lintel bands, increases the lateral stiffness of frames with openings compared to unstiffened frames. Stiffness is found to decrease with larger opening sizes but can be greater than solid infill frames when stiffened. The research concludes that stiffeners effectively compensate for the reduced stiffness
Comparative Study on Masonry Infill, Friction Dampers and Bare Frame Structur...IRJET Journal
The document compares the seismic response of a 10-story building modeled with three different configurations: a bare frame, a frame with masonry infill walls modeled as equivalent diagonal struts, and a frame with friction dampers. Non-linear time history analysis was performed using the EL Centro earthquake record. The addition of masonry infills increased the lateral stiffness and decreased displacements and column moments but also increased base shear and accelerations. The use of friction dampers effectively dissipated energy and reduced the structural response compared to the bare frame, without increasing other demands. Analysis results for story acceleration, displacement, column moment, and base shear are presented for each model.
Deflection control in rcc beams by using mild steel strips (an experimental i...eSAT Publishing House
1) The document discusses an experimental investigation into using mild steel strips as a composite material with traditional reinforced concrete beams to help control deflection.
2) Three types of beams were tested - a control RCC beam, and two beams with mild steel strips embedded vertically along the sides in different configurations to increase stiffness.
3) Preliminary results found that deflection was reduced by about 30% and strength increased by about 25% in the composite beams compared to the control beam.
Seismic performance study on rc wall buildings from pushover analysiseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Can fracture mechanics predict damage due disaster of structureseSAT Publishing House
This document discusses how fracture mechanics can be used to better predict damage and failure of structures. It notes that current design codes are based on small-scale laboratory tests and do not account for size effects, which can lead to more brittle failures in larger structures. The document outlines how fracture mechanics considers factors like size effect, ductility, and minimum reinforcement that influence the strength and failure behavior of structures. It provides examples of how fracture mechanics has been applied to problems like evaluating shear strength in deep beams and investigating a failure of an oil platform structure. The document argues that fracture mechanics provides a more scientific basis for structural design compared to existing empirical code provisions.
Effect of lintel and lintel band on the global performance of reinforced conc...eSAT Publishing House
This document analyzes the effect of lintels and lintel bands on the seismic performance of reinforced concrete masonry infilled frames through non-linear static pushover analysis. Four frame models are considered: a frame with a full masonry infill wall; a frame with a central opening but no lintel/band; a frame with a lintel above the opening; and a frame with a lintel band above the opening. The results show that the full infill wall model has 27% higher stiffness and 32% higher strength than the model with just an opening. Models with lintels or lintel bands have slightly higher strength and stiffness than the model with just an opening. The document concludes lintels and lintel
A Review of “Seismic Response of RC Structures Having Plan and Vertical Irreg...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes and reviews a research paper on the seismic response of reinforced concrete (RC) structures with plan and vertical irregularities, with and without infill walls. It discusses how infill walls can improve or reduce the seismic performance of RC buildings, depending on factors like wall layout, height distribution, connection to the frame, and relative stiffness of walls and frames. The reviewed research paper analyzes the behavior of infill walls, effects of vertical irregularities, and seismic performance of high-rise structures under linear static and dynamic analysis. It studies response characteristics like story drift, deflection and shear. The document also provides literature on similar research investigating the effects of infill walls, soft stories, plan irregularities, and different
IRJET- Study on Causes of Cracks and its Remedial Measures in Reinforced Conc...IRJET Journal
The document discusses cracks in reinforced concrete bridge piers and abutments. It first provides background on the causes of cracking, including applied loads, restraint from volume changes, and drying shrinkage. It then presents a case study of a bridge exhibiting cracks in the abutments and approaches. The cracks are thought to be caused by movement of the abutments due to issues with surrounding soils. The document outlines various remedial measures that could address abutment movement and cracking, such as soil grouting, concrete jacketing, and epoxy injection. It concludes that abutment movement must be addressed to prevent further deterioration of the bridge structure.
Behavior of plan irregularites using composite members by varying column spac...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Several studies proofs that the weaker columns has low seismic resistance, for this it is need to make the column stronger. The stronger columns can be obtained by many ways, here in this paper steel-concrete composite columns are considered. Use of composite columns in construction reduces the cross-section of the columns throughout the building and also increases the lateral-load resisting capacity to columns. The models consists of G+10, G+15, G+20 stories of Rectangular, L, T and plus shaped structures in which column spacing are varied as 3m, 4m, 5m and 6m along both directions in all structures. For all models the composite-column of size 450x450mm (ISMB 250) is kept constant, only the beam size has been varied accordingly while modeling a structure. The Response Spectrum analysis is done for all the buildings using ETABS version 15. Study is based on the performance of a multi-story building with plan irregularity under major earthquake forces by considering parameters like displacement, storey shear and drifts. Even though the cross section of the column considered is very small for tall buildings, the structure behaves stiff for severe seismic zone-V and also for different conditions; this is done by introducing steel-concrete composite column in a given building. Hence it is concluded that the use of composite columns in construction resists the lateral forces for many vulnerable conditions.
Keywords: Composite Column, Irregular Structure, Seismic Zone, Varying Height, Column Spacing.
Behavior of plan irregularites using composite members by varying column spac...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Several studies proofs that the weaker columns has low seismic resistance, for this it is need to make the column stronger. The stronger columns can be obtained by many ways, here in this paper steel-concrete composite columns are considered. Use of composite columns in construction reduces the cross-section of the columns throughout the building and also increases the lateral-load resisting capacity to columns. The models consists of G+10, G+15, G+20 stories of Rectangular, L, T and plus shaped structures in which column spacing are varied as 3m, 4m, 5m and 6m along both directions in all structures. For all models the composite-column of size 450x450mm (ISMB 250) is kept constant, only the beam size has been varied accordingly while modeling a structure. The Response Spectrum analysis is done for all the buildings using ETABS version 15. Study is based on the performance of a multi-story building with plan irregularity under major earthquake forces by considering parameters like displacement, storey shear and drifts. Even though the cross section of the column considered is very small for tall buildings, the structure behaves stiff for severe seismic zone-V and also for different conditions; this is done by introducing steel-concrete composite column in a given building. Hence it is concluded that the use of composite columns in construction resists the lateral forces for many vulnerable conditions.
Keywords: Composite Column, Irregular Structure, Seismic Zone, Varying Height, Column Spacing.
Study of behaviour of composite beams with truss type shear connectoreSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study that used finite element analysis to optimize the design of truss-type shear connectors used in composite beams. Various parameters of the shear connectors were analyzed, including angle of inclination, bar diameter, and depth of embedment. Angles between 60-75 degrees were found to be most efficient, with minimal changes when bar diameters were varied. The ultimate load capacity was found to be independent of depth of embedment. Additional models analyzed the influence of cohesion and friction at the interface, finding that cohesion up to 2 MPa resulted in behavior similar to a solid beam.
Analysis of precast shear wall connection state of the art revieweSAT Journals
Abstract The behavior of precast members in whole structure is different than cast in situ member due to their joints condition. So it is important to study the behavior of precast concrete member and its joints for whole structural configuration and loading condition. The precast concrete shear wall system is very important for construction due to economical advantages speed of construction. The connections between panels are extremely important since they affect both the speed of erection and the overall integrity of the structure. Comprehensive review reveals the significance of detailed analysis required for stress distribution form the precast member to the structural system to encounter the shear stresses generated during an earthquake event.
Keywords: Precast, shear wall, connection, cyclic loading
GIRDER DESIGN OF A BALANCED CANTILEVER BRIDGE WITH ANALYSIS USING MIDAS CIVILAM Publications
Balanced cantilever bridges are used for special requirements like 1) Construction over traffic 2) Short lead time compared to steel 3) Use local labour and materials. If continuous spans are used, the governing bending moment can minimised and hence the individual span length can increase. But unyielding supports are required for continuous construction. Hence for the medium span in the range of about 35 to 60 m, a combination of supported span, cantilever and suspended span can be adopted and bridge with this type of superstructure is known as balanced cantilever bridge. This chapter include the analysis and design of a 50m span prestressed balanced cantilever bridge which comprises of 6 numbers of Pre-Cast Post Tensioned-I Girder 38m long Simply Supported at one end and connected through a Cast-in-Situ Stitch Concrete to a Continuous Balanced Cantilever Box Girder (2x11m). The bridge structure has been modelled by Finite element Technique using MIDAS Civil and analysis has been performed to get various output such as primary and secondary bending moment, shear forces and torsion quantities at various locations of the bridge. The design of super structure is performed as per IRC standards.
GIRDER DESIGN OF A BALANCED CANTILEVER BRIDGE WITH ANALYSIS USING MIDAS CIVILAM Publications
1. The document describes the design of a 50m span prestressed balanced cantilever bridge using MIDAS Civil software for finite element analysis.
2. The bridge consists of 6 precast prestressed I-girders connected to a cast-in-situ box girder using stitch concrete. Primary and secondary moments, shear forces, and torsion values were determined at various locations along the bridge using finite element analysis.
3. Design of the superstructure was performed according to IRC standards, including analysis of loadings, prestressing principles and modeling, and design of the post-tensioned box girder and I-girders. Bending moments at critical sections were calculated and checked against
“Analysis and design of multi storeyed load bearing reinforced masonry struct...eSAT Publishing House
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Effect of modulus of masonry on initial lateral stiffness of infilled frames with openings
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Special Issue: 06 | May-2014 | RRDCE - 2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 218
EFFECT OF MODULUS OF MASONRY ON INITIAL LATERAL
STIFFNESS OF INFILLED FRAMES WITH OPENINGS
Bhagyalaxmi sindagi1
, Anusha P Gowda2
, Harshitha R Kumar3
, M V Renukadevi4
1
PG Student (2009-2012), Department of Civil Engineering, R V College of Engineering, Bangalore
2
PG Student, Department of Civil Engineering, R V College of Engineering, Bangalore
3
PG Student, Department of Civil Engineering, R V College of Engineering, Bangalore
4
Associate professor, PG Studies, Department of Civil Engineering, R V College of Engineering, Bangalore.
Abstract
Masonry infills are commonly used in buildings for functional and architectural reasons. The structural contribution of infill walls
cannot simply be neglected particularly in regions of moderate and high seismicity where the frame-infill interaction may cause
substantial increase in both stiffness and strength of the frame in spite of the presence of openings. In the present study an attempt is
made to study the initial lateral stiffness of the infilled frames with central opening of different sizes for varying modulus of masonry
(2750 Mpa and 1000 Mpa modulus) using the finite element analysis . The percentage reduction in the initial lateral stiffness of
infilled frames due to varying modulus of masonry is obtained. The initial lateral stiffness of infilled frame is also determined by single
equivalent diagonal strut analysis by varying the width of strut and a strut-width-reduction factor is proposed to determine the strut
width for the opening present in the infill panel.
Keywords: infilled frame, modulus of masonry, lateral stiffness, and effect of openings.
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1. INTRODUCTION
Masonry is one of the oldest construction materials currently
in use around the world for reasons that include accessibility,
functionality, and cost. This material has been used for
hundreds of years in construction projects ranging from simple
roadways to complex arch designs. Masonry has also
commonly been used in frame building structures as infill,
where it was intended to act as an environmental divider rather
than a structural element. The primary function of masonry
was either to protect the inside of the structure from the
environment (rain, snow, wind, etc.) or to divide inside spaces.
In either case, common practice has always been to ignore
infill during the design and analysis of steel/reinforced
concrete frame structures. However, infill wall tend to interact
with the surrounding frame when the structure is subjected to
wind or earthquake loads; the resulting system is referred to as
an infilled frame.
In such structures the ordinarily occurring vertical loads, dead
or live loads do not pose much of a problem in the analysis
and design. But the in-plane lateral loads due to wind and
earthquake, tremors or blast loads are a matter of great
concern and need special consideration in the design of
buildings. These lateral forces can produce the critical stresses
in a structure, set undesirable vibrations and in addition cause
lateral sway of the structure to such an extent that it would
reach a stage of discomfort to the occupants. Some of the
lateral load resistance structures used in practice is shown in
the (Fig.1). Diagonal bracing (Fig 1a) can be conveniently
adopted in steel frames. Reinforced concrete frames cannot be
provided with such braces; however monolithic joints will
provide resistance to some extent (Fig1b). Relying only on
rigid joint would result in expensive columns, which have to
resist large resulting moments. Provision of reinforced
concrete shear walls in the plane of the loads at the selected
location in the building scheme (Fig 1c) for tall buildings is
the modern trend of construction that is widely resorted to in
order to reduce lateral sway and achieve economy in the
design. Stair wall and elevator shafts are designed on the basis
of principal of shear wall.
However, with the increasing cost of steel and cement these
structures are becoming expensive and added to that the
shallow structures do not such lateral load resisting systems.
Infilled frames can be thought of an alternative where in the
masonry wall providing for partitioning and covering without
any structural functions can impart substantial stiffness and
strength to bounding frame against lateral load.
Efforts have been made by many researchers to exploit the
inherent lateral stiffness and strength of the masonry infilled
frames. It has been well recognized that the brickwork infill is
very effective in bracing of frames composed of beams and
columns to resist in-plane lateral loads. But the same has not
featured in most of the codes of practices with an acceptable
design procedure. This is probably because of the inherent
weakness of the brickwork infill in resisting tensile stresses
induced by racking loads particularly when full contact is
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Special Issue: 06 | May-2014 | RRDCE - 2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 219
established at the interface by shear connecter or any means.
Although, the stress diminishes when separation is allowed at
the interface, the loaded corner faces possibilities of crushing
in view of large concentration of stress.
Lateral loads do not act in isolation on a structure but act in
tandem with gravity loads with varying magnitude. These
loads comprise of constant dead weight of the structure and
that of element supported by the frame along with live load of
varying magnitude. The vertical lateral load are expected to
induce pre-compression to the masonry infill and reduce the
tensile stress induce by lateral loads. The diagonal
compressive stress although increases as the result of pre-
compression, is expected to spread over a wider area of
masonry, thereby reducing the possibility of corner crushing.
In developing countries like India, mass housing schemes are
being executed on a massive scale to cater to the housing
needs of people. Most of these structures are three to four
storied building, construed usually of reinforced concrete
frames with brick infill. If the structural interaction between
the masonry and R.C. members is properly understood, it
would result in significant reduction in the cost of
construction.
Fig 1: Lateral Load resistance Structure: a) RCC framed
structure b) Steel framed structure c) shear wall framed
structure d) infilled frame
2. METHODS OF ANALYSIS
Over the past few decades, several methods for the analysis of
infilled frames have been proposed in the literature by various
investigators. These methods can be divided into two groups,
depending on the degree of refinement used to represent the
structure. The first group consists of the macro models to
which belong the simplified models that are based on a
physical understanding of the structure. The second group
involves the micro models including the finite element
formulations, taking into account local effects in detail. Both
types of methods will be discussed hereafter.
2.1 Macro Models
The basic characteristic of the macro models is that they aim
at predicting the overall stiffness and failure loads of infilled
frames, without considering all possible failure modes of local
failure. This group of models can be subdivided to their origin
into the following three categories, based on:
the concept of the equivalent diagonal strut
the concept of the equivalent frame
2.1.1 Equivalent Diagonal Strut Analogy
The simplest (and most developed) method for the analysis of
non-integral infilled frames is based on the concept of the
equivalent diagonal strut. This concept was initially proposed
by Polyakov (1956) and later developed by other investigators.
In this method, the infilled frame structure is modeled as an
equivalent braced frame system with a compression diagonal
replacing the infill. Equivalent diagonal strut method is further
subdivided into the following three categories
a) Single Diagonal Strut Model
b) Modified Diagonal Strut Model
c) Multi-Strut Model
2.2 Micro Models
The development of finite element methods offered some
relief to the shortcomings pointed out in the previous methods.
The first approach to analyze infilled frames by linear finite
element analysis was suggested by Mallick and Severn (1967).
They introduced an iterative technique taking into account
separation and slip at the structural interface. Plane stress
rectangular elements were used to model the infill while
standard beam elements were used for the frame. However, as
a consequence of the assumption that the interaction forces
between the frame and the infill along their interface consisted
of normal forces only, the axial deformation of the columns
was neglected in their formulation. The effect of slip and
interface friction was considered by introducing shear forces
along the length of contact. The contact problem was solved
by initially assuming that infill and frame nodes have the same
displacement. Having determined the load along the periphery
of the infill, tensile forces were located in the model.
Subsequently the corresponding nodes of the frame and infill
were released which allowed them to displace independently
in the next iteration. This procedure was repeated until a
prescribed convergence criterion was achieved.
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Special Issue: 06 | May-2014 | RRDCE - 2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 220
3. LITERATURE REVIEW
A summary of the major research works that have been carried
out on infilled frames with and without openings has been
presented in this section. Some of these experimental
researches were performed on perforated infill walls with steel
frames and some others on RC frames. Different types of
loads such as static load, pseudo-static load, pseudo dynamic
load, and dynamic load were applied in these studies. The
literature survey carried out here is confined to those works
that study the behavior and methods of analysis of infilled
frames with and without openings.
Polyakov [17]: Is the earliest research worker to investigate
the infilled frame subjected to lateral load at the central
research institute for industrial structure, Moscow. From the
extensive experiments on model infilled frames with different
infills he studied the
Nature and cause of cracks formation, effect of opening and
effect of strengthening masonry by RC element. In all these
tests, he found that the initial failure was by cracking around
the perimeter allowing the separation of frame and infill
except at the loaded corners. From the result of POLYAKOV
proposed infill as a diagonal bracing strut.
Mainstone [12]: Describes the test on the full scale and model
steel frames with brick infills. The approach to the problem
was based on concept of diagonal strut. It has visualized
replacing infill by several or single strut depending upon the
degree of initial fit of the infill to the frame. Simple equations
have been derived to predict equivalent width of strut, lateral
stiffness and strength of the infilled frames.
Perumal Pillai and Govindan [18]: Have studied the
structural response of two quarter–size, five storey R C frame
with and without brick infill and assessed the performance
based on the ductility and energy absorption capacity. The
frames were tested under static reversed cyclic loading to
stimulate seismic effects. The study covers the entire elastic
loading range from the initial elastic stage until the ultimate
failure stage. The comparison of experimental and theoretical
results is reported to be generally good. The failure
mechanism in such case is brittle.
Goutam Modal And Sudhir K. Jain [6]: Have carried out a
parametric finite element analysis on single bay, single story,
single bay two story and single bay three story infilled frame
to examine the effect of central openings of different sizes on
the initial stiffness of infilled frames. Based on the study he
has concluded the effect of opening on the initial lateral
stiffness of infilled frames should be neglected if the area of
opening is less than 5% of the area of the infill panel, and the
strut width reduction factor should be set equal to one i.e. the
frame is to be analyzed as a solid infilled frame. The effect of
infill on the initial lateral stiffness of infilled frame may be
ignored if the area of opening exceeds 40% of the area of the
infill panel, and the strut-width reduction factor should be set
to zero, i.e. the frame is to be analyzed as a bare frame. The
proposed reduction factor is applicable for infilled frame with
normal openings. Extreme cases where openings are extended
to full height or full width of the infilled frame cannot be
covered by the reduction factor.
4. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
Masonry infills are commonly used in buildings for functional
and architectural reasons. However, their structural
contributions are usually neglected in the design process.
Behavior of building in the recent earthquake, clearly illustrate
that the presence of infill walls has significant structural
implications. The difficulties in considering infill walls in the
design processes are due to the lack of experimental and
analytical results about their behavior under lateral seismic
shaking. The structural contribution of infill walls cannot
simply be neglected particularly in regions of moderate and
high seismicity where the frame-infill interaction may cause
substantial increase in both stiffness and strength of the frame
in spite of the presence of openings, but the presence of
opening decreases stiffness and strength of the infilled frame.
Generally, the type of bricks varies from one place to another
place; in turn this affects the modulus of masonry. In view of
this, the present study focuses on the effect of modulus of
masonry on the initial lateral stiffness of infilled frame.
The following parametric study has been carried out:
The initial lateral stiffness of single bay, single story
infilled frame with central openings, with brick
masonry as infill subjected to lateral load for varying
modulus of masonry by finite element method of
analysis using the software ANSYS.
Initial lateral stiffness is also determined by using
single equivalent diagonal strut analysis.
A strut-width-reduction factor is proposed to determine
the strut width for the opening present in the infill
panel.
5. ANALYTICAL INVESTIGATION
Finite element method is one of the most important methods of
discrete analysis and has been found suitable for solution of
problems. Hence the method has been used for the analysis of
infilled frame taking into consideration all the factors at the
interface i.e. separation at the contact surface. In this method,
standard two nodded frame elements with two translations
degrees of freedom and one rotational of freedom at each node
are use to model the frame elements. The infills are idealized
by four nodded plane stress rectangular or square area
elements with two translational degrees of freedom at each
node. Interface of the infill and frame are modeled using stiff
beam element having three degrees of freedom at each node,
the nodes connecting the infill is made of structural hinge so
that no moment is transferred to the infill from the link
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__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Special Issue: 06 | May-2014 | RRDCE - 2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 221
element Beam/Column elements are represented by Beam 4
element chosen from element library. BEAM4 is a uniaxial
element with tension, compression, torsion, and bending
capabilities.
Plane 42 element is chosen to represent a masonry it is a four
nodded rectangular element with two translation degrees of
freedom (UX and UY) at each node.
The 3-D spar element is a uniaxial tension-compression
element with three degrees of freedom at each node,
translational in the nodal x, y and z direction.
In the present study, single-bay single-storey is analyzed
and their initial lateral stiffness for varying modulus is
determined
Fig 5.1: Dimensions (mm) of single-bay, single-storey infilled
frame with symmetric Central opening. (beam size 250mm x
400mm; column size 400 mm x 400mm)
Table 5.1: Properties of infilled frame
Properties Density
(Kg/m3
)
Modulus of
elasticity
( MPa)
Poisson‟s
ratio
Elements
Masonry
1920
1000 0.18
Beam/
Column 2500
25000 0.2
Link 0.01 25000 0.2
Table 5.2: Dimensions of infilled frame
Elements
Dimension
(mm x mm)
Centre line
length
Masonry 1770 x 1770 x
110
1770
Beam 150x 230 2000
Column 230 x 150 2000
Opening 875 x 875
Fig 5.3: Effect of opening size on Initial lateral stiffness o f
Infilled frame determined by FE Analysis for 2750 Mpa
Modulus (Full Contact).
Fig 5.4: Effect of opening size on Initial lateral stiffness o f
Infilled frame determined by FE Analysis for 2750 Mpa
Modulus (Full Contact).
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 0.5 1 1.5
LateralStiffnesswithOpening
Lateralstiffnesswithfullinfill
Width of Opening
Width of Infill
h/H=0.166
h/H=0.33
h/H=0.5
h/H=0.66
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 0.5 1 1.5
LateralStiffnesswithOpening
LateralStiffnesswithfullInfill
Width of Opening
Width of Infill
h/H=0.166
h/H=0.33
h/H=0.5
h/H=0.67
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Volume: 03 Special Issue: 06 | May-2014 | RRDCE - 2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 222
Fig 5.5: Effect of opening size on Initial lateral stiffness o f
Infilled frame determined by FE Analysis for 1000 Mpa
Modulus (Full contact).
Fig 5.6: Effect of opening size on Initial lateral stiffness o f
Infilled frame determined by FE Analysis for 1000 Mpa
Modulus (separation case).
5.1 Observations on Initial Lateral Stiffness of
Infilled Frame
Based on the study and results following observation are noted
Presence of opening significantly reduces the initial
lateral stiffness of infilled frame.
The lateral stiffness decrease with increase in area of
opening .when the area of opening is about 15% of the
initial lateral stiffness is reduced by 20 to 32 %.
Percentage reduction of initial lateral stiffness is found
to be 52 to 53% with decrease in modulus of masonry
in case of full contact case
In separation case the reduction percentage ranges from
46 to 52%.
5.2 Effect of Dimensions of Openings
The effect of opening of dimensions of opening on initial
lateral stiffness of infilled frame for varying modulus of
masonry (2750 Mpa and 1000 Mpa) for separation case were
tabulated.
6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A study of infilled frames with varying central opening is
performed in this chapter. Finite element analysis is carried
out using Ansys to determine the effect of modulus on initial
lateral stiffness of infilled frame for different sizes of opening
Contour patterns for full contact and separation case Mpa for
2750 Mpa modulus of masonry are shown in the figure.6.1 and
6.2
Fig 6.1: Contour Pattern for full infill, for separation case for
2750 Mpa 3rd Principal stress
Fig 6.2: Contour patterns for 1000mm x 1000mm opening
infill, for full contact case for 2750 Mpa modulus 3rd
Principal
stress
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 0.5 1 1.5
LateralStiffnesswithOpening
LateralStiffnesswithfullInfii
Width of Opening
Width of Infill
h/H= 0.166
h/H=0.33
h/H=0.5
h/H=0.67
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 0.5 1 1.5
LateralStiffnesswithOpening
LateralStiffnesswithfullInfill
Width of Opening
Width of Infill
h/H=0.166
h/H=0.33
h/H=0.5
h/H=0.67
6. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Special Issue: 06 | May-2014 | RRDCE - 2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 223
7. STRUT-WIDTH REDUCTION FACTOR FOR
INFILLED FRAME WITH OPENING
Stiffness of an infilled frame can be obtained by modeling it as
a diagonal strut of suitable width. The effect of opening in the
infill wall is to reduce the lateral stiffness of the frame. This
reduced lateral stiffness due to opening can be represented by
a diagonal strut of reduced width. This reduction in strut width
can be represented by a factor
ρw which is defined as ratio of reduced strut width to strut-
width corresponding to fully infilled frame, i.e.
Strut width Reduction Factor ρw
=
Strut Width of Infilled frame with Opening(Wdo)
Strut Width of Fully Infilled Frame (Wds)
Area Aop of opening is normalized with respect to area Ainfill of
infill panel and the ratio is termed as opening area ratio αco ,
i.e.,
Opening Area Ratio(αco)
=
Area of Opening
Area of Infill
Fig 7.1: Effect of opening size on equivalent diagonal strut: a)
2750 Mpa modulus of masonry
Fig 7.2: Effect of opening area ratio on strut width reduction
factor: linear fit curve of analytical result 2750 Mpa modulus
of masonry
8. CONCLUSIONS
Presence of opening significantly reduces the initial lateral
stiffness of infilled frame. The lateral stiffness decrease with
increase in area of opening .when the area of opening is about
15% of the initial lateral stiffness is reduced by 20 to 32 %.
Percentage reduction of initial lateral stiffness is found to be
52 to 53% with decrease in modulus of masonry (2750 Mpa to
1000 Mpa) in case of full contact case
In separation case the reduction percentage ranges from 46 to
52%.For the same area of opening if the dimensions of
opening vary, the difference in initial lateral stiffness is less
than 5%.
In case of two similar rectangular frames with equal areas of
openings, the frame having larger width of opening exhibits
more initial lateral stiffness.
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
0 0.2 0.4 0.6
LateralStiffness
LateralStiffnesswithfullInfill
Width of Equivalent Strut
Diagonal Length of Infill Panel
ρw =0.94-2.47αco
R=0.967
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 0.2 0.4
Stut-Width-Reduction
Factor
Opening-Area-Ratio
7. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Special Issue: 06 | May-2014 | RRDCE - 2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 224
The presence of openings can be considered in the single
diagonal strut model by reducing the effective width through a
reduction factor, ρw =0.94- 2.47αco, for 2750 Mpa modulus
where αco = ratio of the area of opening to the area of the infill.
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