Part 1: - Basic Concept on Communication, Speech, and Language - Milestones in Language Development - Speech and Language Disorders

1. STUDENTS WITH SPEECH
AND LANGUAGE
DISORDERS

2. SPEECH AND LANGUAGE
SPEECH - the expression of or the ability to express
thoughts and feelings by articulate sounds
LANGUAGE-a system of communication used by a
particular country

3. BASIC CONCEPTS ON
COMMUNICATION, SPEECH
AND LANGUAGE

4. COMMUNICATION
- The exchange of information, ideas, needs and desires
between two or more persons;
1. The intention to send a message
2. A sender who encodes and expresses the message
3. A reciever who decodes and responds to the message
4. A shared means of communication

5. SPEECH
- The actual behaviour of producing a
language code by making appropriate vocal
sound patterns (Hubbell, 1985, cited in
Heward, 2003)

6. FIGURE 51:
The normal speech organs

7. FIGURE 52.
A block-box Representation of the speech mechanism
Respiratory
System
(air supply)
Vocal Folds
(Oscillator)
Pharyngeal, Oral,
and Nasal Cavities
(resonatory)
Speech

8. FIGURE 53.
● NASAL CAVITY
● ORAL CAVITY
● PHARYNGEAL CAVITY
● VOCAL FOLDS
A section of the head showing the three major cavities (resonators) of vocal tract

9. LANGUAGE
● Is a code whereby ideas about the world are
expressed through a conventional system of
arbitrary signals for communication (Lahey,
1986, cited in Heward, 2003)

10. 5 DIMENSIONS OF LANGUAGE
● PHONOLOGY
● MORPHOLOGY
● SYNTAX
● SEMANTICS
● PRAGMATICS

11. PHONOLOGY
● refers to the linguistic rules governing a language’s
sound system. Describes how sounds are sequenced and
combined
● In English language uses approximately 45 different
sound elements called PHONEMES
PHONEMES- it represented by letters or other symbols
between slashes

12. PHONOLOGY

13. MORPHOLOGY
● Refers to the way the basic units of meaning are
combined into words
● Smallest element of a language that carries
meaning
● Study of words how it forms
Example : Basketball

14. SYNTAX
● System of rules governing the meaningful arrangements
of words into sentences.
● There is specific rules to a particular language that is,
english has its own syntactical rules, so do spanish,
german, thai, chinese, japanese, filipino and all other
languages

15. SYNTAX
EX: THE MAN TOOK THE BOOK
#15

16. SEMANTICS
● System of rules that relate phonology and syntax
to meaning. It describes how people use
language to convey meaning

17. PRAGMATICS
● Is a set of rules governing how language is used;
Three kinds of Pragmatic Skills:
1. Using language to achieve various communicative functions
and goals
2. Using information from conversational context, for example,
modifying one’s message according to listener reaction
3. Knowing how to use conversational skills effectively

18. MILESTONES IN
LANGUAGE
DEVELOPMENT
-the milestones in normal language development from birth to five years
(Perangelo, 1998)

19. BIRTH TO 6 MONTHS
● First form of communication is crying
● Babies make sounds of comfort, such as coos and
gurgles
● Babbling soon follows as a form of communication
● Vowel sounds are produced

20. 6 TO 12 MONTHS
● The baby’s voice begins to rise and fall while making
sounds
● Child begins to understand certain words
● Child may respond appropriately to the word “no”
● Child may perform an action when asked
● Child may repeat words said by others

21. 12 TO 18 MONTHS
● Child has learned to say several words with appropriate
meaning
● Child is able to tell what she or he wants by pointing
● Child responds to simple commands

22. 18 TO 24 MONTHS
● There is a great spurt in the acquisition and use of
speech at this stage
● Child begins to combine words
● Child begins to form words into short sentences

23. 2 TO 3 YEARS
● Child talks, ask questions
● Has vocabulary of about 900 words
● Participates in conversation
● Can identify colors
● Can tell simple stories
● Begins to use consonants sounds

24. 3 TO 4 YEARS
● Child begins to speak rapidly
● Begins to ask question to obtain information
● Sentences are longer and more varied
● Can complete simple analogies

25. 4 TO 5 YEARS
● Child has an average vocabulary of over 1,500 words
● Child’s sentences average 5 words in length
● Able to modify speech
● Able to define words
● Can recite poems and sing songs from memory

26. ASL- AMERICAN SIGN LANGUAGE
- ASL is a language because it meets the criteria for language it
communicates thoughts, ideas and messages
- It has a shared code a unique grammatical structure
- Arbitrary symbols composed of sign letters of the alphabet,
words, phrases, gestures, facial expressions and body
movements
- People who are deaf communicate through sign language

27. SPEECH AND LANGUAGE
DISORDERS
- It cause problems in
communication

28. FIGURE 54.
Types of speech and language disorders
Communicative Disorders
Language Disorders
Delayed Language
Aphasia & related
disorders
Speech
Disorders
Voice Disorders
Articulation
Disorders
Fluency
Disorders
Hearing
Disorder
Conductive Hearing
Loss
Sensorineural Hearing
Loss
Auditory Nerve & Central
auditory Nervous System
Hearing Loss
Functional Hearing Loss

29. EMERICK AND HAYNES (1986, CITED IN HEWARD, 2003)
● The transmission and/or perception of messages is faulty
● The person is placed at an economic disadvantage
● The person is placed at a learning disadvantage
● The person is placed at a social disadvantage
● There is negative impact on the person’s emotional
growth
● The problem causes physical damage or endangers the
health of the person

30. Speech and Language Disorders that
Results from Hearing Impairment

31. ► The most devastating of deafness and other
forms of hearing impairment is on language
development.
► Deafness restricts the perception of the
sounds elements of a language and other
sounds in the environment with or without a
hearing aid.
► Persons who are deaf or hard of hearing
manifests speech and language disorders.

32. Etiology of Speech and Language
Disorders

33. ► Functional Causes, Environmental stress or organic
in the case of cleft plate.
► Congenital Causes, Disorder is present at birth or
acquired after birth, in infancy and early childhood and
in the later years.
► Causes are also traced to brain damage, or the
causes can be secondary to mental retardation, hearing
loss, ADHD, learning disabilities, autism, schizophrenia,
cerebral palsy, vocal cord injury.
► Injury, accidents and trauma can result in childhood
aphasia or loss of language functions.

34. Incidence and Prevalence

35. Language and speech disorder is a high incidence disorder. In
considering incidence and prevalence figures. The fact is a strong
relationship between communication disorders and learning
disabilities.
► In the US, approximately 20% of children receiving special
education services are with speech and language disorders.
► 5% of school aged children tend to have spend and language
disorders.
► 3% has voice disorders and stuttering.
► 2% - 3% articulation disorders.