Effect of Height and Surface Roughness of a Broad Crested Weir on the Dischar...RafidAlboresha
ย
Weir is usually incorporated as control or regulation devices in hydraulic systems,
with flow measurement as their secondary. It is normally intended for use in the field and thus
to regulate broad discharges. Broad-Crested weir is among the oldest common weir types. In this
paper, the effect of height and surface roughness for different Board Crested weirs models were
studied on discharge coefficient (Cd) in a horizontal open channel. In the crest of the weir,
certain materials may be combined with concrete (e.g., boulders) or may be used as cladding to
minimize the effect of water overflow (e.g. stone). The weir surface should not be considered
smooth in this case, and the discharge coefficient (Cd) must be re-estimated. For these purposes, laboratory flume was used to study the effect of height and surface roughness on the discharge coefficients with four of the different weir models dimensions of the concrete blocks. In this study, the flow conditions were considered to be free water flow and the viscosity effect was neglected. In all cases, the weir height effect was directly proportional to the discharge coefficient while the surface roughness effect was found to be inversely proportional to the coefficient Cd of the case study.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Use of hydraulic phenomena in enhancement of dissolved oxygen concentrationeSAT Journals
ย
Abstract
The dissolved oxygen (DO) content of water bodies is an indicator of water quality and hence a measure of ability of water to sustain aquatic life. Hydraulic phenomena such as hydraulic drops and hydraulic jumps can increase the amount of DO in the water by creating turbulent conditions. The main reason for this oxygen transfer is the air entrainment into the flow through large number of air bubbles that helps in air-water transfer. The present study investigates the effect of different weir types and hydraulic jump on their aeration efficiency. Two types of weirs namely rectangular and triangular weirs were used in the study. Also, the hydraulic jump was studied as an aeration agent. From the experimental results, it was found that the triangular weir provides greater aeration efficiency of 0.1948 as compared with rectangular weir that had aeration efficiency of 0.1012. On the other hand, the hydraulic jump showed aeration efficiency of 0.14285. As the weirs are more efficient than hydraulic jump, they are most applicable in the field. Also, weir structures are less expensive when compared with the structural arrangement required for the formation of hydraulic jump.
Keywords: Dissolved oxygen, Aeration efficiency, Weir, Hydraulic jump
Analysis of Water Quality Characteristics in Distribution NetworksAI Publications
ย
In this study, a model was developed by Epanet2.0 software to analyze water quality for parameters of hydraulic and water quality model (chlorine concentration and water age model) for a segment of Erbil city WDS by using observed and documented data. Controlling free residual chlorine properly is important to ensure meeting regulatory requirements and satisfying customer needs. For the calibration process and collecting field data digital pressure loggers for recording pressure in a WDS was installed. For discharge measurements, ultrasonic flow meters were used. To assure the reliability of the model a calibration process was carried out for extended period analysis and several alternatives had been studied as a solution to overcome negative pressure zones by the calculated Hazen William C-factor. This kind of study can be used to predict so many infrastructure projects.
Effect of Height and Surface Roughness of a Broad Crested Weir on the Dischar...RafidAlboresha
ย
Weir is usually incorporated as control or regulation devices in hydraulic systems,
with flow measurement as their secondary. It is normally intended for use in the field and thus
to regulate broad discharges. Broad-Crested weir is among the oldest common weir types. In this
paper, the effect of height and surface roughness for different Board Crested weirs models were
studied on discharge coefficient (Cd) in a horizontal open channel. In the crest of the weir,
certain materials may be combined with concrete (e.g., boulders) or may be used as cladding to
minimize the effect of water overflow (e.g. stone). The weir surface should not be considered
smooth in this case, and the discharge coefficient (Cd) must be re-estimated. For these purposes, laboratory flume was used to study the effect of height and surface roughness on the discharge coefficients with four of the different weir models dimensions of the concrete blocks. In this study, the flow conditions were considered to be free water flow and the viscosity effect was neglected. In all cases, the weir height effect was directly proportional to the discharge coefficient while the surface roughness effect was found to be inversely proportional to the coefficient Cd of the case study.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Use of hydraulic phenomena in enhancement of dissolved oxygen concentrationeSAT Journals
ย
Abstract
The dissolved oxygen (DO) content of water bodies is an indicator of water quality and hence a measure of ability of water to sustain aquatic life. Hydraulic phenomena such as hydraulic drops and hydraulic jumps can increase the amount of DO in the water by creating turbulent conditions. The main reason for this oxygen transfer is the air entrainment into the flow through large number of air bubbles that helps in air-water transfer. The present study investigates the effect of different weir types and hydraulic jump on their aeration efficiency. Two types of weirs namely rectangular and triangular weirs were used in the study. Also, the hydraulic jump was studied as an aeration agent. From the experimental results, it was found that the triangular weir provides greater aeration efficiency of 0.1948 as compared with rectangular weir that had aeration efficiency of 0.1012. On the other hand, the hydraulic jump showed aeration efficiency of 0.14285. As the weirs are more efficient than hydraulic jump, they are most applicable in the field. Also, weir structures are less expensive when compared with the structural arrangement required for the formation of hydraulic jump.
Keywords: Dissolved oxygen, Aeration efficiency, Weir, Hydraulic jump
Analysis of Water Quality Characteristics in Distribution NetworksAI Publications
ย
In this study, a model was developed by Epanet2.0 software to analyze water quality for parameters of hydraulic and water quality model (chlorine concentration and water age model) for a segment of Erbil city WDS by using observed and documented data. Controlling free residual chlorine properly is important to ensure meeting regulatory requirements and satisfying customer needs. For the calibration process and collecting field data digital pressure loggers for recording pressure in a WDS was installed. For discharge measurements, ultrasonic flow meters were used. To assure the reliability of the model a calibration process was carried out for extended period analysis and several alternatives had been studied as a solution to overcome negative pressure zones by the calculated Hazen William C-factor. This kind of study can be used to predict so many infrastructure projects.
On Similarity of Differential Capacity and Capillary Pressure FractalKhalid Al-Khidir
ย
On Similarity of Differential Capacity and Capillary Pressure Fractal Dimensions for Characterizing Shajara Reservoirs of the Permo-Carboniferous Shajara Formation, Saudi Arabia
Classification either on quality or type based for groundwater can offer great advantages especially in regional groundwater management. It provides a short, quick processing, interpretation for a lot of complete hydro-chemical data sets and concise presentation of the results. There is a demonstrable need for a quality assurance, with the advanced usage of world's largest fresh water storage i.e Ground water. Its getting depleted over the years and the quality of the same degrading with a rapid pace. Ground water Quality is assessed mainly by the chemical analysis of samples. The data obtained from the chemical analysis is key for the further classification, analysis, correlation etc. Graphical and Numerical interpretation of the data is the main source for Hydro-chemical studies. In this paper we test the performance of the many available graphical and statistical methodologies used to classify water samples including: Collins bar diagram, Stiff pattern diagram, Schoeller plot, Piper diagram, Durov's Double Triangular Diagram, Gibbs's Diagram, Stuyfzand Classification. This paper explains various models which classify, correlate etc., summarizing the water quality data. The basic graphs and diagrams in each category are explained by sample diagrams. In addition to the diagrams an overall characterization of hydro-chemical facies of the water can be carried out by using plots which represents a water type and hardness domain. The combination of graphical and statistical techniques provides a consistent and objective means to classify large numbers of samples while retaining the ease of classic graphical presentation.
Hydrate Formation During Transport of Natural Gas Containing Water And Impuri...IJERDJOURNAL
ย
ABSTRACT: The upper limit of water content permitted in a natural gas stream during its pipeline transport without a risk of hydrate formation is a complex issue. We propose a novel thermodynamic scheme for investigation of different routes to hydrate formation, with ideal gas used as reference state for all components in all phases including hydrate phase. This makes comparison between different hydrate formation routes transparent and consistent in free energy changes and associated enthalpy change. From a thermodynamic point of view natural gas hydrate can form directly from water dissolved in natural gas but quite unlikely due to limitations in mass and. The typical industrial way to evaluate risk of hydrate formation involves calculation of water condensation from gas and subsequent evaluation of hydrate from condensed water and hydrate formers in the natural gas. Transport pipes are rusty even before they are mounted together to transport pipelines. This opens up for even other routes to hydrate formation which starts with water adsorbing to rust and then leads to hydrate formation with surrounding gas. Rust consist on several iron oxide forms but Hematite is one of the most stable form and is used as a model in this study, in which we focus on maximum limits of water content in various natural gas mixtures that can be tolerated in order to avoid water dropping out as liquid or adsorbed and subsequently forming hydrate. Calculations for representative gas mixtures forming structure I and II hydrates are discussed for ranges of conditions typical for North Sea. The typical trend is that the estimated tolerance for water content is in the order of 20 times higher if these numbers are based on water dew-point rather than water dropping out as adsorbed on Hematite. For pure methane the maximum limits of water to be tolerated decrease with increasing pressures from 50 to 250 bars at temperatures above zero Celsius and up to six Celsius. Pure ethane and pure propane show the opposite trend due to the high density non-polar phase at the high pressures. Typical natural gas mixtures is, however, dominated by the methane so for systems of 80 per cent methane or more the trend is similar to that of pure methane with some expected shifts in absolute values of water drop-out mole-fractions.
Unsteady state series CSTR modeling of removal of ammonia nitrogen from domes...IJECEIAES
ย
This work shows simulation results for subsurface vertical flow constructed wetland (VFCW) using a series CSTR model. The VFCW considered received the outflow from a domestic wastewater treatment plant. In addition, it was planted with Cyperus sp. and filter media was unsaturated. The model was based on an unsteady state mass balance for ammonia, nitrites, and nitrates, using one to three series CSTRs. Nitrogen transformation mechanisms considered were ammonification, nitrification, plant uptake and denitrification. The following effects were evaluated: the number of reacting CSTRs from one to three; the occurrence of the reaction in second and third CSTRs for the case that three CSTRs hold; the use of either equal or different values of reaction rate parameters between CSTRs; and the discretization of the reaction rate parameters. The inflow and outflow measurements of ammonium, nitrites, and nitrates were used for model calibration. The estimated parameters included the reaction rate coefficients and reactor water volume. The coefficient of determination (R ) evidenced a satisfactory capability of simulating outlet pollutant concentrations. Two and three reacting CSTRs achieved similar R value (0.54-0.55), whereas one reacting CSTR achieved an R 2 of 0.39, and three CSTRs with reaction only in the first tank achieved an R of 0.42. Discretization of the nitrification rate for the case of two reacting CSTRs led to an R 2 of 0.94. The parameter sensitivity analysis revealed a significant effect of model parameters on the R 2 value. 2 2 2
Groundwater Quality Modelling using Coupled Galerkin Finite Element and Modif...AM Publications
ย
This paper presents a coupled Galerkin finite element model for groundwater flow simulation (FEFLOW)
and Modified Method of Characteristics model for the simulation of solute transport (MMOCSOLUTE) in twodimensional,
transient, unconfined groundwater flow systems. The coupling factor is velocity field which is simulated
by finite element technique. The study mainly focuses on groundwater quality aspects hence the flow simulation
model has been kept conventional whereas the solute transport model is improvised by approximating dispersion term.
This coupled model is used to obtain the space and time distribution of head and concentration for the reported
synthetic test case. Further the sensitivity of model results to variation in parameters viz. porosity, dispersivity and
combined injection and pumping rates is analyzed. The model results are compared with the reported solutions of the
model presented by Chiang et al. (1989).
On Similarity of Differential Capacity and Capillary Pressure FractalKhalid Al-Khidir
ย
On Similarity of Differential Capacity and Capillary Pressure Fractal Dimensions for Characterizing Shajara Reservoirs of the Permo-Carboniferous Shajara Formation, Saudi Arabia
Classification either on quality or type based for groundwater can offer great advantages especially in regional groundwater management. It provides a short, quick processing, interpretation for a lot of complete hydro-chemical data sets and concise presentation of the results. There is a demonstrable need for a quality assurance, with the advanced usage of world's largest fresh water storage i.e Ground water. Its getting depleted over the years and the quality of the same degrading with a rapid pace. Ground water Quality is assessed mainly by the chemical analysis of samples. The data obtained from the chemical analysis is key for the further classification, analysis, correlation etc. Graphical and Numerical interpretation of the data is the main source for Hydro-chemical studies. In this paper we test the performance of the many available graphical and statistical methodologies used to classify water samples including: Collins bar diagram, Stiff pattern diagram, Schoeller plot, Piper diagram, Durov's Double Triangular Diagram, Gibbs's Diagram, Stuyfzand Classification. This paper explains various models which classify, correlate etc., summarizing the water quality data. The basic graphs and diagrams in each category are explained by sample diagrams. In addition to the diagrams an overall characterization of hydro-chemical facies of the water can be carried out by using plots which represents a water type and hardness domain. The combination of graphical and statistical techniques provides a consistent and objective means to classify large numbers of samples while retaining the ease of classic graphical presentation.
Hydrate Formation During Transport of Natural Gas Containing Water And Impuri...IJERDJOURNAL
ย
ABSTRACT: The upper limit of water content permitted in a natural gas stream during its pipeline transport without a risk of hydrate formation is a complex issue. We propose a novel thermodynamic scheme for investigation of different routes to hydrate formation, with ideal gas used as reference state for all components in all phases including hydrate phase. This makes comparison between different hydrate formation routes transparent and consistent in free energy changes and associated enthalpy change. From a thermodynamic point of view natural gas hydrate can form directly from water dissolved in natural gas but quite unlikely due to limitations in mass and. The typical industrial way to evaluate risk of hydrate formation involves calculation of water condensation from gas and subsequent evaluation of hydrate from condensed water and hydrate formers in the natural gas. Transport pipes are rusty even before they are mounted together to transport pipelines. This opens up for even other routes to hydrate formation which starts with water adsorbing to rust and then leads to hydrate formation with surrounding gas. Rust consist on several iron oxide forms but Hematite is one of the most stable form and is used as a model in this study, in which we focus on maximum limits of water content in various natural gas mixtures that can be tolerated in order to avoid water dropping out as liquid or adsorbed and subsequently forming hydrate. Calculations for representative gas mixtures forming structure I and II hydrates are discussed for ranges of conditions typical for North Sea. The typical trend is that the estimated tolerance for water content is in the order of 20 times higher if these numbers are based on water dew-point rather than water dropping out as adsorbed on Hematite. For pure methane the maximum limits of water to be tolerated decrease with increasing pressures from 50 to 250 bars at temperatures above zero Celsius and up to six Celsius. Pure ethane and pure propane show the opposite trend due to the high density non-polar phase at the high pressures. Typical natural gas mixtures is, however, dominated by the methane so for systems of 80 per cent methane or more the trend is similar to that of pure methane with some expected shifts in absolute values of water drop-out mole-fractions.
Unsteady state series CSTR modeling of removal of ammonia nitrogen from domes...IJECEIAES
ย
This work shows simulation results for subsurface vertical flow constructed wetland (VFCW) using a series CSTR model. The VFCW considered received the outflow from a domestic wastewater treatment plant. In addition, it was planted with Cyperus sp. and filter media was unsaturated. The model was based on an unsteady state mass balance for ammonia, nitrites, and nitrates, using one to three series CSTRs. Nitrogen transformation mechanisms considered were ammonification, nitrification, plant uptake and denitrification. The following effects were evaluated: the number of reacting CSTRs from one to three; the occurrence of the reaction in second and third CSTRs for the case that three CSTRs hold; the use of either equal or different values of reaction rate parameters between CSTRs; and the discretization of the reaction rate parameters. The inflow and outflow measurements of ammonium, nitrites, and nitrates were used for model calibration. The estimated parameters included the reaction rate coefficients and reactor water volume. The coefficient of determination (R ) evidenced a satisfactory capability of simulating outlet pollutant concentrations. Two and three reacting CSTRs achieved similar R value (0.54-0.55), whereas one reacting CSTR achieved an R 2 of 0.39, and three CSTRs with reaction only in the first tank achieved an R of 0.42. Discretization of the nitrification rate for the case of two reacting CSTRs led to an R 2 of 0.94. The parameter sensitivity analysis revealed a significant effect of model parameters on the R 2 value. 2 2 2
Groundwater Quality Modelling using Coupled Galerkin Finite Element and Modif...AM Publications
ย
This paper presents a coupled Galerkin finite element model for groundwater flow simulation (FEFLOW)
and Modified Method of Characteristics model for the simulation of solute transport (MMOCSOLUTE) in twodimensional,
transient, unconfined groundwater flow systems. The coupling factor is velocity field which is simulated
by finite element technique. The study mainly focuses on groundwater quality aspects hence the flow simulation
model has been kept conventional whereas the solute transport model is improvised by approximating dispersion term.
This coupled model is used to obtain the space and time distribution of head and concentration for the reported
synthetic test case. Further the sensitivity of model results to variation in parameters viz. porosity, dispersivity and
combined injection and pumping rates is analyzed. The model results are compared with the reported solutions of the
model presented by Chiang et al. (1989).
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Experimental Study on Two-Phase Flow in Horizontal Rectangular Minichannel wi...IJERA Editor
ย
An experimental study was conducted to investigate two-phase air-water flow characteristics, in horizontal
rectangular minichannel with Y-junction. The width (W), the height (H) and the hydraulic diameter (DH) of the
rectangular cross section for the upstream side of the junction are 4.60 mm, 2.50 mm and 3.24 mm, while those
for the downstream side are 2.36 mm, 2.50 mm and 2.43 mm. The entire test section was machined from
transparent acrylic block, so that the flow structure could be visualized. Liquid single-phase and air-liquid twophase
flow experiments were conducted at room temperature. The flow pattern, the bubble velocity, the bubble
length, and the void fraction were measured with a high-speed video camera. Pressure profile upstream and
downstream from the junction was also measured for the respective flows, and the pressure loss due to the
contraction at the junction was determined from the pressure profiles. Two flow patterns, i.e., slug and annular
flows, were observed in the fully-developed region apart from the junction. In the analysis, the frictional pressure
drop data, the two-phase frictional multiplier data, bubble velocity data, bubble length data and void fraction data
were compared with calculations by some correlations in literatures. In addition, new pressure loss coefficient
correlations for the pressure drop at the junction has been proposed. Results of such experiment and analysis are
described in the present paper.
Experimental Study on Two-Phase Flow in Horizontal Rectangular Minichannel wi...IJERA Editor
ย
An experimental study was conducted to investigate two-phase air-water flow characteristics, in horizontal
rectangular minichannel with Y-junction. The width (W), the height (H) and the hydraulic diameter (DH) of the
rectangular cross section for the upstream side of the junction are 4.60 mm, 2.50 mm and 3.24 mm, while those
for the downstream side are 2.36 mm, 2.50 mm and 2.43 mm. The entire test section was machined from
transparent acrylic block, so that the flow structure could be visualized. Liquid single-phase and air-liquid twophase
flow experiments were conducted at room temperature. The flow pattern, the bubble velocity, the bubble
length, and the void fraction were measured with a high-speed video camera. Pressure profile upstream and
downstream from the junction was also measured for the respective flows, and the pressure loss due to the
contraction at the junction was determined from the pressure profiles. Two flow patterns, i.e., slug and annular
flows, were observed in the fully-developed region apart from the junction. In the analysis, the frictional pressure
drop data, the two-phase frictional multiplier data, bubble velocity data, bubble length data and void fraction data
were compared with calculations by some correlations in literatures. In addition, new pressure loss coefficient
correlations for the pressure drop at the junction has been proposed. Results of such experiment and analysis are
described in the present paper.
Experimental Study on Two-Phase Flow in Horizontal Rectangular Minichannel wi...IJERA Editor
ย
An experimental study was conducted to investigate two-phase air-water flow characteristics, in horizontal
rectangular minichannel with Y-junction. The width (W), the height (H) and the hydraulic diameter (DH) of the
rectangular cross section for the upstream side of the junction are 4.60 mm, 2.50 mm and 3.24 mm, while those
for the downstream side are 2.36 mm, 2.50 mm and 2.43 mm. The entire test section was machined from
transparent acrylic block, so that the flow structure could be visualized. Liquid single-phase and air-liquid twophase
flow experiments were conducted at room temperature. The flow pattern, the bubble velocity, the bubble
length, and the void fraction were measured with a high-speed video camera. Pressure profile upstream and
downstream from the junction was also measured for the respective flows, and the pressure loss due to the
contraction at the junction was determined from the pressure profiles. Two flow patterns, i.e., slug and annular
flows, were observed in the fully-developed region apart from the junction. In the analysis, the frictional pressure
drop data, the two-phase frictional multiplier data, bubble velocity data, bubble length data and void fraction data
were compared with calculations by some correlations in literatures. In addition, new pressure loss coefficient
correlations for the pressure drop at the junction has been proposed. Results of such experiment and analysis are
described in the present paper
Here you will get all information about sewer design, its type & various tests carried out on it for any leakage or any obstruction present and of improper joints.
The understanding of two-phase flow and heat transfer
with phase change in minichannels is needed for the design and
optimization of heat exchangers and other industrial
applications. In this study a three-dimensional numerical model
has been developed to predict filmwise condensation heat
transfer inside a rectangular minichannel. The Volume of Fluid
(VOF) method is used to track the vapor-liquid interface. The
modified High Resolution Interface Capture (HRIC) scheme is
employed to keep the interface sharp. The governing equations
and the VOF equation with relevant source terms for
condensation are solved. The surface tension is taken into
account in the modeling and it is evaluated by the Continuum
Surface Force (CSF) approach. The simulation is performed
using the CFD software package, ANSYS FLUENT, and an inhouse
developed code. This in-house code is specifically
developed to calculate the source terms associated with phase
change. These terms are deduced from Hertz-Knudsen equation
based on the kinetic gas theory. The numerical results are
validated with data obtained from the open literature. The
standard k-ฯ model is applied to model the turbulence through
both the liquid and vapor phase. The numerical results show
that surface tension plays an important role in the condensation
heat transfer process. Heat transfer enhancement is obtained
due to the presence of the corners. The surface tension pulls the
liquid towards the corners and reduces the average thermal
resistance in the cross section.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
A white spirit spill at a factory site located in a residential area of south eastern Australia led to contamination of shallow groundwater that fed into a nearby river. The contaminated groundwater contained toluene, ethyl benzene, and xylene and n-alkanes in the C6-C36 fraction range. A funnel and gate permeable reactive barrier was designed and built, based on preliminary pilot scale tests using peat as the medium for the gate and the work conducted is presented as a case study. The technical effectiveness of the funnel and gate, over the 10 month operating period in which data was collected, indicates that peat represents an effective material for use in the gate component of funnel and gate remedial systems. The application of the funnel and gate technology represented a substantial saving to the client and was effective in preventing ongoing pollution of the nearby river. The construction of the funnel and gate system also incurred the minimum disturbance to the public access areas between the facility and the river.
Impact of the Hydrographic Changing in the Open Drains Cross Sections on the ...IJMER
ย
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
RESPONSE OF GROUND SUPPORTED CYLINDRICAL TANKS TO HARMONIC LOADINGcivej
ย
Liquid storage tanks such as water distribution systems, petroleum plants etc constitute an important
component of life line systems. Reducing earthquake effects on Liquid Storage tanks, in order to minimize
the environmental and economic impact of these effects, have always been an important engineering
concern. In this paper, the dynamic behaviour of cylindrical ground supported concrete water tanks is
investigated. Analyses are carried out on tank models with different aspect ratios using finite element
software ANSYS. The natural frequencies and modal responses are obtained for impulsive and sloshing
modes. An increase of aspect ratio from 0.2 to 0.6 causes to increase impulsive natural frequency 3 times
and sloshing natural frequency 2 times for tank filled with water. The response of the tank to the harmonic
loading is also discussed. Deformation and stress response parameters for various frequencies of harmonic
loading were also investigated. The harmonic response of tanks with different fill conditions were studied
for tanks with aspect ratio 0.25 and 0.35. For tank of aspect ratio 0.25, the responses variations are not
significant as in the case of tank with aspect ratio 0.35.
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
Buy Verified PayPal Account | Buy Google 5 Star Reviewsusawebmarket
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Business Valuation Principles for EntrepreneursBen Wann
ย
This insightful presentation is designed to equip entrepreneurs with the essential knowledge and tools needed to accurately value their businesses. Understanding business valuation is crucial for making informed decisions, whether you're seeking investment, planning to sell, or simply want to gauge your company's worth.
Kseniya Leshchenko: Shared development support service model as the way to ma...Lviv Startup Club
ย
Kseniya Leshchenko: Shared development support service model as the way to make small projects with small budgets profitable for the company (UA)
Kyiv PMDay 2024 Summer
Website โ www.pmday.org
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RMD24 | Retail media: hoe zet je dit in als je geen AH of Unilever bent? Heid...BBPMedia1
ย
Grote partijen zijn al een tijdje onderweg met retail media. Ondertussen worden in dit domein ook de kansen zichtbaar voor andere spelers in de markt. Maar met die kansen ontstaan ook vragen: Zelf retail media worden of erop adverteren? In welke fase van de funnel past het en hoe integreer je het in een mediaplan? Wat is nu precies het verschil met marketplaces en Programmatic ads? In dit half uur beslechten we de dilemma's en krijg je antwoorden op wanneer het voor jou tijd is om de volgende stap te zetten.
What is the TDS Return Filing Due Date for FY 2024-25.pdfseoforlegalpillers
ย
It is crucial for the taxpayers to understand about the TDS Return Filing Due Date, so that they can fulfill your TDS obligations efficiently. Taxpayers can avoid penalties by sticking to the deadlines and by accurate filing of TDS. Timely filing of TDS will make sure about the availability of tax credits. You can also seek the professional guidance of experts like Legal Pillers for timely filing of the TDS Return.
Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
ย
www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
https://seribangash.com/article-of-association-is-legal-doc-of-company/
Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
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Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
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Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
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The effect of hydraulic structure on aeration performance
1. Civil and Environmental Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-5790 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0514 (Online)
Vol.6, No.8, 2014
The Effect of Hydraulic Structure on Aeration Performance
Case Study: Stepped Cascade with End Sill
Prof.Dr. Dheyaa Wajid Abbood1 Hanan Hussien Abood2 ,
Al-Mustansiriya University , Civil Engineering Department,P.O.14150,Baghdad , Iraq
*Email:Dr.Dheyaa@gmail.com, hananhu_2006@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
Cascade aeration has been utilized as a hydraulic structure for years which has proven to be the least costly
aeration system in replenishing dissolved oxygen. The aeration performance of the cascade structure with end
sill has been investigated in a large laboratory cascade structure which has been designed and constructed at Al-
Mustansiriya university in environmental hydraulic .An empirical equation to predicting the oxygen transfer
efficiency for different models of cascade structure with end sill was correlated. The results indicated that l/h
and s/h were a significant effect on the aeration efficiency of cascade structure.
Keywords: Hydraulic structure, Stepped cascade , End sill ,Aeration, Oxygen transfer
1-Introduction
Aeration or re-aeration is the physical process of oxygen transfer or oxygen absorption from the atmosphere acts
to replenish the used oxygen. Aeration is one of the fundamental parameters required to maintain dissolved
oxygen for the aerobic bacteria that feed on organics whether in treatment facilities or in streams and rivers (A.
Baylar, 2010). (Metcalf & Eddy, 2003).Hydraulic structures increase the amount of dissolved oxygen in a river
system, even though the water is in contact with the structure for only a short time . The same quantity of
oxygen transfer that normally would occur over several kilometers in a river can occur at a single hydraulic
structure (A. Baylar, 2010).
Aeration efficiency (E20) of hydraulic structures has been studied by many investigators.. Within the last few
years there has been a growing interest in the air entrainment by water jets plunging into pools(A. Baylar, 2010).
Tebbutt et al. (1977) presented some aeration data for stepped cascades with nappe and skimming flows. Since
they conducted the experiments in small-size facilities, reduced free-surface aeration was present of Essery et al.
(1978) studied nappe flow in pooled stepped cascades. Novak (1994) compared a cascade as investigated by
Essery et al. (1978) with a cascade of pools and a single jet/pool configuration. Toombes and Chanson (2000)
and Chanson and Toombes (2000) considered aeration in small-slope stepped cascades. Chanson and Toombes
(2002) conducted gasโliquid interface measurements in stepped cascade. Recently, Baylar et al. ( 2007a, b,2009
), Baylar and Emiroglu (2003b, 2005,2006), Emiroglu and Baylar (2003a,), have conducted many studies to
investigate air/water flow ratio (Qa/Qw) and aeration efficiency (E20) in cascade structure . Gulliver and
Wilhelms (1992) have stated that an upstream DO deficit of greater than 2.5 mg/l is normally required for
accuracy in an oxygen-transfer efficiency measurement. Wormleaton and Soufiani (1998) found that the oxygen
transfer efficiency, E, is sensibly independent of the upstream DO deficit.
Y. B. M. Heza et al (2008) investigated the feasibility of using aeration weir systems in agricultural drains
receiving domestic sewage to increase its quality by increasing the dissolved oxygen content (DO).
Stepped chutes have become popular in recent years mainly due to the intrinsic low cost and the speed of
construction. In a stepped chute, the provision of steps can produce significant energy dissipation . The flow on
stepped chutes can be in either nappe or skimming flow regimes (Emiroglu, M. E., & Baylar, A. 2003a).
Rajaratnam (1990), Chamani and Rajaratnam (1994), Chanson (1994a,b; 1996), and Chamani and Rajaratnam
(1999a,b) have focused mainly on characteristics of nappe flow and skimming flow over stepped chutes. There
are not found any published analytical or physical studies of the dissolved oxygen levels produced in cascade
structure with end sill. The basic goal of this study is to characterize the cascade efficiency for different cascade
geometries, and the effect of varying l/h and s/h.
2- Aeration Process
Oxygen transfer and dispersion into water essentially is governed by the processes of molecular diffusion,
turbulent mixing, or both. At the water surface it requires a difference in active partial pressures between the air
and water. Lewis and Whitman (1924) suggested that two laminar films or layers lie on either side of the air-water
interface. Both films offer resistance to the passage of oxygen molecules into the water. However, for a
slightly soluble gas, such as oxygen in water, the resistance of the waterside is very much the greater of the two,
effectively controlling the transfer process. The mass transfer rate (dm/dt) of gas molecules across an interface is
known to be proportional to the concentration gradient across the interface, and this can be expressed as:
11
= =KL (CS-C) (1)
2. Civil and Environmental Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-5790 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0514 (Online)
Vol.6, No.8, 2014
where C is DO concentration(ML-3), KL is liquid film coefficient for oxygen (LT-1),A (L2) is surface area
associated with the volume, V(L3), over which transfer occurs, Cs is saturation concentration (ML-3), and t is
time (T). The term A/V is often called the specific surface area, a, or surface area per unit volume (L-1).
The predictive relations described herein all assume that Cs is constant and determined by the water-atmosphere
partitioning. If that assumption is made, Cs is constant with respect to time, and the oxygen transfer efficiency
(aeration performance), E, may be defined as (Gulliver et al. 1990):
E = 1- = (2)
where u and d are subscripts indicating upstream and downstream
locations, respectively, and r is the oxygen deficit ratio [(Cs โ Cu)/(Cs โ Cd)].
The saturation concentration in distilled, deionized water may be obtained from charts or equations. This is an
approximation because the saturation DO concentration for natural waters is often different from that of distilled,
deionized water due to the salinity effects. In this study, the saturation concentrations were determined by the
chart of McGhee (1991).
3-Experimental Arrangement and Experiments
The lab-scale model consist of inlet PVR tank , inlet pump, transparent methacrylate cascade structure ,
recycling tank , recycling pump and outlet PVR tank connected to each other by galvanized cast iron pipes ,
fittings and flow meter .The schematic representation of lab- scale unit is shown in figure ( 1) and plate (1).
Figure (1): Schematic representation of lab-scale unit
The primary PVR tank of 5000 liter capacity connected to a pump which is of 600 l/min pump flow rate . The
pump has been connected to flow meter by control valve for flow control . The cascade structure was constructed
from three parts . The first part is a settling transparent methacrylate tank of dimension (0.8m*0.6m*1.25m),the
second part is transparent methacrylate cascade steps of dimension (2.44m* 0.23m* 1.25m ) , the third part is a
recycling transparent methacrylate tank of dimension (2.44m*0.3m *0.25m). Each part was made from a frame
of iron angle connected to each other by welding and transparent methacrylate.
In the settling tank a weir of 0.3 meter length and 0.23 m width was constructed and calibrated to measure the
discharge . The laboratory model is depicted in plate (1). The recycling tank is connected to the outlet tank by a
recycling pump of discharge= 600 l/min.
12
3. Civil and Environmental Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-5790 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0514 (Online)
Vol.6, No.8, 2014
Plate (1): General arrangement of laboratory unit
During the experiments, a digital thermometer was used to measure water temperature. Since the saturation
concentration of oxygen is a strong function of temperature, the aeration efficiency is also temperature
dependent. To provide a uniform basis for comparison of different systems ,the aeration efficiency is often
normalized to a 20ยฐC standard. Gulliver et al. (1990) proposed the following equation to describe the influence
of temperature:
E20=1-(1-ET)1/1.0+0.02103(T-20)+8.26*10-5(T-20)2 (3)
where ET is oxygen transfer efficiency at the water temperature of measurement and E20 is oxygen transfer
efficiency at 20ยฐC. In this study, the aeration efficiency was normalized to 20ยฐC using equation 3. Two cases of
cascade were experimented
1- For Case 1 the stepped cascade weirs are designed and constructed from three steps each step of dimension
0.6m*0.23 m and of height 0.2 m The end sill of variable height (35,60,80,100 mm) have been tested .
2- For Case 2 The cascade step of dimension (0.4m *0.23m) and of 0.1 m height. The end sill of variable height
(40,50 mm) have been tested.
The discharge was measured by means of a rotometer which has been installed in the supply line. The slope of
the stepped chute, defined as l/h was equal to 3.0 for case 1 (ฮฑ = 18.43ยฐ), 4.0 for case 2 (ฮฑ = 14.036ยฐ). All
experimental runs were carried out with discharges ranging between 1 and 4 l/s in 7 steps.
Each experiment was started by filling the storage tank with marginal
water and the characteristics of the marginal water as shown in Table was measured.The salt content of marginal
water used for all of the experiments reported in this paper was low and was monitored constantly during the
experiments to ensure there was no buildup of residues caused by the deoxygenation chemicals added to the
water. Therefore, the results were not affected by the presence of any chemicals or pollutants.
DO measurements at the upstream and downstream of the stepped chute were taken using calibrated portable
HANNA Model HI 9142 oxygen meters at the locations identified. Measurements were made by submersing the
probe to a depth of approximately 0.20 m at sampling points. The DO meters were calibrated daily according to
local atmospheric pressure, prior to use, by the air calibration method. Calibration procedures followed those
recommended by the manufacturer. The calibration was performed in humid air under ambient conditions. From
equation 2 it can be seen that the measurement of transfer efficiency becomes quite sensitive to measurement
errors with a low upstream DO deficit.
4- Results and Analysis
The aeration efficiency of stepped cascade were obtained depending on cascade inclination angle (ฮฑ), sill height
(s),
discharge (Q) and chemical oxygen demand of aeration performance of experiments COD . Aeration efficiency
results (E20).Tables 1-6 shows the results of experiments for cases 1,2
13
Settling tank
Cascade structure
Flow meter
Pump
Weir
Valve
5. Civil and Environmental Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-5790 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0514 (Online)
Vol.6, No.8, 2014
Figure (3): Relation between discharge and aeration efficiency for case No.1 model No.2
Figure (4): Relation between discharge and aeration efficiency for case No.1 model No.3
Figure (5): Relation between discharge and aeration efficiency for case No.1 model No.4
15
6. Civil and Environmental Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-5790 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0514 (Online)
Vol.6, No.8, 2014
Figure (6): Relation between discharge and aeration efficiency for case No.2 model No.1
Figure (7): Relation between aeration efficiency - discharge for case No.2 model No.2
Figure 8 represent a comparison between Aeration efficiency E20 for case 1,2 for s/h=0.4, and figure 9 represent
a comparison between Aeration efficiency E20 for case 1,2 for s/h=0.5.
From figures it is clear that case 1 is most efficient than case 2 and case 1 model 4 is most efficient than the other
models.
Figure (8): Aeration efficiency- discharge relationship for s/h=0.4 for case No.1 model No.3 and case No.2
model No.1
16
7. Civil and Environmental Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-5790 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0514 (Online)
Vol.6, No.8, 2014
Figure (9 ): Aeration efficiency - discharge relationship for s/h=0.5 for case No.1 model No.4 and case No.2
model No.2
An empirical correlation predicting oxygen transfer efficiency was
developed for stepped cascade. The resulting correlation is given in equation 4:
E20=(0.108+2.499*(s/l)1.329/2.69*10-11*(l/h)-22.053*(F* )0.701) (4); correlation coefficient=85%
where h is the step height (m), l is the step length (m), and F is Froude number , s end sill height (m).
The measured oxygen transfer efficiencies were compared to those
predicted with equation 4. Good agreement between the measured oxygen
transfer efficiencies and the values computed from the predictive
equation was obtained.
5-Conclusions
Set of laboratory experiments have been carried out continuously on stepped cascade with end sill in order to
determine aeration performance. An empirical correlation has been developed that predicted the oxygen transfer
efficiency for stepped cascade. Based on the findings of this study, the following conclusions can be drawn:
โข Nappe flow was observed for all cases and the aeration efficiency
of stepped chute with end sill increased with discharge
โข For stepped cascade with end sill, the aeration efficiency increased as chute inclination angle increased.
โข Additional testing is necessary to assess the effect of aeration efficiency for stepped cascade with end sill
when discharge is higher than the largest discharge tested, 4 l/s.
โข The COD is an effective factor in aeration efficiency and as COD increases , the aeration efficiency decreased
because of pollutant effect of marginal water (COD)
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Toombes, L., & Chanson, H. (2000). Airโwater flow and gas transfer at aeration cascades: a comparative study
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Y. B. M. Heza1, M. El-din , N. S. Donia and A. M. Refaat "Water Quality Improvement of Drains Polluted by
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2008, Alexandria, Egypt.
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