This document presents the results of a study assessing water quality in 16 sites in Basra Governorate, southern Iraq. Water samples were collected from Shatt Al-Arab River, irrigation canals branching from the river, marshes, and the Arabian Gulf and analyzed for major ions, nutrients, and heavy metals. Analysis revealed that water quality in Shatt Al-Arab River does not meet standards for drinking or irrigation due to high levels of ions like sodium, chloride, and sulfate. Pollution is attributed to population growth, oil/gas production, agriculture, and lack of wastewater treatment. The study aims to evaluate contaminant levels and sources to examine water suitability for different uses.
Water Quality Assessment of El-Salam Canal (Egypt) Based on Physico-Chemical ...Premier Publishers
Water quality of El-Salam Canal was assessed using physico-chemical and certain biological characteristics. Downstream increase of total soluble inorganic nitrogen (TSIN) and dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) indicated increasing downstream eutrophication. The significant (P ≤ 0.01) downstream increase of chloride indicated elevated pollution. Water quality index (WQI) down (53) and up-stream (48) stations indicated bad to moderate condition, respectively. The increase of N, P, heavy metals and WQI may be attributed to excessive input of wastewater from El-Serw and Hadous drains. The highest concentrations of Fe (0.138 mg/l), Mn (0.116), Zn (0.057), Cu (0.019), Pb (0.278) and Cd (0.016) were recorded at downstream stations. Accumulation of these metals by hydrophytes followed the order: Fe ˃ Mn ˃ Zn ˃ Cu ˃ Pb ˃ Cd. Fifteen different hydrophytes were recorded with marked decline in species richness during winter and at downstream stations. The epiphytic microalgae were represented by 50 different taxa, belonging to six phylla including Cyanobacteria, Chlorophyta, Charophyta, Bacillariophyta, Euglenophyta and Rhodophyta. Thespecies composition and richness of the epiphytic microalgae was largely influenced by the plant species, as the highest number of species (42 taxa) was recorded for Ceratophyllum demersum and the lowest one (31 taxa) for Phragmites australis.
This document summarizes a study that assessed the coastal water quality of three sites in and around the Sundarbans mangrove ecosystem in India using the Aquatic Health Index (AHI). Water samples were collected from Canning, Junput, and Sagar Island and analyzed for various physicochemical parameters. The AHI was highest for Sagar Island, reflecting its more pristine environment influenced by mangroves and tidal flushing. Canning and Junput had lower AHI values, indicating deteriorated water quality due to human activities like industrialization, urbanization, tourism, and fishing. The study aims to evaluate ecologically sensitive zones and monitor coastal water health through the AHI assessment.
This work has sought to answer how global environmental change affects the concentration of nutrients in Mediterranean rivers. By means of a modeling effort using data collected by water agencies, this work has contributed to the knowledge of the relevant factors that drive nutrient dynamics in Mediterranean rivers, and how these change in time and space. Furthermore, it has clearly shown the potential modeling and time-series analysis offer to river scientists and managers.
This study statistically analyzed water quality parameters in the Sukhnag stream in Kashmir Himalaya to identify pollution sources. Statistical techniques including principal component analysis, regression analysis, and cluster analysis were applied to 26 water quality parameters measured between 2011-2012. Principal component analysis identified two factors that explained 96% of spatial and temporal variation in water quality. Cluster analysis showed high similarity between certain sampling sites. Regression analysis found relationships between parameters like phosphorus, nitrogen, calcium and pollution indicators. The study aims to help sustainable management of the stream.
The quality groundwater for irrigation in Fetzara basin, northeast AlgeriaInnspub Net
The document summarizes a study on the quality of groundwater in the Fetzara basin in northeast Algeria for irrigation purposes. Hydrochemical analysis of 25 groundwater samples found that salinity ranged from 1240-6390 μS/cm, with most samples classified as moderately saline. Evaluation of sodium absorption ratio (SAR) and electrical conductivity (EC) found that 40% of samples were classified as C3S1 (high salinity, low sodium water) suitable for irrigation in most soils, while 60% were C4S1 (high salinity, low sodium) with some danger of exchangeable sodium and salinity issues. However, some samples had unsuitable values for sodium percentage, Kelly's index, magnesium hazards
Water Quality Modeling for Groundwater, Surface Water, and Watersheds: Basic ...Nebraska Water Center
The document discusses water quality modeling for groundwater, surface water, and watersheds. It provides an overview of modeling contaminant transport, including examples of modeling projects related to salinity, selenium, and nitrogen fate and transport. Specifically, it summarizes modeling of selenium contamination in the Arkansas River Valley aquifer system using RT3D and OTIS models to simulate nitrogen and selenium transport and evaluate mitigation strategies.
Water is a unique natural resource among all sources available on earth. It plays an important role in economic development and the general well-being of the country. This study aimed at using the application of water quality index in evaluating the ground water quality innorth-east area of Jaipur in pre and post monsoon for public usage. Total eleven physico–chemical characteristics; total dissolved solids, total hardness,chloride, nitrate, electrical conductance, sodium, fluorideand potassium, pH, turbidity, temperature) were analyzed and observed values were compared with standard values recommended by Indian standard and World Health Organization. Most of parameter show higher value than permissible limit in pre and post monsoon. Water quality index study showed that drinking water in Amer (221.58,277.70), Lalawas (362.74,396.67), Jaisinghpura area (286.00,273.78) were found to be highly contaminated due to high value of total dissolved solids, electrical conductance, total hardness, chloride, nitrate and sodium.Saipura (122.52, 131.00), Naila (120.25, 239.86), Galta (160.9, 204.1) were found to be moderately contaminated for both monsoons. People dependent on this water may prone to health hazard. Therefore some effective measures are urgently required to enhance the quality of water in these areas.
The document provides information about the Groundwater Replenishment System (GWRS) operated by the Orange County Water District. It discusses GWRS's advanced water purification process using microfiltration, reverse osmosis, ultraviolet light, and hydrogen peroxide to treat wastewater. The process produces water that meets all drinking water standards and is used for groundwater replenishment and as a seawater intrusion barrier. Research at OCWD focuses on optimizing the GWRS treatment process and characterizing the microbial communities at each treatment stage using next generation sequencing.
Water Quality Assessment of El-Salam Canal (Egypt) Based on Physico-Chemical ...Premier Publishers
Water quality of El-Salam Canal was assessed using physico-chemical and certain biological characteristics. Downstream increase of total soluble inorganic nitrogen (TSIN) and dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) indicated increasing downstream eutrophication. The significant (P ≤ 0.01) downstream increase of chloride indicated elevated pollution. Water quality index (WQI) down (53) and up-stream (48) stations indicated bad to moderate condition, respectively. The increase of N, P, heavy metals and WQI may be attributed to excessive input of wastewater from El-Serw and Hadous drains. The highest concentrations of Fe (0.138 mg/l), Mn (0.116), Zn (0.057), Cu (0.019), Pb (0.278) and Cd (0.016) were recorded at downstream stations. Accumulation of these metals by hydrophytes followed the order: Fe ˃ Mn ˃ Zn ˃ Cu ˃ Pb ˃ Cd. Fifteen different hydrophytes were recorded with marked decline in species richness during winter and at downstream stations. The epiphytic microalgae were represented by 50 different taxa, belonging to six phylla including Cyanobacteria, Chlorophyta, Charophyta, Bacillariophyta, Euglenophyta and Rhodophyta. Thespecies composition and richness of the epiphytic microalgae was largely influenced by the plant species, as the highest number of species (42 taxa) was recorded for Ceratophyllum demersum and the lowest one (31 taxa) for Phragmites australis.
This document summarizes a study that assessed the coastal water quality of three sites in and around the Sundarbans mangrove ecosystem in India using the Aquatic Health Index (AHI). Water samples were collected from Canning, Junput, and Sagar Island and analyzed for various physicochemical parameters. The AHI was highest for Sagar Island, reflecting its more pristine environment influenced by mangroves and tidal flushing. Canning and Junput had lower AHI values, indicating deteriorated water quality due to human activities like industrialization, urbanization, tourism, and fishing. The study aims to evaluate ecologically sensitive zones and monitor coastal water health through the AHI assessment.
This work has sought to answer how global environmental change affects the concentration of nutrients in Mediterranean rivers. By means of a modeling effort using data collected by water agencies, this work has contributed to the knowledge of the relevant factors that drive nutrient dynamics in Mediterranean rivers, and how these change in time and space. Furthermore, it has clearly shown the potential modeling and time-series analysis offer to river scientists and managers.
This study statistically analyzed water quality parameters in the Sukhnag stream in Kashmir Himalaya to identify pollution sources. Statistical techniques including principal component analysis, regression analysis, and cluster analysis were applied to 26 water quality parameters measured between 2011-2012. Principal component analysis identified two factors that explained 96% of spatial and temporal variation in water quality. Cluster analysis showed high similarity between certain sampling sites. Regression analysis found relationships between parameters like phosphorus, nitrogen, calcium and pollution indicators. The study aims to help sustainable management of the stream.
The quality groundwater for irrigation in Fetzara basin, northeast AlgeriaInnspub Net
The document summarizes a study on the quality of groundwater in the Fetzara basin in northeast Algeria for irrigation purposes. Hydrochemical analysis of 25 groundwater samples found that salinity ranged from 1240-6390 μS/cm, with most samples classified as moderately saline. Evaluation of sodium absorption ratio (SAR) and electrical conductivity (EC) found that 40% of samples were classified as C3S1 (high salinity, low sodium water) suitable for irrigation in most soils, while 60% were C4S1 (high salinity, low sodium) with some danger of exchangeable sodium and salinity issues. However, some samples had unsuitable values for sodium percentage, Kelly's index, magnesium hazards
Water Quality Modeling for Groundwater, Surface Water, and Watersheds: Basic ...Nebraska Water Center
The document discusses water quality modeling for groundwater, surface water, and watersheds. It provides an overview of modeling contaminant transport, including examples of modeling projects related to salinity, selenium, and nitrogen fate and transport. Specifically, it summarizes modeling of selenium contamination in the Arkansas River Valley aquifer system using RT3D and OTIS models to simulate nitrogen and selenium transport and evaluate mitigation strategies.
Water is a unique natural resource among all sources available on earth. It plays an important role in economic development and the general well-being of the country. This study aimed at using the application of water quality index in evaluating the ground water quality innorth-east area of Jaipur in pre and post monsoon for public usage. Total eleven physico–chemical characteristics; total dissolved solids, total hardness,chloride, nitrate, electrical conductance, sodium, fluorideand potassium, pH, turbidity, temperature) were analyzed and observed values were compared with standard values recommended by Indian standard and World Health Organization. Most of parameter show higher value than permissible limit in pre and post monsoon. Water quality index study showed that drinking water in Amer (221.58,277.70), Lalawas (362.74,396.67), Jaisinghpura area (286.00,273.78) were found to be highly contaminated due to high value of total dissolved solids, electrical conductance, total hardness, chloride, nitrate and sodium.Saipura (122.52, 131.00), Naila (120.25, 239.86), Galta (160.9, 204.1) were found to be moderately contaminated for both monsoons. People dependent on this water may prone to health hazard. Therefore some effective measures are urgently required to enhance the quality of water in these areas.
The document provides information about the Groundwater Replenishment System (GWRS) operated by the Orange County Water District. It discusses GWRS's advanced water purification process using microfiltration, reverse osmosis, ultraviolet light, and hydrogen peroxide to treat wastewater. The process produces water that meets all drinking water standards and is used for groundwater replenishment and as a seawater intrusion barrier. Research at OCWD focuses on optimizing the GWRS treatment process and characterizing the microbial communities at each treatment stage using next generation sequencing.
This document summarizes a presentation on advancements in irrigation technology and their impact on water management. It provides background on the presenter and his research team. It then discusses various irrigation technologies including center pivots, mobile drip irrigation, variable rate irrigation, and soil water sensors. It highlights the benefits of these technologies but also challenges in their use. The presentation aims to improve irrigation and nitrogen use efficiency through better measurement and application of water and nutrients.
This document summarizes a study analyzing the water quality of the River Cauvery near Srirangapatna, India. Water samples were taken from 12 points along the river during both wet and dry seasons and analyzed for various parameters. The results showed that dissolved oxygen levels were low while biochemical oxygen demand and total coliform levels were high, indicating the river's self-purification capacity was exceeded. Municipal wastewater discharges into the river were found to impair water quality. Proper wastewater treatment before discharge and banning direct dumping were recommended to improve conditions.
This document summarizes research on the temporal and spatial variation of the herbicide atrazine in surface waters. It discusses how atrazine occurrence occurs in pulses following rain storms and varies considerably between locations only miles apart. Studies found atrazine co-occurs with other agrichemicals and is a sentinel for their presence. Testing found surface water samples triggered gene expressions in lab animals linked to adverse health. The research also demonstrated how atrazine levels varied greatly across the massive Mississippi River basin within a single day, reflecting the challenges of addressing watershed-scale contamination that spans vast geographies and jurisdictions.
This document summarizes a dissertation on analyzing and mapping groundwater quality in Punhana District, Haryana, India. It discusses issues with water supply in Mewat region and reviews literature on groundwater contamination. The objectives are to inventory boreholes, determine groundwater quality, and propose a treatment scheme. Methodology is described for measuring various water quality parameters. Results are analyzed and discussed. Conclusions summarize the data collection and water sampling process. The future scope and suggestions section discusses recommendations like rainwater harvesting and educating locals.
This document summarizes a study that examined the impacts of climate change on urban stormwater best management practices (BMPs) in the Spokane River watershed. The study used a water quality model to simulate hydrology and water quality over a 10-year historic period and projected conditions for 2050 under climate change scenarios. The results indicated significantly higher streamflows during winter and spring months due to increased precipitation falling as rain rather than snow. Water temperatures and instances of dissolved oxygen levels below standards also increased. This implies that the currently proposed 50% reduction in nonpoint source nutrient loading through BMPs will not be adequate to meet water quality goals under future climate conditions, and that BMPs will need to be designed to handle larger storm
Assessment of Water Quality of Lakes for Drinking and Irrigation Purposes in ...IJERA Editor
Lake water is an important source for drinking, domestic and irrigation purposes in rural and urban India. The present study aims at evaluating the water quality of various lakes in Raipur city, Chhatisgarh. There existed 154 lakes in the city but it shrinked to 85 in number due to encroachment or drying up of lakes. Twenty seven prominent lakes are selected to study and evaluate the water quality for drinking and irrigation purposes. The water samples were collected and analysed for pH, Turbidity, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Alkalinity, Hardness, Sodium(Na+), Potassium(K+), Calcium(Ca2+), Magnesium(Mg2+), Bicarbonate(HCO3-), Sulphate (SO42-), Nitrate (NO3−),Phosphate(PO43-) Fluoride(F-), Chloride (Cl−), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Total Coliform (TC) and Fecal Coliform (FC). There are variations for pH (6.59-8.29), EC (382-2330μS/cm), Turbidity (1-232 NTU), TDS (244-1491 mg/L), Alkalinity (120-600 mg/L), Hardness (66-330mg/L), Na+(37-430 mg/L), K+ (8-253 mg/L), Ca2+ (9-90 mg/L), Mg2+(3-26 mg/L), SO42- (5-200 mg/L), NO3-(0-19 mg/L), PO43-(0.19-5.3 mg/L), F-(0.18-1.41 mg/L) and Cl- (46-388 mg/L), DO(1-8.6 mg/L), BOD (0.1-11.3 mg/L), COD (8-118 mg/L), Total Coliform( 15-3600 MPN/100ml) and Fecal Coliform (4-240 MPN/100 ml). The results have been compared with the drinking water standard prescribed by Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS). All the physiochemical parameters are within the prescribed limit except turbidity, fecal & total coliform. The Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and salinity hazards are studied to classify the water for irrigation uses. It is found that lake water is suitable for irrigation purposes.
Feed Ratio Study Groundwater in Aquifer System Constrained Up for Urban Areaspaperpublications3
Abstract: Determining the origin of groundwater are closely related to conservation and renewable groundwater resources. Research on the source of groundwater recharge would be based on a theoretical approach, the statistical methods Principle Component Analysis and mass-balanced mixing models. Both of these methods will be tested using secondary data naturally occurring isotope of water, deuterium and oxygen-18, and ions major cations and anions in the aquifer distressed over (depth of the well between 40 dan140 meters). Source recharge ground water to be tested consists of three sources that recharge rainwater, river water and ground water.
This study aims to determine the ratio of the source of groundwater recharge using statistical methods and mass balance-mixing models. Where tracer affix source water using natural isotope parameters. In this study, physical and chemical parameters of water contained in the data of ground water, river water and rainwater are used to determine the origin or source of ground water recharge.
The results of mass balance calculation-mixing models using parameters 1H or δD and pH, to a rate of groundwater recharge source for the location of T3, T4, T6 and T13 are as follows: 43% of riverwater, 33% rainwater and 23% groundwater. Research on the ratio of recharge sources provide some information about water sources that contribute to groundwater recharge in Jakarta and surrounding areas. There are two sources that recharge rainwater and river water Bogor area near the location of groundwater. Physical development is carried out in the Bogor area will result in reduced water that seeps into the groundwater, it will bring a reduced impact to the aquifer water supply in Jakarta.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the quality of drainage water in Al-Shamiya al-sharqi drain in Diwaniya city, Iraq for use in irrigation. 10 water samples were collected from locations along the drain and analyzed for various chemical parameters. An Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI) was used to assess the water quality, taking into account parameters like EC, sodium, chloride, bicarbonate and SAR that most affect water quality for irrigation. The IWQI was then integrated with a GIS system to map the water quality. The results found that 52% of the drainage water fell in the "Low restriction" category, 47% was "Moderate restriction" and 1% was
Duke Study: Methane contamination of drinking water accompanying gas-well dri...Marcellus Drilling News
Study of 68 water wells in Pennsylvania and New York showing a link between shale gas drilling and higher levels of methane in nearby well water supplies.
This study assessed water quality in three rivers flowing into Manado Bay in Indonesia. Water samples were collected from stations along each river during dry and wet seasons and analyzed for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), nutrients, bacteria, total mercury, and other pollutants. The results showed pollution from urban wastewater and agricultural runoff, with high levels of bacteria and organic waste. This poor water quality threatens Manado Bay and local fisheries and tourism. Improved wastewater management is needed to mitigate pollution in the rivers and bay.
An Evaluation System of Surface Water Quality in Algeria (Application on the ...IJERA Editor
Easily accessible surface waters remain very fragile and very vulnerable to various types of pollution. Chellif,
Macta and Tafna Basins are considered as the main water resources feeding the North West of Algeria; however,
protection and conservation of these water resources become the major concern of the researchers. The
evaluation system of the water quality is based on the measure of physic-chemical parameters of the surface
water according to the uses of water for drink, industry or agriculture. In this work we have to proceed to an
application of this system to the surface waters on the three basins. Physic-chemical analyses are used for a
period of three years (2012-2014) and several points chosen on the three catchments are taken into account.
In this paper we shall apply the quality index calculation method for the Water Quality Evaluation system
(WQES) and the follow-up of the impacts of the anthropologic activities on the natural environment The main
results are the validation of the WQES method for different type of pollution as mineral, organic, heavy metals
in the West of Algeria, this methodology give us possibility for better investigation of the water pollution
Analysis of physicochemical parameters of sewage water used for irrigation in...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed physicochemical parameters of sewage water used for irrigation in Bauchi, Nigeria. Samples were collected from 6 sites along a drainage channel and tested for temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, hardness, alkalinity, nitrate-nitrogen and phosphate-phosphorus. The results from the study sites were generally within standards for irrigation water but nitrate-nitrogen and electrical conductivity exceeded limits at some sites, indicating higher pollution levels compared to the control site. The study concluded that sewage water supplies more nitrogen than required for crops and periodic monitoring is needed to prevent risks to soils and vegetables from irrigation with sewage water.
Evaluation of Ground Water Quality and Suitability for Irrigation Purposes in...inventionjournals
This document summarizes a study evaluating the quality of groundwater in Alagilat, Libya for use in irrigation. 65 groundwater samples were collected from wells and analyzed for various chemical and physical parameters. Several quality indices were calculated including EC, SAR, RSC, PI, MAR, KR. The results found that 83.1% of samples had EC levels making them doubtful for irrigation, while 12.31% were unsuitable. Over 95% of samples met guidelines for other indices like SAR, RSC, PI, suggesting suitability for irrigation. However, high EC levels in many samples indicate potential need for pre-treatment or growing salt tolerant crops before using this groundwater for irrigation.
Spatial analysis of groundwater quality using GIS systemPavan Grandhi
To analyze systematically for physio-chemical parameters such as pH, Total Hardness, Electrical Conductivity and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD).
Generate Ground Water Quality Map based in Jnanabharathi ward no.129, Bangalore, Karnataka state, India
1) The document analyzes the physico-chemical parameters of groundwater samples collected from 10 locations in the Sangrampur Tehsil region of Buldana District, Maharashtra, India.
2) Testing found that most parameters were within acceptable levels for drinking water according to Indian standards, though a few locations showed higher levels of turbidity, COD, calcium, and magnesium after the monsoon season.
3) Overall groundwater quality was deemed not harmful for human use, but some parameters exceeded limits at individual locations possibly due to nearby industrial, mining or sewage influences, indicating increased human impact on water quality.
Water quality modeling of an agricultural watershed with best management prac...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Water quality modeling of an agricultural watershed with best management prac...eSAT Journals
Abstract Simulation of Best Management Practices (BMPs) affecting water quality is necessary while modeling the water quality of agricultural watersheds with BMPs in place to mitigate pollution of river. Previous studies explored methods to represent some of the water quality BMPs. However, there are still gaps in the research to represent some other BMPs such as constructed wetlands, wastewater reuse, residue management and nutrient management. This paper focuses on modeling of BMPs affecting water quality. The study area is a 1692 Km2 cultivated watershed in South Texas, USA where water quality is impaired for dissolved oxygen (DO). The water quality constituents analyzed for the study are sediment, nitrogen, phosphorus, water temperature and dissolved oxygen. Apart from identification of methodology to simulate BMPs, this study estimated extent of pollution mitigation by each type of BMP. Binomial method of water quality analysis was used to judge the compliance of river reach for meeting DO criterion. This manuscript will discuss modeling of water quality constituents and the BMPs that affect water quality. In addition, the estimation of dissolved oxygen compliance of the watershed is also discussed. The results from the study indicate that the agricultural BMPs implemented in the watershed and establishment of stringer water quality criteria have in fact improved the DO trends in the tidal section of the river, which did not meet the stipulated DO criterion before. Index Terms: Arroyo, BMP, dissolved oxygen, residue management, nutrient management, water quality
Water quality and risk assessment of tributary rivers in San Fernando, Bukidn...Innspub Net
This study analyzed water quality and assessed potential risks in tributary rivers in San Fernando, Bukidnon, Philippines. Water samples from 3 sites on the Tigua River and 1 site on the Salug River were tested for physicochemical parameters and heavy metals. Results found slightly lower dissolved oxygen and higher turbidity, conductivity, salinity, and total dissolved solids in tributaries near populated areas, likely due to human impacts. However, all parameters were within national standards and the risk assessment found no potential pollution. Further monitoring was recommended to better understand impacts on these important water sources.
Preliminary study on the conversion of different waste plastics into fuel oilAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on converting different waste plastics into fuel oil through thermal cracking. Experiments were conducted to crack polypropylene, low density polyethylene, high density polyethylene, and polystyrene plastics at different temperatures. The amount of oil produced increased with temperature until reaching a maximum, while the solid residue decreased. Low density polyethylene produced the most oil at 250°C, yielding 44.9% residue and 53% gaseous products. High density polyethylene and polystyrene also showed increasing oil yields with temperature until reaching a plateau. Thermal cracking was performed as it converts waste plastics into usable resources with minimal hazardous gas emissions.
This document summarizes a presentation on advancements in irrigation technology and their impact on water management. It provides background on the presenter and his research team. It then discusses various irrigation technologies including center pivots, mobile drip irrigation, variable rate irrigation, and soil water sensors. It highlights the benefits of these technologies but also challenges in their use. The presentation aims to improve irrigation and nitrogen use efficiency through better measurement and application of water and nutrients.
This document summarizes a study analyzing the water quality of the River Cauvery near Srirangapatna, India. Water samples were taken from 12 points along the river during both wet and dry seasons and analyzed for various parameters. The results showed that dissolved oxygen levels were low while biochemical oxygen demand and total coliform levels were high, indicating the river's self-purification capacity was exceeded. Municipal wastewater discharges into the river were found to impair water quality. Proper wastewater treatment before discharge and banning direct dumping were recommended to improve conditions.
This document summarizes research on the temporal and spatial variation of the herbicide atrazine in surface waters. It discusses how atrazine occurrence occurs in pulses following rain storms and varies considerably between locations only miles apart. Studies found atrazine co-occurs with other agrichemicals and is a sentinel for their presence. Testing found surface water samples triggered gene expressions in lab animals linked to adverse health. The research also demonstrated how atrazine levels varied greatly across the massive Mississippi River basin within a single day, reflecting the challenges of addressing watershed-scale contamination that spans vast geographies and jurisdictions.
This document summarizes a dissertation on analyzing and mapping groundwater quality in Punhana District, Haryana, India. It discusses issues with water supply in Mewat region and reviews literature on groundwater contamination. The objectives are to inventory boreholes, determine groundwater quality, and propose a treatment scheme. Methodology is described for measuring various water quality parameters. Results are analyzed and discussed. Conclusions summarize the data collection and water sampling process. The future scope and suggestions section discusses recommendations like rainwater harvesting and educating locals.
This document summarizes a study that examined the impacts of climate change on urban stormwater best management practices (BMPs) in the Spokane River watershed. The study used a water quality model to simulate hydrology and water quality over a 10-year historic period and projected conditions for 2050 under climate change scenarios. The results indicated significantly higher streamflows during winter and spring months due to increased precipitation falling as rain rather than snow. Water temperatures and instances of dissolved oxygen levels below standards also increased. This implies that the currently proposed 50% reduction in nonpoint source nutrient loading through BMPs will not be adequate to meet water quality goals under future climate conditions, and that BMPs will need to be designed to handle larger storm
Assessment of Water Quality of Lakes for Drinking and Irrigation Purposes in ...IJERA Editor
Lake water is an important source for drinking, domestic and irrigation purposes in rural and urban India. The present study aims at evaluating the water quality of various lakes in Raipur city, Chhatisgarh. There existed 154 lakes in the city but it shrinked to 85 in number due to encroachment or drying up of lakes. Twenty seven prominent lakes are selected to study and evaluate the water quality for drinking and irrigation purposes. The water samples were collected and analysed for pH, Turbidity, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Alkalinity, Hardness, Sodium(Na+), Potassium(K+), Calcium(Ca2+), Magnesium(Mg2+), Bicarbonate(HCO3-), Sulphate (SO42-), Nitrate (NO3−),Phosphate(PO43-) Fluoride(F-), Chloride (Cl−), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Total Coliform (TC) and Fecal Coliform (FC). There are variations for pH (6.59-8.29), EC (382-2330μS/cm), Turbidity (1-232 NTU), TDS (244-1491 mg/L), Alkalinity (120-600 mg/L), Hardness (66-330mg/L), Na+(37-430 mg/L), K+ (8-253 mg/L), Ca2+ (9-90 mg/L), Mg2+(3-26 mg/L), SO42- (5-200 mg/L), NO3-(0-19 mg/L), PO43-(0.19-5.3 mg/L), F-(0.18-1.41 mg/L) and Cl- (46-388 mg/L), DO(1-8.6 mg/L), BOD (0.1-11.3 mg/L), COD (8-118 mg/L), Total Coliform( 15-3600 MPN/100ml) and Fecal Coliform (4-240 MPN/100 ml). The results have been compared with the drinking water standard prescribed by Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS). All the physiochemical parameters are within the prescribed limit except turbidity, fecal & total coliform. The Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and salinity hazards are studied to classify the water for irrigation uses. It is found that lake water is suitable for irrigation purposes.
Feed Ratio Study Groundwater in Aquifer System Constrained Up for Urban Areaspaperpublications3
Abstract: Determining the origin of groundwater are closely related to conservation and renewable groundwater resources. Research on the source of groundwater recharge would be based on a theoretical approach, the statistical methods Principle Component Analysis and mass-balanced mixing models. Both of these methods will be tested using secondary data naturally occurring isotope of water, deuterium and oxygen-18, and ions major cations and anions in the aquifer distressed over (depth of the well between 40 dan140 meters). Source recharge ground water to be tested consists of three sources that recharge rainwater, river water and ground water.
This study aims to determine the ratio of the source of groundwater recharge using statistical methods and mass balance-mixing models. Where tracer affix source water using natural isotope parameters. In this study, physical and chemical parameters of water contained in the data of ground water, river water and rainwater are used to determine the origin or source of ground water recharge.
The results of mass balance calculation-mixing models using parameters 1H or δD and pH, to a rate of groundwater recharge source for the location of T3, T4, T6 and T13 are as follows: 43% of riverwater, 33% rainwater and 23% groundwater. Research on the ratio of recharge sources provide some information about water sources that contribute to groundwater recharge in Jakarta and surrounding areas. There are two sources that recharge rainwater and river water Bogor area near the location of groundwater. Physical development is carried out in the Bogor area will result in reduced water that seeps into the groundwater, it will bring a reduced impact to the aquifer water supply in Jakarta.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the quality of drainage water in Al-Shamiya al-sharqi drain in Diwaniya city, Iraq for use in irrigation. 10 water samples were collected from locations along the drain and analyzed for various chemical parameters. An Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI) was used to assess the water quality, taking into account parameters like EC, sodium, chloride, bicarbonate and SAR that most affect water quality for irrigation. The IWQI was then integrated with a GIS system to map the water quality. The results found that 52% of the drainage water fell in the "Low restriction" category, 47% was "Moderate restriction" and 1% was
Duke Study: Methane contamination of drinking water accompanying gas-well dri...Marcellus Drilling News
Study of 68 water wells in Pennsylvania and New York showing a link between shale gas drilling and higher levels of methane in nearby well water supplies.
This study assessed water quality in three rivers flowing into Manado Bay in Indonesia. Water samples were collected from stations along each river during dry and wet seasons and analyzed for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), nutrients, bacteria, total mercury, and other pollutants. The results showed pollution from urban wastewater and agricultural runoff, with high levels of bacteria and organic waste. This poor water quality threatens Manado Bay and local fisheries and tourism. Improved wastewater management is needed to mitigate pollution in the rivers and bay.
An Evaluation System of Surface Water Quality in Algeria (Application on the ...IJERA Editor
Easily accessible surface waters remain very fragile and very vulnerable to various types of pollution. Chellif,
Macta and Tafna Basins are considered as the main water resources feeding the North West of Algeria; however,
protection and conservation of these water resources become the major concern of the researchers. The
evaluation system of the water quality is based on the measure of physic-chemical parameters of the surface
water according to the uses of water for drink, industry or agriculture. In this work we have to proceed to an
application of this system to the surface waters on the three basins. Physic-chemical analyses are used for a
period of three years (2012-2014) and several points chosen on the three catchments are taken into account.
In this paper we shall apply the quality index calculation method for the Water Quality Evaluation system
(WQES) and the follow-up of the impacts of the anthropologic activities on the natural environment The main
results are the validation of the WQES method for different type of pollution as mineral, organic, heavy metals
in the West of Algeria, this methodology give us possibility for better investigation of the water pollution
Analysis of physicochemical parameters of sewage water used for irrigation in...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed physicochemical parameters of sewage water used for irrigation in Bauchi, Nigeria. Samples were collected from 6 sites along a drainage channel and tested for temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, hardness, alkalinity, nitrate-nitrogen and phosphate-phosphorus. The results from the study sites were generally within standards for irrigation water but nitrate-nitrogen and electrical conductivity exceeded limits at some sites, indicating higher pollution levels compared to the control site. The study concluded that sewage water supplies more nitrogen than required for crops and periodic monitoring is needed to prevent risks to soils and vegetables from irrigation with sewage water.
Evaluation of Ground Water Quality and Suitability for Irrigation Purposes in...inventionjournals
This document summarizes a study evaluating the quality of groundwater in Alagilat, Libya for use in irrigation. 65 groundwater samples were collected from wells and analyzed for various chemical and physical parameters. Several quality indices were calculated including EC, SAR, RSC, PI, MAR, KR. The results found that 83.1% of samples had EC levels making them doubtful for irrigation, while 12.31% were unsuitable. Over 95% of samples met guidelines for other indices like SAR, RSC, PI, suggesting suitability for irrigation. However, high EC levels in many samples indicate potential need for pre-treatment or growing salt tolerant crops before using this groundwater for irrigation.
Spatial analysis of groundwater quality using GIS systemPavan Grandhi
To analyze systematically for physio-chemical parameters such as pH, Total Hardness, Electrical Conductivity and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD).
Generate Ground Water Quality Map based in Jnanabharathi ward no.129, Bangalore, Karnataka state, India
1) The document analyzes the physico-chemical parameters of groundwater samples collected from 10 locations in the Sangrampur Tehsil region of Buldana District, Maharashtra, India.
2) Testing found that most parameters were within acceptable levels for drinking water according to Indian standards, though a few locations showed higher levels of turbidity, COD, calcium, and magnesium after the monsoon season.
3) Overall groundwater quality was deemed not harmful for human use, but some parameters exceeded limits at individual locations possibly due to nearby industrial, mining or sewage influences, indicating increased human impact on water quality.
Water quality modeling of an agricultural watershed with best management prac...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Water quality modeling of an agricultural watershed with best management prac...eSAT Journals
Abstract Simulation of Best Management Practices (BMPs) affecting water quality is necessary while modeling the water quality of agricultural watersheds with BMPs in place to mitigate pollution of river. Previous studies explored methods to represent some of the water quality BMPs. However, there are still gaps in the research to represent some other BMPs such as constructed wetlands, wastewater reuse, residue management and nutrient management. This paper focuses on modeling of BMPs affecting water quality. The study area is a 1692 Km2 cultivated watershed in South Texas, USA where water quality is impaired for dissolved oxygen (DO). The water quality constituents analyzed for the study are sediment, nitrogen, phosphorus, water temperature and dissolved oxygen. Apart from identification of methodology to simulate BMPs, this study estimated extent of pollution mitigation by each type of BMP. Binomial method of water quality analysis was used to judge the compliance of river reach for meeting DO criterion. This manuscript will discuss modeling of water quality constituents and the BMPs that affect water quality. In addition, the estimation of dissolved oxygen compliance of the watershed is also discussed. The results from the study indicate that the agricultural BMPs implemented in the watershed and establishment of stringer water quality criteria have in fact improved the DO trends in the tidal section of the river, which did not meet the stipulated DO criterion before. Index Terms: Arroyo, BMP, dissolved oxygen, residue management, nutrient management, water quality
Water quality and risk assessment of tributary rivers in San Fernando, Bukidn...Innspub Net
This study analyzed water quality and assessed potential risks in tributary rivers in San Fernando, Bukidnon, Philippines. Water samples from 3 sites on the Tigua River and 1 site on the Salug River were tested for physicochemical parameters and heavy metals. Results found slightly lower dissolved oxygen and higher turbidity, conductivity, salinity, and total dissolved solids in tributaries near populated areas, likely due to human impacts. However, all parameters were within national standards and the risk assessment found no potential pollution. Further monitoring was recommended to better understand impacts on these important water sources.
Preliminary study on the conversion of different waste plastics into fuel oilAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on converting different waste plastics into fuel oil through thermal cracking. Experiments were conducted to crack polypropylene, low density polyethylene, high density polyethylene, and polystyrene plastics at different temperatures. The amount of oil produced increased with temperature until reaching a maximum, while the solid residue decreased. Low density polyethylene produced the most oil at 250°C, yielding 44.9% residue and 53% gaseous products. High density polyethylene and polystyrene also showed increasing oil yields with temperature until reaching a plateau. Thermal cracking was performed as it converts waste plastics into usable resources with minimal hazardous gas emissions.
Becky Bones is a brand that empowers tweens to save the planet. It gives 25% of profits to environmental projects created by kids and teens. The BeckyBones.com website allows tweens to get eco-tips, download characters and art, earn money for environmental causes, and join Becky on adventures against the Eco-mafia.
Problems and prospects of weather index based crop insurance for rural farmer...Alexander Decker
Weather index-based crop insurance is a new risk management tool for rural farmers in developing countries. It addresses issues with traditional crop insurance such as adverse selection, moral hazard, and high costs. Payments are triggered based on an index like rainfall levels rather than individual losses. This reduces information problems and administrative costs compared to traditional insurance. Some developing countries have implemented weather index insurance successfully. For example, programs in India and Mexico have provided coverage to hundreds of thousands of farmers. However, proper preparation of indices, premium rates, and involvement of public and private partners is needed for effective implementation in new areas.
Predicting the future accounting earnings empirical evidence from the palesti...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study that aimed to predict future accounting earnings of companies listed on the Palestine Securities Exchange. The study used financial data from 2004 to 2011 for 16 listed companies to examine whether past year earnings and operating cash flows can predict current year earnings. Regression analysis and autoregressive models were employed to test the relationships. The findings showed that past year earnings have a strong ability to predict future earnings, while past year operating cash flows were not useful predictors. Autoregressive models, particularly the AR(2) model, were also found to be useful for predicting firm performance. The study recommends that decision makers in Palestine rely on historical performance data when forecasting future earnings.
Promoting graduates’ interest in small business entrepreneurship in gboko loc...Alexander Decker
This document discusses promoting graduates' interest in small business entrepreneurship in Gboko Local Government Area of Benue State, Nigeria. It aims to determine this interest and the level of promotion for careers in small business. The study uses surveys of 30 graduates who participated in an entrepreneurship workshop. The findings show graduates are interested in businesses like fashion design, welding, and hairdressing. Establishing small businesses depends on factors like entrepreneurship training and access to startup capital. The document recommends the government create an enabling environment to encourage graduates to start their own small businesses.
This document contains two image links but no other text. The images are not described but appear to be related to business and theater based on their file names and URLs. In summary, the document shares two image links without any accompanying explanation or context for the images.
This document presents NHS Nottinghamshire County's Carbon Management Plan. It aims to reduce the organization's carbon footprint by at least 10% by 2015 from a 2007/08 baseline of 6,313 tonnes. The plan establishes strategies and actions to lower emissions from commissioning healthcare services, managing energy use in buildings, employee travel, waste management, and procurement. Progress will be monitored quarterly and reported to oversight committees. The plan takes a holistic approach to lower emissions across the organization's full scope of operations and areas of influence.
Present status of corporate environmental accounting (cea) in bangladeshAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the present status of corporate environmental accounting (CEA) practices among textile companies in Bangladesh. The study aimed to understand managers' opinions on CEA, pressures to adopt CEA, current CEA conditions, and limitations to establishing CEA. A questionnaire survey found that managers are positive about environmental issues but few companies fully adopt CEA due to various problems. Prior literature showed that Bangladeshi companies provide little environmental cost quantification and disclosure in an ununiform manner.
Press coverage of islamic banking controversy in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document discusses press coverage of the controversy surrounding the proposed introduction of Islamic banking in Nigeria. It finds that Nigerian newspapers paid little attention to issues around the introduction. The study analyzed newspaper coverage from January to December 2011 across three major newspapers. It revealed scant coverage of the topic and controversies. The document recommends encouraging more specialized business reporting tabloids so important issues like Islamic banking are given proper attention.
The document discusses the key elements of a magazine cover, including the masthead at the top in bold font to grab attention, a main cover image featuring the central story, a headline confirming who is featured, a barcode with pricing and identification information, cover lines providing snippets of interior stories, tags using engaging words to make the magazine stand out, and puffs promoting interior content.
Prevalence of hiv infection in pulmonary tuberculosis suspects;Alexander Decker
This study examined the prevalence of HIV infection among 1,544 pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) suspects at Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital in Nnewi, Nigeria between 2011-2012. Of the suspects, 11.9% tested positive for HIV, with higher rates in females (13.3%) than males (10.4%). A total of 15.4% of suspects had PTB based on sputum smear microscopy, again with higher rates in males (19.9%) than females (11.2%). The HIV/TB co-infection rate was 1.42%, slightly higher in males (1.6%) than females (1.2%). Those aged 31-40 and 41-
El documento presenta el proyecto Espai Barça, que busca renovar las instalaciones del FC Barcelona a través de cinco unidades de proyecto. Se detallan los estudios realizados sobre urbanismo, estructuras, instalaciones y otros aspectos. El objetivo es proteger y aumentar el patrimonio del club dentro de un presupuesto de 600 millones de euros, mejorando las instalaciones deportivas y creando un campus abierto a la ciudad.
Divi’s Laboratories Better business model in comparison to other Indian healthcare companies, Narnolia Securities Limited positive for the stock and recommend BUY with target price of Rs 1350 as well as for Godrej Consumer due to 20%+ growth in the domestic market. Also we advice our investors to book part profit at the current level of Axis bank.
Proposed seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average model for forecast...Alexander Decker
1. The study used a Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) model to analyze monthly rainfall data from Navrongo, Ghana between 1980-2010 and develop a forecasting model.
2. The best fitting SARIMA model was ARIMA (0,0,1)(0,1,1)12. This model had the lowest Akaike Information Criterion, corrected Akaike Information Criterion, and Bayesian Information Criterion values compared to other models. It also had the best in-sample and out-of-sample forecasting performance.
3. Diagnostic checks of the ARIMA (0,0,1)(0
Seasonal variations in heavy metal status of the calabar river, cross river s...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined seasonal variations in heavy metal concentrations in the Calabar River in Cross River State, Nigeria. Surface water samples were collected during the wet and dry seasons across five stations and analyzed for heavy metals. The results showed that iron, zinc, manganese, copper, lead, and total hydrocarbon concentrations were low in both seasons and within acceptable limits. Some metals like chromium, cadmium, barium, nickel, vanadium and mercury were not detected. The sources of heavy metals included runoff from industrial, agricultural and residential areas during the wet season and effluent discharges from industrial and municipal waste during the dry season. The river's ecological status is important to protect.
Seasonal variations in heavy metal status of the calabar river, cross river s...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that examined seasonal variations in heavy metal concentrations in the Calabar River in Cross River State, Nigeria. Surface water samples were collected during the wet and dry seasons across five stations and analyzed for heavy metals. Results showed that iron, zinc, manganese, copper, lead, and total hydrocarbon concentrations were low in both seasons and within WHO standards. Chromium, cadmium, barium, nickel, vanadium and mercury were not detected. Some metals like iron, zinc, copper, lead and hydrocarbons varied significantly between seasons. The sources of heavy metals included runoff from industrial, agricultural and residential areas in the wet season and effluent discharges in the dry season. The river's heavy
Environmental Qualitative assessment of rivers sedimentsGJESM Publication
In this study, the concentrations of heavy metals (Ca, Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni) in thesediment of Shavoor River in Khuzestan Province in Iran has been investigated. After the library studies and field studies, six samples of water
and sediment were taken from the river in order to evaluate heavy metal pollution in sediments. To determine the
geochemical phases of metals in sediment samples the 5-step method was used for chemical separation. For quantitative assessment of the severity of contamination in the sediments, the geochemical indicators such as enriched factor (EF) and the accumulation index (Igeo) were used. Also, the statistical analyses including methods such as correlation analysis cluster analysis the (CA), were conducted.The results of the experiments showed that the organic matter deposited varies
with the average of 2.49 and ranges between 1.95% and 3.43%. Samples showed concentrations of metals such as calcium, iron, manganese, copper and nickel at all the sampling points were below the global average, whereas the concentration of copper was slightly higher than the global scale. Enriched factor (EF) was calculated for the elements revealed that heavy metals are classified as non-infected. The Geo-accumulation Index showed that the studied elements were uninfected peers. Based on the results of multivariate statistical analysis it was concluded that metals such as manganese, copper, iron, nickel and zinc are mainly natural and calcium metal is likely to have an organic origin.
study of al karamah and sharq-dijla drinking waterIJEAB
This document summarizes a study of two water purification stations (Sharq-Dijla and Al-Karamah) on the Tigris River in Baghdad, Iraq from October 2012 to September 2013. Water quality parameters like temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, and biological oxygen demand were measured at locations before, inside, at the pipe, and after each station. Results showed seasonal variations in the parameters, with lowest dissolved oxygen and highest biological oxygen demand occurring during summer months. Byproducts from the water purification process appeared to affect water quality in the Tigris River downstream of the stations.
This study evaluated the quality of irrigation water resources in the central Albanian regions of Kavaja and Kruja over 2009-2010. Water samples were collected and analyzed for various parameters including pH, salts, chemicals, and nutrients. The results found that water resources in Kruja generally had low salt levels within established standards. However, resources in Kavaja showed higher salt levels that could cause light soil salinity issues in some areas. Specifically, sodium and chloride levels in certain Kavaja resources posed toxicity risks. Based on standards, the study classified all resources as Class 2 quality. The authors conclude continuous monitoring is needed due to pollution risks from increasing industrial and urban activities in the regions.
Spatial distribution and environmental geochemistry of zinc metal in water an...Javier Quesada Duque
This document summarizes a study on the spatial distribution and fractionation of zinc metal in water and bottom sediments of Lagoon Burullus in Egypt. Zinc concentrations were measured at 14 sites covering the lagoon. Zinc was fractionated into five fractions using sequential extractions. The average zinc concentration in bottom sediments was 189 μg/g, about three times the average for earth's crust. Most zinc was found in the residual fraction, followed by organic, exchangeable, carbonate, and Fe-Mn hydroxides fractions. Zinc concentrations in water ranged from 0.7-3.6 μg/L. Higher concentrations were found in areas receiving agricultural and industrial discharges, indicating anthropogenic pollution sources
evaluation of water resources in wadi el natrun, western desert, egyptIJEAB
Groundwater of the Pliocene aquifer in Wadi El Natrun area represents the primary source of reliable water for drinking and agriculture uses. This research focuses on the study of the different sources of water in the study area and determines the origin and quality of this waterand also is interested in studying hydrogeochemical processes that affect them and the movement of water through the analysis and determine the activity of different elements, and also to changes in hypothetical salts with the direction of water flow in three sectors of the region and the statement of the most important geochemical processes that occur. Finally it is evaluated the suitability of the water for different purposes. The results show that, there is a zonation of chemical composition; this zonation is characterized by a change of cation species from dominantly Ca and Mg near the east to Na-dominated waters in the west. Mirroring this, anions change from HCO3 type to Cl and SO4 type.The ions displays two grades of metasomatism along flow path, first the stage of mineralization(HCO3>Cl>So4) at the east then the advanced stage of mineralization (Cl>SO4 >HCO3) at the west. According to the(W.H.O.2005), 45 % of tested groundwater samples are permissible for drinking. Most groundwater samples of the Pliocene according to SAR andRSC are suitable for irrigation purposes under normal condition, but all surface water samples (lakes) are saline water,so it is not valid for drinking or irrigation purposes.
Estuaries are well known for their potential in removing metal from fresh water to provide micro-nutrients to aquatic life. In the present investigation, we have tried to bring out the metal removal potential of estuaries during accidental spills. For this purpose artificial river water containing high concentration of Mn, Cu, Zn, Ni and Pb were mixed with sea water at different salinity regimes. Water samples were taken from a station on the main branch of Tajan River that flows in to the Caspian Sea. For this purpose, solutions with a concentration of 5 mg/L of each studied metal (Mn,Cu, Zn, Pb) were prepared in Tajan River water. The salinity regimes include 3, 6, 8, 10 and 11 ppt. It was noted that metal concentration decreased by increasing salinity. Metals were flocculated at different rates: Cu (88%) > Ni (86%) > Pb (84%) > Mn (74%).Thus, as average about 80% of total elemental content flocculates. Hence, it was concluded that a large amount of micro nutrients is carried by the river and flocculated in the estuary where the river water mixes with the sea water which may play a vital role in supplying nutrients to the aquatic animals. Cluster analyses have shown that Mn and Ni are governed by EC, pH and salinity.
This document summarizes a study on the effects of industrial wastes on the Tigris River in Baghdad, Iraq. Water samples were collected from 8 sites along the river over 4 seasons and analyzed for physical, chemical, and heavy metal parameters. Results found that most parameters exceeded WHO standards, except for pH and EC. Higher levels of dissolved solids, sulfates, nitrates, sodium, calcium, magnesium and heavy metals indicated pollution from industrial and urban waste. The water quality varies seasonally and spatially due to changes in waste discharge and river flow. Overall, the study aims to assess water quality and pollution sources to inform future monitoring and protection of this important water resource.
Assessment of impact of climatic change on groundwater quality around igbokod...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed the impact of coastal saltwater on groundwater quality in Igbokoda, Nigeria. Hydrochemical analysis of 39 groundwater samples found higher concentrations of sodium and chloride ions compared to other ions, indicating influence from saltwater intrusion. While most ion concentrations met drinking water standards, iron and manganese exceeded guidelines in some samples. Ratios of ions like magnesium to calcium and chloride to bicarbonate suggested transformation of fresh groundwater to brackish water in parts of the aquifer due to saltwater mixing. The dominant groundwater type was characterized as sodium-chloride, reflecting saltwater influence, along with some calcium-bicarbonate freshwater sources.
This study analyzed water quality parameters of the Tigris River as it passes through Baghdad, Iraq. Water samples were taken from 8 sites over 4 seasons. Physical measurements included temperature, pH, conductivity, and turbidity. Chemical analyses determined COD, anions, cations, total dissolved solids, hardness, chlorides, sulfates, nitrates, sodium, calcium, magnesium, and heavy metals. Results found several parameters exceeded WHO standards, indicating pollution from industrial wastes. Correlation analysis revealed relationships between water quality parameters and likely pollution sources. Overall, the study assessed the effects of industrial waste on Tigris water quality through comprehensive physical and chemical analysis of samples from different seasons.
Identification of possible migration of contaminants in groundwater at a land...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on identifying possible groundwater contamination at a landfill site in Barka, Oman. Borehole drilling, soil sampling, and groundwater sampling and analysis were conducted. Results showed elevated levels of contaminants like TDS, sodium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, and coliform bacteria in groundwater below the landfill compared to background levels, indicating contamination from leachate and liquid waste disposal. A pump test also found decreasing contaminant concentrations with pumping time, suggesting contaminant migration from the landfill area.
An Evaluation of Heavy Metals Concentration in the Choba Section of the New ...Scientific Review SR
Assessment of heavy metals concentration in water and sediments of the Choba section of the New
Calabar River, Eastern Niger Delta were carried out. Seven (7) river sediments and twelve (12) surface water
samples were collected for the study. The heavy metals studied were: Mn, Pb, Zn, Fe, Cd, Cr, and Cu for in both
river sediment and surface water. The World Health Organization (WHO) standards were used in evaluating
Pollution Index (PI) of heavy metals in surface water. The Pollution Load Index (PLI) level of river sediments
ranged from 5.12 – 33.26, with only PLI values <1 considered unpolluted. The other samples analyzed revealed
high pollution levels, with Cu, Cr and Mn having moderate to considerable Contamination Factor levels, while
the others were of low levels. For surface water, Pb and Zn had high Pollution Index values, with Pb having PI
values ranging 10 – 211, with considerable contribution of pollutants from anthropogenic activities into the river.
There is urgent need for regular monitoring of the Choba section of the River. The regulatory government agency
responsible for protecting the environment should also pay adequate attention to this stretch of the river to avoid
further contamination.
investigative study of seasonal changesIJAEMSJORNAL
Physico-chemical parameters of River Oluwa water in Agbabu, Nigeria were investigated to determine its quality characteristics and establish seasonal effects on the water. Water from the river was collected at five different points in dry season (March, 2008 and 2009) and rainy season (July, 2008 and 2009). Insitu parameters (pH, EC and Turbidity) were measured using Horiba Water Checker Model U-10 while TDS was by Lovibond CM – 21 Tintometer. Subsequently in the Laboratory, Na+ and K+ were determined using flame photometric methods while Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3-, SO42-, Cl-, PO42- and NO3- were determined by wet analysis. River Oluwa water was alkaline with average pH of 7.41 and 7.53 in dry and rainy seasons respectively. Electrical conductivity (EC) was high during dry season (av. 630.44 µS/cm), but low in the rainy season (av. 317.58 µS/cm) due to long residence time in dry season allowing more water-rock interaction. Turbidity’s average values of 0.14 NTU and 2.29 NTU in dry and rainy seasons respectively suggested moderate pollution with particulate matter. The order of average cations concentrations in the dry and rainy seasons was Ca2+ > K+ > Na+ > Mg2+ while that of the anions was HCO3- > Cl- >SO42- > NO3-. The ions concentrations though lower in rainy season, Ca2+-HCO3- water was dominant in both seasons. Quality evaluation for irrigation revealed that the water was suitable for all irrigation purposes. River Oluwa water was soft, low mineralized, chemically potable, suitable for irrigation but with lower ionic concentrations in rainy season.
Hydrochemical Characteristics and Shallow Groundwater Quality in Kirkuk Urban...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The assessment of hydrochemical characteristics and shallow groundwater quality was carried out in Kirkuk urban area, Iraq. Twenty two water samples were collected systematically at 20 locations for each of high and low water seasons in April and September (2014) and analysed for physical and chemical parameters. Hydrochmical data suggest that contamination of ground water is caused by infiltration of surface water polluted by domestic seepage pits and leakage from local agricultural area. Depending on hydrochemical facies, the type of water that predominates in the urban area is Ca-Mg-SO4 type during both wet and dry seasons. The study found that Kirkuk shallow groundwater is unsuitable for drinking water and industries purposes but some of water samples are suitable for construction and irrigation purposes.
Assessment of the effects of Acid Mine Drainage on Mogpog River Ecosystem, Ma...No to mining in Palawan
This document discusses a study assessing the effects of acid mine drainage from past mining operations on the Mogpog River ecosystem and local communities in Marinduque, Philippines. Key points:
1) Soil samples and biological indicators were analyzed from 5 stations along Mogpog River and 3 stations along the reference Dawis River.
2) Soil pH decreased significantly from the river mouth to upstream areas in Mogpog River, indicating increasing acidity due to mine drainage. However, soil pH remained consistently alkaline along Dawis River.
3) Heavy metal analysis found elevated levels of arsenic, lead, and cadmium in soils near Mogpog River compared to Dawis River
Evaluation and and comparison of of water qualityparameters from from fresh ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated water quality parameters from freshwater streams and hand-dug wells in Isiokpo Community, Rivers State, Nigeria. Water samples from 6 streams and 4 wells were analyzed for physicochemical characteristics and heavy metal levels. The results showed that pH levels in both water sources were lower than national and international standards. Cobalt levels exceeded limits in 2 streams, and manganese levels exceeded limits in 3 wells. Overall, the surface water was determined to be suitable for drinking but the well water should be treated due to higher manganese levels, which can pose health risks with prolonged exposure. The study provides baseline water quality data for the community.
The document analyzes water quality data from the Euphrates River (Shatt Al-Hillah) in Iraq collected over 2010-2011.
It assessed water quality for both civilian (drinking water) and agricultural (irrigation water) uses. Water quality parameters like pH, turbidity, salts and minerals were measured monthly at 4 stations and compared to Iraqi, WHO and EPA standards.
For drinking water, most parameters met Iraqi and WHO standards except for sulfates and total dissolved solids (TDS) which exceeded limits. For irrigation water, salinity levels showed problems for some classifications while sodium and chloride hazards were mild-moderate. The study aims to evaluate Euphrates water suitability for different uses
Similar to Preliminary assessment of shatt al arab riverine environment, basra governorate, southern iraq (20)
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining efficiency in managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was examined through the lenses of Kaizen theory (continuous improvement) and efficiency theory. A survey of 303 marketing executives from Nigerian banks found that management plays a key role in identifying and implementing efficiency improvements. The document recommends adopting a "3H grand strategy" to improve the heads, hearts, and hands of management and marketing executives by enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and tools.
This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabAlexander Decker
This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses synthesizing Taylor's scientific management approach and Fayol's process management approach to identify an effective way to manage marketing executives in Nigerian banks.
2) It reviews Taylor's emphasis on efficiency and breaking tasks into small parts, and Fayol's focus on developing general management principles.
3) The study administered a survey to 303 marketing executives in Nigerian banks to test if combining elements of Taylor and Fayol's approaches would help manage their performance through clear roles, accountability, and motivation. Statistical analysis supported combining the two approaches.
A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalAlexander Decker
This document summarizes four algorithms for sequential pattern mining: GSP, ISM, FreeSpan, and PrefixSpan. GSP is an Apriori-based algorithm that incorporates time constraints. ISM extends SPADE to incrementally update patterns after database changes. FreeSpan uses frequent items to recursively project databases and grow subsequences. PrefixSpan also uses projection but claims to not require candidate generation. It recursively projects databases based on short prefix patterns. The document concludes by stating the goal was to find an efficient scheme for extracting sequential patterns from transactional datasets.
A survey on live virtual machine migrations and its techniquesAlexander Decker
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Preliminary assessment of shatt al arab riverine environment, basra governorate, southern iraq
1. Journal of Natural Sciences Research
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.3, No.13, 2013
www.iiste.org
Preliminary Assessment of Shatt Al-Arab Riverine Environment,
Basra Governorate, Southern Iraq
Balsam Al-Tawash1 Hadi Salim Al-Lafta1* Broder Merkel2
1. Department of Geology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
2. Head of Geology Department-Chair of Hydrogeology, Gustav Zeuner Str., Freiberg, Germany
*
E-mail of the corresponding author: haoubid@yahoo.com
Abstract
Environmental investigation has been done for 16 selected sites at Basra Governorate, Southern Iraq (eight sites
at Shatt Al-Arab River, four irrigation canals branching from Shatt Al-Arab, three marshlands, and Arabian
Gulf). These sites represent distinct land uses: urban, agricultural, marshes, and marine. Water samples have
been analyzed for major anions and cations (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, F, Br, NO3, PO4, and SO4) as well as for heavy
metals (Li, Be, Al, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Mo, Cd, Pb, and U) in an effort to make a preliminary
assessment for Shatt Al-Arab riverine environment (i.e. contaminants’ distribution, level, and sourcing) and to
examine the water suitability for drinking and irrigation purposes. Analyses revealed that Shatt Al-Arab water
quality does not comply with drinking or irrigation standards. High population rate, major oil and gas production
plants, power generating plants, and agricultural activities at Basra governorate indicate anthropogenic sources
of some pollutants as we evidenced in this study.
Keywords: Environmental Geochemistry, Water Quality, Pollution, Irrigation, Shatt Al-Arab, Basra
1. Introduction
Rapid industrial development and population growth in the last few decades have added huge loads of pollutants
to rivers (CPCB, 2004, India). Studies to evaluate the contamination in fresh water bodies are getting a
worldwide attention during recent years (Iqbal et al., 2006). Human activities have increased the concentrations
of nutrients and metals in many natural water systems which have raised concerns regarding human health (Pan
and Brugam, 1977). Nutrients such as Na+, k+, Mg+2, and Ca+2 are essential for life at certain levels, however,
excessive nutrient inputs to the environment can result in many problems. Elevated nutrient inputs to the
environment, for example, can cause water pollution making it unsuitable for human and livestock consumption
as well as for irrigation; eutrophication of surface water and a decrease in natural diversity; and climate change
by increasing greenhouse gas concentrations (e.g. N2O emission) (Vries et al., 2000). Similarly, while they are
crucial for life, heavy metals such as manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, vanadium, and molybdenum
at high levels can be toxic to humans, animals, as well as plants, and their solubility in water is considered to be
one of the major environmental issues (Sial et al., 2006).
In developing and arid regions (e.g. Iraq) where fresh water naturally occurs in low quantities, water scarcity can
be greatly exacerbated by poor basin-wide strategic water management legislations as well as by anthropogenic
activities (i.e. lack of wastewater treatment and disposal systems and taking surface and ground water faster than
the environment can replenish it).
Considered the center of oil industry in Iraq, Basra Governorate, southern Iraq faces many water quantity and
quality challenges. Shatt Al-Arab River which originates from the confluence of Tigris and Euphrates rivers is
the prime fresh water body in the rather arid surroundings in the governorate. Shatt Al-Arab water is no longer as
viable as it was once due to many reasons. First, dam projects by neighboring upstream countries and Iran’s
diversion of the Karun and Karkha river paths -the two rivers that feed Shatt Al-Arab- to pass through Iran have
drastically reduced the flow of Shatt Al-Arab (Niqash, 2009) promoting the saline arm to extend from the
Arabian Gulf up to100 km into Shatt Al-Arab during dry years and consequently resulting in high salinity levels
in the river (Al-Maliky, 2012) and helping to turn a once-fertile plain into desert. Second, Tigris, Euphrates, and
Shatt Al-Arab are usually receiving a huge amount of untreated wastewater from urban areas (Al-Hejuje, 1997)
and agricultural runoff from orchards and the surrounding farmlands. Therefore it becomes very important to
systematically study the water quality status of Shatt Al-Arab River. Specific research questions addressed here
are: What are the levels of nutrients and heavy metals in Shatt Al-Arab and how are they compared to Tigris and
Euphrates? Is Shatt Al-Arab water suitable for human consumption? What are the possible sources of
contamination? And finally is Shatt Al-Arab River suitable for irrigation purposes?
2. Study Sites
Water samples were collected in May 2010 from 16 sites (Figure 1). Samples 1, 2, and 3 represent Basra
marshes, namely Salal, Al-Nakara and Al-Twail marshland respectively. Samples 4, 5, 7, and 8 were collected
from irrigation canals called Al-Habab, Abu-Mgera, Khoz, and Gekor respectively, all these irrigation canals
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ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
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that branch from Shatt Al-Arab pass through cultivated farmlands and carry huge amount of agricultural runoff
wastes towards Shatt Al-Arab River. Samples 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13 that collected from different locations at
Shatt Al-Arab are; Al-Ashar, Garma-Najebia next to Najebia power station, next to Dakeer island, before AlTaleemy Hospital, after Al-Taleemy hospital, and Salhiya River, respectively. Sites 14, 15, and 16 are at the
lower reaches of Shatt Al-Arab towards the Arabian Gulf with site 14 at the Gulf. Land use across our study sites
is notably variable, however, we were able to define 4 land use types (sites 1, 2, and 3 are marshlands (MS); sites
4, 5, 7, and 8 are agricultural (AG); sites 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, and 16 are urban (UR); and finally site 14 is the
Arabian Gulf (GU)).
3. Methods
3.1 Solute Analysis
3.1.1 Solute Chemistry Analysis
The water temperature, electrical conductivity (EC) and pH of the water samples were measured on site (except
samples 14, 15, and 16). The water samples were kept in polyethylene bottles. One of them was filtered through
200 µm and acidified with suprapur HNO3 (pH2) on site for heavy metals measurement, and the other unfiltered
samples were collected in polyethylene bottles for measuring major contents of anions and cations. We labelled
all bottles and stored them in refrigerator at 6̊ C then sent to the Hydrogeology Department Labs at TU Freiberg
for analysis. Metrohm device was used to measure the major contents of anions and cations of 16 water samples.
For anion measurements, anion column used of A Supp 15, 150 mm with eluent 3.0 mM caustic soda (NaHCO3)
and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), with the flow rate 0.8 ml/min at temperature 45 ̊ C for cation measurements.
The cation column was Metrosep Cu, 150 mm with a fluent of 2 mM nitric acid and 0.7 mM dipicolinic acid
flow rate 0.9 ml/min at temperature 30̊ C and sample volume of 0.5 ml. We prepared standard solution by
diluting of individual stock solution at 1000 mg/l with concentration ratios chosen to be similar to those in water
samples. Standard solution for calibration was prepared a few minutes before use. Water samples were diluted
by 1:20 except sample at site 14 which is diluted to 1:200 (Table 1). We used ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled
Plasma Mass Spectrometry) to measure heavy metals in water samples. All the parts of ICP-MS were under
software control, provided by the ELAN software on all perkin Elmer SCIEX ICP-MS instrument. Filtered water
samples were diluted to 1:4 except sample 14 that was diluted to 1:10 for heavy metals measurement.
Analyses were performed using JMP 8.0 (SAS System) to compare solute concentrations to water quality
standards. Furthermore, we compared concentrations in our study sites in order to investigate their distribution
across these sites and to examine the relationship between solute concentrations and the land use of these sites.
3.1.2 Solute Statistical Analysis
We correlated solute concentrations across the study sites against chloride, a biologically inert solute commonly
used as a conservative hydrologic tracer indicative of solute transport processes (Kirchner et al., 2000; Neal et al.,
1988; Rascher et al., 1987; Triska et al., 1989) in order to group the solutes according to their relationship to Cl.
Then, to identify the solute patterns, we performed a multivariate analysis on the solute concentrations and
generated a correlation matrix of solute concentrations. The correlations were clustered using the 2-way average
non-standardized clustering method (Sall et al., 2007) with a minimum distance threshold of 1.5 between clusters.
Cluster analysis has proven useful in solving classification problems where the object is to sort variables into
groups, or clusters such that the degree of association is strong between members of the same cluster and weak
between members of different clusters (Shrestha and Kazama, 2007; Pal, 2011).
3.2 Water suitability for Irrigation Analysis
In this paper we focused on using water analyses to investigate water suitability for irrigated agriculture.
Analyses included assessing: salt hazard, sodium hazard, water infiltration hazard, lime deposition hazard,
chloride hazard, percent sodium hazard, and magnesium hazard.
4. Results and Discussion
Field parameters (i.e. pH, temperature (T), Oxygen (O2), Electrical Conductivity (EC), ElectroMotive Force
(EMF), and EH) as well as cations and anions concentrations for our study sites are displayed in Table 1 and
Table 2.
4.1 Solute Analysis
4.1.1 Solute Chemistry Analysis
a) Major Cations and Anions
Sodium (Na+)
Sodium concentrations in the current study range from 307.7 mg/l (site 16) to 674.3 mg/l (site 7) with an average
of 429.9 mg/l (sites 14 and 15 are excluded as they have exceptionally high values, representing the Arabian
Gulf and Shatt Al-Arab towards the Arabian Gulf respectively) (Table, 2, Appendix 1-A) which are much higher
than that of Tigris River (94.8 mg/l, Al-Maliki, 2005) and (122.6 mg/l, Khalaf, 2009) and slightly higher than
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that of Euphrates River (422 mg/l, Ahmed, 2006). Furthermore, Na+ concentrations are higher than the
maximum admissible limit in drinking water which is 200 mg/l (Ramesh and Elango, 2011).
High Na levels in Shatt al-Arab can be attributed to the sharp decrease in water inputs in the Tigris and
Euphrates basins during the past years that promoted the saline arm to extend from the Arabian Gulf up to 100
km into Shatt Al-Arab during dry years (Al-Maliky, 2012). In addition, anthropogenic activities in Basra can
represent an additional considerable source of Na.
Potassium (K+)
Our data show that K+ level ranges from 7.5 mg/l (site 4) to 13.7 mg/l (site 7) with an average of 9.2 mg/l (sites
14 and 15 excluded) which is considerably higher than that of Tigris river (2.4 mg/l, Al-Maliki , 2005),
Euphrates river (6.7 mg/l, Ahmed, 2006), and average concentration of K+ in the surface water worldwide (2.3
mg/l, Langmuir, 1997) (Table 2, Appendix 1-A). High K+ levels in the current study can be ascribed to the
agricultural runoff especially at stations 7 and 8 (stations 7 and 8 represent irrigation canals, Table 2).
Calcium (Ca2+)
The concentrations of Ca2+ in the current study range from 119.2 mg/l (site 16) to 174.5 mg/l (site 7) with an
average of 141.0 mg/l (sites 14 and 15 excluded) which is higher than that of Tigris river (95.8 mg/l, Al-Maliki,
2005); close to that of Euphrates river (135.5 mg/l, Ahmed, 2006); higher than natural occurrence of calcium in
surface water (15 mg/l, Langmuir, 1997); and higher than the Maximum Contaminant Level MCL (75 mg/l,
National Primary Drinking Water Regulations [NPDWRs], 1999) (Table 2, Appendix 1-A).
Magnesium (Mg2+)
Our data show that magnesium concentrations range from 55.4 mg/l (site 16) to147.2 mg/l (site 7) with an
average of 102.5 mg/l (excluding sites 14 and 15) which is higher than that of Tigris river (34.2 mg/l, Al-Maliki,
2005); Euphrates river (50 mg/l, Khwedim, 2010); and higher than MCL (50 mg/l, NPDWRs, 1999) (Table 2,
Appendix 1-A). High magnesium levels in our tested water samples might be due to untreated sewage water that
discharged directly to the rivers (Mustafa, 2006).
Chloride (Cl- )
Concentration of chlorides in water samples in the current study are ranging between 434.8 mg/l (site 16) to
984.4 mg/l (site 7) with an average of 606.0 mg/l (sites 14 and 15 excluded) which is higher than that of Tigris
river (110.3 mg/l, Al-Maliki, 2005); Euphrates river (180.7 mg/l, Ahmed, 2006); and MCL (250 mg/l, NPDWRs,
1999) (Table 2, Appendix 1-A).
Sulfate (SO42-)
Concentrations of sulfate ion in the current study are ranging from 313.3 mg/l (site 16) to 779.2 mg/l (site 7)
with an average of 577.2 mg/l which is higher than that of Tigris river (185.6 mg/l, Al-Maliki, 2005); Euphrates
river (417.9 mg/l, Ahmed, 2006); and MCL (500 mg/l, NPDWRs, 1999) (Table 2, Appendix 1-D). Increased
levels of sulfate in Basra surface water is due to increased soil salinity and the spreading of sebakha phenomena
in the southern region of Iraq. High concentrations of sulfate are also attributed to the contamination by
untreated industrial and domestic waste effluents in addition to the agricultural runoff from the surrounding
farmland into river courses.
Nitrate (NO3-)
Nitrate concentrations in the current study range 1.42 mg/l (site 2) to 4.86 mg/l (site 16) with an average of
3.21mg/l (excluding site 14 and 15) which is lower than that of Tigris River (4.04 mg/l, Al-Maliki, 2005); higher
than that of Euphrates river (2.4 mg/l, Ahmed, 2006); and safely lower than MCL (10 mg/l, NPDWRs, 1999)
(Table 2, Appendix 1-D).
During the last two decades Iraq has been affected by climate change which increased the frequency and
intensity of drought periods resulting in a decrease in discharges of Iraqi rivers and their tributaries (Al-Maliky,
2012). Andersen et al. (2004) stated that there is evidence that biological uptake increases as river discharge
decreases and that can interpret the low nitrate levels in the current study. For example, an increase in the rate of
nitrate consumption was observed in the Sein River when river discharge fell below 400 m3/s (Roy et al., 1999).
Likewise, Andersen et al. (2004) found that the stagnant river conditions can promote high rates of
denitrification resulting in a decrease in nitrate levels. Additionally, algae or aquatic plants in the river can take
up nitrate in dry years as was observed in the Thames River (Jarvie et al., 2002).
Phosphate (PO43-)
Phosphate concentrations are low in general and detected only in some of the sites (1, 2, 3, 5, and 16). The
concentrations are ranging from 0.101 mg/l (site 1) to 1.325 mg/l (site 2) with an average of 0.569 mg/l. Our data
indicate that phosphate levels are lower than that of Tigris River (3.5 mg/l, Al-Maliki, 2005) and higher than that
of Euphrates River (0.4 mg/l, Ahmed, 2006). Low concentrations of phosphate might be related to the increased
biological uptake as discharge decreases knowing that 2010 was a relatively dry year. Possible biological
processes in the river include assimilatory uptake, denitrification, and sulfate reduction that can significantly
reduce concentration of phosphates (Andersen et al., 2004). In areas that are very shallow and stagnant, drought
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may increase biological removal of phosphate from river water (Andersen et al., 2004).
b) Heavy Metals
In general the concentrations of heavy metals in the current study are close to those reported by other researchers
in the nearby areas (Al-Imarah, 1998; Al-Imarah, 2001; AL-Imarah et al., 2000; Al-Khafji, 2000; Al-Imarah et
al., 2006; Al-Hejuje,1997; Al- Imarah et al., 2008); lower than those of Tigris and Euphrates Rivers (Al-Maliki,
2005 and Ahmed, 2006); lower than Iraqi limits; EPA standards; and FAO standards for drinking and irrigation
water. We will focus on some of the heavy metals in this study.
Aluminum (Al)
Aluminum concentrations range from 2.22 µg/l (site 6) to 8.59 µg/l (site 7) with an average of 4.38 µg/l (Table 3,
Appendix 1-B). Aluminum concentrations, hence, are much lower than EPA secondary drinking water
regulations (0.05 - 0.20 mg/l, EPA, 2010) and FAO maximum limits for irrigation water and livestock drinking
water (5.0 mg/l, FAO, 1994). Therefore, Al concentration in the present study makes Shatt Al-Arab safe for
drinking and irrigation purposes for Al.
Vanadium (V)
Vanadium levels in our water samples range from 3.86 µg/l (site 16) to 8.02 µg/l (site 7) with an average of 4.38
µg/l (Table 3, Appendix 1-B). Vanadium concentrations in the current study are less than FAO standards for
irrigation water and livestock drinking water (0.1 mg/l, FAO, 1994). Vanadium can be toxic to many plants even
at relatively low concentrations, so Basra surface waters are safe for vanadium to be used for irrigation and
livestock purposes.
Chromium (Cr)
Concentration levels of chromium in water samples range from 0.097 µg/l (site 16) to 0.438 µg/l (site 12) with
an average of 0.177 µg/l (Table 3, Appendix 1-D). Chromium concentrations in our water samples are less than
those of Euphrates River (0.11 mg/l, Ahmed, 2006); less than that of global fresh water (0.02 mg/l) according to
EPA (EPA, 2005); less than MCL (0.1 µg/l, NPDWRs, 1999); and less than the limits set by FAO for livestock
and irrigation (0.1 and 1.0 mg/l respectively, FAO, 1994). Low levels of chromium in general might be due to
the mobility of the metal from water to sediments.
Manganese (Mn)
The concentrations of manganese in our water samples range from 0.88 µg/l (site 16) to 15.70 µg/l (site 8) with
an average of 5.55 µg/l (Table 3, Appendix 1-B), which is less than the permissible limits of EPA (0.05 mg/l,
EPA, 2010) for drinking water and less than the maximum recommended limits set by FAO for irrigation and
livestock drinking water (0.2 and 0.05 mg/l respectively, FAO, 1994).
Iron (Fe)
Concentrations of iron in water samples range from 1.44 µg/l (site 16) to 15.47 µg/l (site 7) with an average of
6.26 µg/l (Table 3, Appendix 1-B). Iron concentrations are lower than those recorded by other researchers in
nearby areas (0.70 mg/l, Khwedim, 2007); less than that of Tigris and Euphrates Rivers (0.26 and 0.35 mg/l
respectively, Al-Maliki, 2005; Ahmed, 2006); less than the Iraqi standards limits in river water (0.30 mg/l); less
than EPA secondary limits for drinking water (0.30 mg/l, EPA, 2010); and less than FAO limits for irrigation
and livestock's drinking water (5.0, 2.0 mg/l respectively, FAO, 1994).
Cobalt (Co)
Cobalt concentrations in water samples range from 0.079 µg/l (site 6) to 0.210 µg/l (site 8) with an average of
0.125 µg/l (Table 3, Appendix 1-B), which are less than the acceptable limit of WHO for drinking water (0.05
mg/l, WHO, 1993) and less than the recommended maximum limits of irrigation (0.05 mg/l) and the permissible
limits of livestock drinking water (1.00 mg/l) (FAO, 1994).
Nickel (Ni)
Concentrations of nickel range from 1.61 µg/l (site 16) to 3.34 µg/l (site 7) with an average of 2.65 µg/l (Table 3)
which is less than those of Tigris and Euphrates River (0.02 and 0.03 mg/l respectively (Al-Maliki, 2005; Ahmed,
2006); and less than the maximum recommended limits for irrigation (0.20 mg/l, FAO, 1994).
Copper (Cu)
Copper concentrations in water samples are ranging from 0.72 µg/l (site 16) to 3.01 µg/l (site 13) with an
average of 1.86 µg/l (Table 3, Appendix 1-D), which lower than those of Tigris and Euphrates Rivers (0.17 and
1.05 mg/l respectively, Al-Maliki, 2005, and Ahmed, 2006); less than the maximum recommended concentration
in irrigation water (0.20 mg/l, FAO, 1994); and less than MCL (1.30 mg/l, NPDWRs, 1999).
Zinc (Zn)
Zinc concentrations range from 0.63 µg/l (site 5) to 7.97 µg/l (site 10) with an average of 2.02 µg/l (Table 3,
Appendix 1-C). Natural occurrence level of zinc in fresh water is (0.0001-0.05 mg/l) (WHO, 2001). Zinc
concentrations in the present study are much lower than that of EPA standards for drinking water (5.0 mg/l)
(EPA, 2010). Maximum recommended concentration of zinc for livestock and irrigation set by FAO is 2 mg/l
and 24 mg/l respectively (FAO, 1994). So in this case the surface water of present study is considered to be safe
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for zinc.
Arsenic (As)
Arsenic concentrations are ranging from 0.94 µg/l at site 16 to 3.35 µg/l at site 7 with an average of (2.44 µg/l)
(Table 3, Appendix 1-B), which is safely lower than MCL (0.05 mg/l, NPDWRs, 1999) and lower than FAO
arsenic maximum recommended concentration in irrigation water and livestock drinking water (0.2 and 0.1 mg/l
respectively, FAO, 1994).
Selenium (Se)
Concentration levels of selenium in water samples are ranging from 10.79 µg/l at site 6 to 19.24 µg/l at site 7
with an average of 13.77 µg/l (sites 14 and 15 excluded) (Table 3, Appendix 1-A), which are lower than MCL
(0.05 mg/l, NPDWRs, 1999). FAO standards for selenium as recommended maximum concentration for
livestock drinking water and irrigation are 0.02 and 0.05 mg/l respectively (FAO, 1994). So the concentration
levels of selenium in water sample of present study are considered to be safe for humans and animals
consumption as well as irrigation purposes.
Molybdenum (Mo)
Molybdenum concentrations in our water samples are ranging from 5.46 µg/l at site 16 to 9.98 µg/l at site 9, with
an average of 8.59 µg/l (Table 3), which is lower than the maximum recommended concentration set by FAO for
irrigation water which is 0.01 mg/l (FAO, 1994).
Cadmium (Cd)
Cadmium concentration in water samples range from (0.002 µg/l) at site 13 to (0.026 µg/l) at site 10 with an
average of (0.0117 µg/l) (Table 3, Appendix 1-C), which is safely lower than MCL (0.05 mg/l, NPDWRs, 1999)
and lower than FAO standards for livestock drinking water and irrigation which are (0.01 and 0.05 mg/l
respectively, FAO, 1994).
Lead (Pb)
Concentrations of lead in water samples are ranging from 0.004 µg/l at site 5 to 0.254 µg/l at site 10, with an
average of 0.0898 µg/l (Table 3, Appendix 1-C). It is clear that it is much less than those of Tigris and Euphrates
Rivers 0.02 and 0.04 mg/l respectively (Al-Maliki, 2005; Ahmed, 2006). It is also less than MCL (0.015 mg/l,
NPDWRs, 1999) and less than the maximum recommended concentrations of Pb in irrigation water (5.0 mg/l)
and livestock drinking water (0.1 mg/l) (FAO, 1994). So this concentration of lead in water courses of the
studied area makes the surface water safe for lead to be used for different purposes.
Uranium (U)
Uranium concentrations in our water samples range from 1.640 µg/l (site 16) to 2.346 µg/l (site 7), with an
average of 2.0399 µg/l (Table 3, Appendix 1-D), which is less than the MCL (20 µg/l, NPDWRs, 1999).
The present study indicates that the concentrations of heavy metal, in general, are within the safe limits at the
sampling site throughout the study period.
4.1.2 Solute Statistical Analysis
Overall, solute correlations to chloride, a biologically inert solute indicative of hydrologic transport, were mixed
(Table 4). Some solutes like As and Cu were negatively correlated to Cl, while others such as Na and K
correlated positively and significantly. Despite the high variability of solute patterns, the clustering analysis
highlights 4 specific solute response patterns (R1, R2, R3, and R4, Table 4, Figure 2). The degree of relationship
between clusters is represented by the distance of the centroid of one cluster to another, where clusters with
smaller or shorter distances between them are more similar to each other than clusters with larger or longer
distances between.
A large number of solutes that highly correlate to Cl (r2 > 0.79) clustered into pattern R1. Solutes clustering in
R1 include Mg, Na, Se, Br, K, Ca, and Li. The concentration patterns of R1 solutes are illustrated in Appendix 1A. Mn, Co, Al, Fe V, Ni and As did not correlate with Cl, and had the highest concentrations at agricultural sites
and clustered together in pattern R2 (Table 4, Figure 2, Appendix 1-B). Solutes clustered in pattern R3 that did
not correlate to Cl, had the highest solute concentrations at urban and marshland sites, and included Cd, Zn, and
Pb (Table 4, Figure 2, Appendix 1-C). Finally, NO3, Sn, Cu, Mo, U, SO4, Be, F, and Cr clustered together in
pattern R4, and had the highest concentrations at Arabian Gulf and urban sites (Table 4, Figure 2, Appendix 1-D).
The clustering analysis highlighted differences in transport and sourcing controls on water quality. Because we
use Cl as a biologically inert tracer of hydrologic transport (Kirchner et al., 2000; Neal et al., 1988; Rascher et al.,
1987; Triska et al., 1989), we can assume that Cl concentrations vary in response to changes in conservative
transport processes. All solutes identified in our analysis as R1 are conservative (i.e. Mg, Cl, Na, Se, Br, K, Ca,
and Li) and had the highest solute concentrations in Arabian Gulf site. The conservative solutes are all of small
charge, so that they are not subject to strong electrostatic attractions that might remove them in the way that
scavenged solutes are. Moreover, they are little affected by biological processes, at least in comparison to their
overall abundance in nature. Collectively conservative solutes make up more than 99% of the dissolved solids in
the oceans (Railsback, 2013) and that can explain their high concentrations in the Arabian Gulf in the current
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study (Appendix 1-A).
Solutes clustering in R2, such as Mn, Co, Al , Fe, V, Ni and As indicates a possible geologic sourcing as is
evidenced by the soil geochemistry of Basra city which is known to be of high As, Al, Fe, Ni, and Co
concentrations (Khwedim et al, 2009). Ziemacki et al. (1989) indicated that Arsenic in its natural state appears
primarily in association with Co, Fe, Pb, Ni, and Cu in ores. Likewise, the Canadian Ministry of the
Environment (2001) stated that Co usually occurs in association with other metals such as Ni, As, Mn, and Cu in
most rocks, soil, surface and groundwater. High concentration of these solutes in agricultural sites in the present
study (Appendix 1-B) might be attributed to the flushing of soil which is rich in these solutes (Khwedim et al,
2009).
Cd, Zn and Pb that clustered in R3 are associated with anthropogenic sourcing (i.e. residential, industrial,
commercial and road land uses). Furthermore, Cd and Zn appear to have the same sources (brake lining abrasion,
tire abrasion, roof runoff, motorway abrasion, pesticides, plumping, and cosmetics products) (Omu, 2008),
therefore it is not surprising that they clustered together in the present study, and that the highest concentrations
were observed at urban land use (Appendix 1-C). Furthermore, we found that Cd, Zn, and Pb have also high
concentrations in marshes. High levels of these solutes in marshes can be attributed to the suspended solids
transported in surface water runoff to the wetlands (Peltier, 2003). Our data are consistent with Kim et al. (2004)
who recorded high concentration of Zn and Pb in the Wolfe Glade and Great marshes in Delaware, US and
assigned that to the anthropogenic sources of these solutes that are ultimately trapped into these marshes.
Patterns of solute concentrations were highly variable in R4 (i.e. NO3, Sn, Cu, Mo, U, SO4, Be, F, and Cr),
however, they tend to have relatively high concentrations at urban sites suggesting anthropogenic sourcing
(Appendix 1-D). Moreover, other solutes in R4 like SO4 and U have relatively high concentrations at Arabian
Gulf and marshes highlighting the effects of natural sourcing.
4.2 Water suitability for Irrigation Analysis
Water Quality is a major concern to everyone who uses water. How to manage water in a specific situation can
be both a practical and financial challenge. Water originating from an industrial, livestock, or municipal source
may require additional analyses and care in order to use it for irrigation (Ramesh and Elango, 2011). The
suitability of water for irrigation purposes depends upon the effect of mineral constituents of water on both
plants and soils. Some irrigation waters can damage plants directly, while others damage soil structure (Hopkins
et al., 2007). In this paper we will focus on using water analyses to investigate Shatt Al-Arab water suitability for
irrigated agriculture. Analyses include assessing:
Salt hazard
Sodium hazard
Lime deposition hazard
Chloride hazard
Percent sodium hazard
Magnesium hazard
Water quality analyses can be used as guidelines by farmers for selecting appropriate management practice to
overcome potential salinity hazard, if the quality of available water would pose any problem for irrigation to
maintain existing soil productivity with the benefit of high crop yield under irrigation.
Salt Hazard
Salts in water samples are measured by total dissolved solids (TDS) or electrical conductivity (EC). The higher
the TDS or EC is, the higher the salt hazard. For example, water with an EC of 1.0 ds/m contains 640 mg/l salt.
When irrigating with 1 acre-feet of this water, approximately 0.87 tons of salt per acre are applied every year
according to: (640 m/l salt x 2.7 [million lb water per acre-foot] x 1 acre-foot water) / 2000 lb per ton = 0.87 tons
salt per acre. Analysis revealed that the water quality is unacceptable for irrigation in five sites and requires
careful management in eight sites (Table 5).
Sodium Hazard
a) Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR)
An equation used to predict irrigation water sodium adsorption ratio (SAR). SAR is the ratio of sodium to
calcium and magnesium. The higher the SAR is, the greater the sodium hazard. SAR is calculated as:
SAR = [Na+]/(0.5([Ca2+]+[Mg2+]) )0.5 Where concentrations are in meq/l
In general, the higher the SAR, the less suitable the water is for irrigation. Irrigation using water with high SAR
may require soil amendments to prevent long-term damage to the soil. If irrigation water with a high SAR is
applied to a soil for years, the sodium in the water can displace the calcium and magnesium in the soil. This will
cause a decrease in the ability of the soil to form stable aggregates and a loss of soil structure. This will also lead
to a decrease in infiltration and permeability of the soil to water leading to problems with crop production (Islam
and Shamsad, 2009). Results indicated that using Shatt Al-Arab water for irrigation might be restricted in 13
sites and not suitable in 3 sites (Table 6).
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b) Water Infiltration Hazard
SAR is an important factor in determining the suitability of water for irrigation; however, it is not enough by
itself to predict the water infiltration problems. Using EC along with SAR must be considered in estimating
water infiltration hazard (Ramesh and Elango, 2011). In general, risk of water infiltration problems increases as
SAR increases and EC decreases. In the current study, fortunately, EC has high values resulting in a minimum or
no reduction in water infiltration (Figure 3).
Lime Deposition Hazard
Lime deposition occurs when calcium or magnesium carbonates (lime) precipitate out of irrigation water, leaving
white residues or deposit. Lime deposition can cause many problems, for example, the presence of high
concentrations of lime in irrigation water can precipitate phosphorous or micronutrient fertilizers that are
injected into the water. Moreover, the presence of significant concentrations of lime in soil can reduce the
solubility of some plant nutrients such as P, Zn, Mn, and Fe (Hopkins et al., 2007). For crops like fruits and
vegetables the presence of lime residue can reduce their marketability as the consumers associate white residues
with pesticide contamination. The lime deposition potential is calculated as the lesser of carbonate (carbonate +
bicarbonate) or divalent cations (calcium + magnesium) in water. Lime deposition potential for the current study
is shown in table 7.
Chloride Hazard
Excess chloride deposited on leaves causes foliar burn and some plants are more susceptible to chloride than
others (Hopkins et al., 2007). Damage caused by high-chloride irrigation water can be minimized by planting a
less-sensitive crop; avoiding foliar contact by using furrow, flood, or drip irrigation; and rinsing the plants at the
end of each irrigation event if a source of high-quality water is available (Hopkins et al., 2007). Chloride
concentrations above 350 mg/l can cause severe problems (Ramesh and Elango, 2011). Chloride concentrations
in the current study range from 434 to 984 mg/l with an average of 606 mg/l (sites 14 and 15 excluded) (Table 2).
Water with this chloride level (i.e. of the current study which is higher than 350 mg/l) is unsuitable for irrigating
many plants such as berries, beans, onion, mint, carrot, lettuce, pepper, grape, potato, squash, wheat, corn,
tomato, sugarbeet, and cauliflower (HopKins et al., 2007).
Percent Sodium Hazard (Na+ %)
+
The Na in irrigation water is usually denoted as Na+ % and can be determined using the formula (Wilcox, 1955)
given below, where the concentrations are expressed in meq/l.
Percent Sodium = Na+/ (Ca2+ + Mg2++ Na+ + K+) x 100
The classification of our water samples with respect to the Na+ % is shown in Table 8. The Na+ % in the study
area ranged between 52 % and 73 %, with an average of 57 %. It is observed that most of our samples fall within
the category of permissible and only two samples fall under doubtful category.
Classifying water based on Na % and EC following Wilcox (1955), however, shows that water samples in 9 sites
fall in the fields of doubtful to unsuitable for irrigation and unsuitable in other 4 sites (Figure 4). The agricultural
yields are observed to be generally low in fields irrigated with water belonging to doubtful to unsuitable. This is
probably due to the presence of Na salts, which cause osmotic effects in soil plant system. Hence, air and water
circulation is restricted during wet conditions and such soils are usually hard when dry (Saleh et al, 1999).
Magnesium hazard (MH)
Generally, Ca2+ and Mg2+ maintain a state of equilibrium in water. More Mg2+ present in waters affects the soil
quality converting it to alkaline and decreases crop yield. Szabolcs and Darab (1964) proposed Magnesium
hazard (MH) value for irrigation water as given by the following formula:
MH = Mg/(Ca2++Mg2+) x100, where the concentrations are expressed in meq/l
MH values > 50 are considered harmful and unsuitable for irrigation purposes. In the analyzed water samples,
the MH ranges from 52.7 to 58.2 (Arabian Gulf site excluded) with an average of 55.5, therefore, our water
samples are considered harmful and unsuitable for irrigation purposes.
Conclusions
• The mean concentration of cations in the analyzed water samples is in the order of Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+,
while for the anions it is Cl- > SO42- > HCO3- > NO3- > Br- > PO43- > F-.
• Cations and anions such as Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-, SO42- have considerably higher levels than the maximum
contaminant level for drinking water, whereas NO3- and PO43- concentrations fall within permissible limits.
• The mean concentration of heavy metals is in the order of Li > Se > Mo > V > Fe > Mn > Al > Ni > As >
U > Zn > Cu > Sn > Cr > Co > Pb > Be > Cd. Fortunately, heavy metal levels are within the safe limits at the
sampling site throughout the study period making water safe for drinking and other purposes for heavy metals.
• The concentrations of most solutes are higher than those of Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. High solutes levels
in Shatt Al-Arab River can be attributed to the sharp decrease in the water inputs into the Tigris and
Euphrates basins during the past years promoting the saline arm to extend from the Arabian Gulf up to 100
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•
•
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km into Shatt Al-Arab during dry years. In addition to the drought condition, discharging of oil production
waste, untreated sewage, agricultural runoff, and industrial waste directly into water courses in Basra can
contribute to increase the contaminant levels in water bodies.
Statistical analysis applied defined the possible sources of contaminants; most contaminants are of
anthropogenic sources while others are of natural sources.
Investigation of Shatt Al-Arab water suitability for irrigated agriculture revealed that TDS of collected
irrigation water samples falls in the classes of unacceptable and marginal. SAR falls in restricted and
unsuitable use class. Lime deposition analysis falls in restricted to not recommended use classes. Chloride
analysis indicated that chloride concentrations in all sites can cause severe problems. Percent sodium shows
that the water samples are permissible to doubtful for irrigation. Magnesium hazard values are considered
harmful and unsuitable for irrigation. Therefore, Shatt Al-Arab River, in general, is considered unsuitable to
marginal for irrigation purposes for most crops.
Acknowledgments
I would like to present my appreciation to Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg institute of
Hydrogeology, hydrology Labs for their great cooperation in analyzing water samples. I would like to present
my sincere gratuity to the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) for supporting my proposal. Finally, I
am grateful to Dr. Wisal, Dr. Badr, and Mr. Osama at the Marine Science Center, University of Basra who
enthusiastically supported me.
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Table 1 Field Parameters
Site Name
No.
1
Salal (Basra Marshland)
2
Alnakara (Basra Marshland)
3
Al Twail (Basra Marshland)
4
Al Habab irrigation canal
5
Abu Mgera irrigation canal
6
Shatt Al-Arab (Al-Ashar)
7
Khoz irrigation canal
8
Gekor irrigation canal
9
Shatt Al-Arab Najebia power
station
10
Shatt Al-Arab Daker Jazera
11
Shatt Al-Arab before Taleamy
hospital
12
Shatt Al-Arab after Taleamy
hospital
13
Shatt Al-Arab Salhiya river
14
Arabian Gulf a
15
Shatt Al-Arab (toward Arabian
Gulf) a
16
Shatt Al-Arab a
a
Data not available due to a field problem
pH
8.16
7.96
7.90
7.69
7.73
7.67
7.42
7.94
7.87
O2
(mg/l)
9.83
7.86
7.25
5.46
5.16
4.90
0.95
8.75
7.29
7.73
7.86
123.0
100.4
90.3
66.4
62.7
59.7
12.2
112.6
96.3
Temp °
C
26.3
26.8
25.8
24.8
24.7
24.8
27.0
27.3
27.0
EC
ds/m
3.42
3.58
2.95
2.67
2.71
2.61
4.63
4.00
2.99
EMF
(mV)
89.0
86.0
57.1
59.2
63.9
55.0
-32.5
-63.5
-59.5
EH
(mV)
298.0
295.0
266.1
268.2
272.9
264.0
176.5
145.5
149.5
5.62
5.26
70.4
65.5
25.6
25.5
2.86
2.86
-51.1
-48.1
157.9
160.9
7.71
5.67
70.5
25.6
2.85
-51.5
158.5
7.74
6.24
77.4
25.9
2.96
-52.3
159.1
129
O2 (%)
11. Journal of Natural Sciences Research
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.3, No.13, 2013
Table 2 Cation and anion concentrations (mg/l)
Site Name
F
Cl
No.
1
Salal (Basra Marshland)
0.3 728
3
2
Alnakara
(Basra 0.3 763
Marshland)
2
3
Al
Twail
(Basra 0.3 553
Marshland)
2
4
Al Habab irrigation canal
0.3 509
0
5
Abu Mgera
irrigation 0.2 523
canal
9
6
Shatt Al-Arab (Al-Ashar) 0.3 493
1
7
Khoz irrigation canal
0.3 984
8
8
Gekor irrigation canal
0.3 827
5
9
Shatt Al-Arab Najebia 0.3 564
power station
3
10
Shatt Al-Arab Daker 0.3 506
Jazera
1
11
Shatt Al-Arab before 0.3 527
Taleamy hospital
1
12
Shatt
Al-Arab
after 0.3 524
Taleamy hospital
1
13
Shatt Al-Arab Salhiya 0.3 552
river
2
14
Arabian Gulf
5058
www.iiste.org
Br
NO3
PO4
SO4
Na
K
Ca
Mg
HCO3
a
1.3 1.88 0.1 650 491
9.7 140 115 209
5
0
1.9 1.42 1.3 645 532
11. 143 120 212
7
3
1
1.1 2.00 0.4 591 386
8.7 137 98
212
3
0
1.0 3.86 ND 486 368
7.5 123 88
225
b
6
1.2 4.07 0.5 483 375
7.9 127 90
228
1
6
0.9 2.93 ND 506 347
6.9 124 87
219
b
3
1.9 2.95 ND 779 674
13. 174 147 397
b
3
7
1.6 3.43 ND 662 570
13. 159 127 327
b
7
5
8.3 156 107 316
1.0 2.91 ND 657 410
b
9
7.9 145 99
319
0.9 3.49 ND 568 383
b
4
0.9 3.11 ND 577 387
7.6 143 99
320
b
8
1.0 4.10 ND 571 386
8.8 140 99
322
b
8
9.0 144 103 316
1.1 3.97 ND 592 402
b
5
16. 3.74 ND 874 3109 112 239 456 211
b
3
15
Shatt Al-Arab (toward 0.4 1333 3.4 5.17 ND 440 833
28. 136 116 215
b
Arabian Gulf)
3
9
3
8.2 119 55
211
16
Shatt Al-Arab
0.4 435
0.6 4.86 0.4 313 308
3
0
3
Mean
0.3 606c 2.3 3.21c 0.5 587 429c 9.2c 141 102 266
c
c
3
0
7
a
HCO3 concentrations were estimated using Phreeqc software
b
ND: Not Detectable
c
Concentrations of sites 14 and 15 were excluded from the mean calculation as they are exceptionally high
(marine)
130
13. Journal of Natural Sciences Research
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.3, No.13, 2013
www.iiste.org
Table 4 Correlation of solutes to Cl
Solute
Correlation to Cl (R2)
Cl
1.00
Mg
0.97
Na
0.99
Se
0.99
Br
0.99
K
0.99
Ca
0.79
Li
0.88
Mn
-0.039
Co
0.042
Al
-0.020
Fe
-0.051
V
-0.033
Ni
-0.209
As
-0.150
Zn
-0.062
Cd
-0.026
Pb
-0.122
0.013
NO3
Sn
0.0003
Cu
-0.211
Mo
5E-05
U
0.012
SO4
0.360
Be
0.240
F
0.004
Cr
0.014
Cluster
Sourcing
R1
Transport control and
solute flushing
R2
Geologic sourcing
R3
Anthropogenic sourcing
R4
Anthropogenic and natural sourcing
Table 5 General hazards from salinity of irrigation water
Site
No.
1
EC
(ds/m)
3.42
TDS
(mg/l)
2189
2
3.58
2291
3
2.95
1888
4
2.67
1709
5
2.71
1734
6
2.61
1670
7
4.63
2963
8
4.00
2560
9
2.99
1914
10
2.86
1830
11
2.86
1830
12
2.85
1824
13
2.96
1894
Amount of salt (ton/acre.year) when water used for Salinity Hazard
irrigation
2.95
High hazard. Unacceptable for irrigation, except for very salt
plants
3.09
High hazard. Unacceptable for irrigation, except for very salt
plants
2.55
Medium-high hazard, Require careful management to raise
crops
2.31
Medium-high hazard, Require careful management to raise
crops
2.34
Medium-high hazard, Require careful management to raise
crops
2.26
Medium-high hazard, Require careful management to raise
crops
4.00
High hazard. Unacceptable for irrigation, except for very salt
plants
3.46
High hazard. Unacceptable for irrigation, except for very salt
plants
2.58
High hazard. Unacceptable for irrigation, except for very salt
plants
2.47
Medium-high hazard, Require careful management t
crops
2.47
Medium-high hazard, Require careful management to raise
crops
2.46
Medium-high hazard, Require careful management to raise
crops
2.56
Medium-high hazard, Require careful management
crops
132
most
most
most
most
most
most
14. Journal of Natural Sciences Research
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.3, No.13, 2013
www.iiste.org
Table 6 SAR hazards
Site
SAR
Hazard
No.
1
7.45
Use may be restricted
Site
No.
9
SAR
Hazard
6.20
Use may be restricted
2
7.92
Use may be restricted
10
6.01
Use may be restricted
3
6.15
Use may be restricted
11
6.10
Use may be restricted
4
6.19
Use may be restricted
12
6.09
Use may be restricted
5
6.23
Use may be restricted
13
6.25
Use may be restricted
6
5.85
Use may be restricted
14
27.22
Severe damage. Unsuitable
7
9.09
Severe damage. Unsuitable
15
12.70
Severe damage. Unsuitable
8
8.18
Use may be restricted
16
5.84
Use may be restricted
Table 7 Lime deposition levels for the studied sites
Site Lime
Irrigation rate
Site
No. deposition in/hr
No.
Hazard
1
3.43
> 0.2 irrigate at night or on cloudy
9
days
2
3.48
> 0.2 irrigate at night or on cloudy
10
days
3
3.48
> 0.2 irrigate at night or on cloudy
11
days
4
3.68
> 0.2 irrigate at night or on cloudy
12
days
5
3.74
> 0.2 irrigate at night or on cloudy
13
days
6
3.58
> 0.2 irrigate at night or on cloudy
14
days
7
6.50
Not recommended
15
8
5.36
Not recommended
16
Lime
Irrigation rate
deposition in/hr
Hazard
5.17
Not recommended
5.23
Not recommended
5.25
Not recommended
5.28
Not recommended
5.17
Not recommended
3.46
> 0.2 irrigate at night or on cloudy days
3.53
3.46
> 0.2 irrigate at night or on cloudy days
> 0.2 irrigate at night or on cloudy days
Table 8 Classification of water based on Na%
% Na + Category
Sites
< 20
Excellent
20-40 Good
40-60 Permissible 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 16
60 -80 Doubtful
14, 15
> 80
Unsuitable
-
133
15. Journal of Natural Sciences Research
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.3, No.13, 2013
0
10
20
www.iiste.org
30 Km
Figure 1 Study Sites
R1
R2
R3
R4
Figure 2 Dendrogram of cluster analysis based on the correlation of solutes among each other. The 4 clusters
selected had an average distance between clusters 1.5 and provide the most information regarding water quality
patterns
134
16. Journal of Natural Sciences Research
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.3, No.13, 2013
www.iiste.org
Appendix 1
A.Concentration versus land use (cluster R1). The middle horizontal lines represent the mean concentration
while the dotted horizontal line represents MCL. Land use: Agricultural (AG), Arabian Gulf (GU), marshlands
(MS), and urban (UR)
135
17. Journal of Natural Sciences Research
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.3, No.13, 2013
www.iiste.org
B.Concentration versus land use (cluster R2). The middle horizontal lines represent the mean concentration.
Land use: Agricultural (AG), Arabian Gulf (GU), marshlands (MS), and urban (UR)
C.Concentration versus land use (cluster R3). The middle horizontal lines represent the mean concentration.
Land use: Agricultural (AG), Arabian Gulf (GU), marshlands (MS), and urban (UR)
Appendix 1 (continuation)
D.Concentration versus land use (cluster R4). The middle horizontal lines represent the mean concentration
while the dotted horizontal line represents MCL. Land use: Agricultural (AG), Arabian Gulf (GU), marshlands
(MS), and urban (UR)
136
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