A spinal cord injury (SCI) is damage to the spinal cord that causes temporary or permanent changes in its function. Symptoms may include loss of muscle function, sensation, or autonomic function in the parts of the body served by the spinal cord below the level of the injury.
Controlled use of sensory stimulus.
Specific Motor response
Normalization of muscle tone
Use of Developmental sequences.
Sensorimotor development = from lower to higher level.
Use of activity to demand a purposeful response.
Practice of sensory motor response is necessary for motor learning.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), AKA "Lou Gehrig's Disease," is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects nerve cells in the brain and the spinal cord. Motor neurons reach from the brain to the spinal cord and from the spinal cord to the muscles throughout the body. The progressive degeneration of the motor neurons in ALS eventually leads to their death. When the motor neurons die, the ability of the brain to initiate and control muscle movement is lost. With voluntary muscle action progressively affected, patients in the later stages of the disease may become totally paralyzed.
Spina Bifida: Physiotherapy in the management of meningomyeloceleAyobami Ayodele
Spina bifida is a treatable spinal cord malformation that occurs in varying degrees of severity. Meningomyelocele is associated with abnormal development of the cranial neural tube, which results in several characteristic CNS anomalies. About 90% of babies born with Spina Bifida now live to be adults, about 80% have normal intelligence and about 75% play sports and do other fun activities. Most do well in school, and many play in sports.
This presentation contains detailed knowledge about Down's Syndrome its types, clinical presentation, diagnosis, medical and physio therapeutic management of the condition.
Down syndrome is a condition in which a person has an extra chromosome. Chromosomes are small “packages” of genes in the body. They determine how a baby’s body forms and functions as it grows during pregnancy and after birth. Typically, a baby is born with 46 chromosomes. Babies with Down syndrome have an extra copy of one of these chromosomes, chromosome 21. A medical term for having an extra copy of a chromosome is ‘trisomy.’ Down syndrome is also referred to as Trisomy 21. This extra copy changes how the baby’s body and brain develop, which can cause both mental and physical challenges for the baby.
Cardiac Rehabilitation has been defined as:
Coordinated, multifaceted interventions designed to optimize a cardiac patient’s physical, psychological, and social functioning so that they may, by their own efforts, resume and maintain as normal a place as possible in the community
Anaesthetic Management of Elderly PatientsMd Rabiul Alam
The Scopes of the presentations are: Anaesthetic definition of elderly & workload, Brief on age-related changes, Importance of good anaesthetic evaluation, Practice of functional reserve/capacity assessment, Morbidity and Mortality, Decision of Surgery & Planning of Anaesthesia & Perioperative management in nutshell.
A spinal cord injury (SCI) is damage to the spinal cord that causes temporary or permanent changes in its function. Symptoms may include loss of muscle function, sensation, or autonomic function in the parts of the body served by the spinal cord below the level of the injury.
Controlled use of sensory stimulus.
Specific Motor response
Normalization of muscle tone
Use of Developmental sequences.
Sensorimotor development = from lower to higher level.
Use of activity to demand a purposeful response.
Practice of sensory motor response is necessary for motor learning.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), AKA "Lou Gehrig's Disease," is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects nerve cells in the brain and the spinal cord. Motor neurons reach from the brain to the spinal cord and from the spinal cord to the muscles throughout the body. The progressive degeneration of the motor neurons in ALS eventually leads to their death. When the motor neurons die, the ability of the brain to initiate and control muscle movement is lost. With voluntary muscle action progressively affected, patients in the later stages of the disease may become totally paralyzed.
Spina Bifida: Physiotherapy in the management of meningomyeloceleAyobami Ayodele
Spina bifida is a treatable spinal cord malformation that occurs in varying degrees of severity. Meningomyelocele is associated with abnormal development of the cranial neural tube, which results in several characteristic CNS anomalies. About 90% of babies born with Spina Bifida now live to be adults, about 80% have normal intelligence and about 75% play sports and do other fun activities. Most do well in school, and many play in sports.
This presentation contains detailed knowledge about Down's Syndrome its types, clinical presentation, diagnosis, medical and physio therapeutic management of the condition.
Down syndrome is a condition in which a person has an extra chromosome. Chromosomes are small “packages” of genes in the body. They determine how a baby’s body forms and functions as it grows during pregnancy and after birth. Typically, a baby is born with 46 chromosomes. Babies with Down syndrome have an extra copy of one of these chromosomes, chromosome 21. A medical term for having an extra copy of a chromosome is ‘trisomy.’ Down syndrome is also referred to as Trisomy 21. This extra copy changes how the baby’s body and brain develop, which can cause both mental and physical challenges for the baby.
Cardiac Rehabilitation has been defined as:
Coordinated, multifaceted interventions designed to optimize a cardiac patient’s physical, psychological, and social functioning so that they may, by their own efforts, resume and maintain as normal a place as possible in the community
Anaesthetic Management of Elderly PatientsMd Rabiul Alam
The Scopes of the presentations are: Anaesthetic definition of elderly & workload, Brief on age-related changes, Importance of good anaesthetic evaluation, Practice of functional reserve/capacity assessment, Morbidity and Mortality, Decision of Surgery & Planning of Anaesthesia & Perioperative management in nutshell.
2. Special consideration in cardiac rehabilitation program for older adults.ShagufaAmber
An increasing number of cardiac patients are above the age of 65 years . They are susceptible to the adverse effect of bed rest . So early mobilization is especially important to return them to active and independent lifestyle.
- Most of the patients with heart failure, are elderly patients, shooting up to 80% in both incidence and prevalence.This is due to improved and better survival after cardiac insults, such as myocardial infarction, especially in developed countries.(AHA,2013).
-The safety and efficacy of cardiac rehabilitation have been demonstrated in the elderly (age >65 years) .(Pasquali ,et al.,2001)
-CR has a class IA recommendation by the AHA and ACSM for secondary prevention after any coronary heart disease
The term Spinal Cord Injury is used to refer to neurological damage of the spinal cord
Any lesion involving the spinal cord result a syndrome called a “myelopathy”
Spinal cord injuries are defined as complete or incomplete according to the International Standards for the Neurological Classifification of SCI and the American Spinal Injuries Association Impairment Scale (AIS)
Complete lesions are defifined as AIS A, and incomplete lesions are defifined as AIS B, AIS C, AIS D or AIS E (Harvey, 2016)
Physiotherapy in MND
Dr. Quazi Ibtesaam Huma (MPT)
Dr. Suvarna Ganvir (Phd, Prof & HOD)
Dept. of Neurophysiotherapy
DVVPF’s College of Physiotherapy
Content
Introduction
Types of MND
Clinical Features of MND
Diagnostic Procedure
Management: 1) Pharmaceutical
2) Physiotherapy
Motor Neuron Disease
Motor Neuron Disease are a group of neurodegenerative disorders that affects the nerves in the spine and brain to progressively lose its function.
Motor neuron diseases (MND) include a heterogeneous spectrum of inherited and sporadic (no family history) clinical disorders of the upper motor neurons (UMNs), lower motor neurons (LMNs), or a combination of both.
Types of MND
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease, characterized by progressive degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord, brain stem, and motor cortex, leading to progressive muscle atrophy and weakness.
Clinical Features
UPPER MOTOR NEURON
Loss of Dexterity
Muscle Weakness
Spasticity
Hyperreflexia
Pathological reflexes
LOWER MOTOR NEURON
Muscle Weakness
Muscle Atrophy
Hypotonicity
Hyporeflexia
Fasciculation
Muscle Cramp
Impairment related to LMN
Other clinical features
Diagnostic Criteria
Diagnostic Procedure
EMG-
It include signs of active denervation, such as fibrillation potentials and positive sharp waves;
Signs of chronic denervation, such as large motor unit potentials (increased duration, increased proportion of polyphasic potentials, increased amplitude)
Unstable motor unit potential
Nerve Conduction Velocity Studies,
Muscle And Nerve Biopsies,
Neuroimaging Studies - MRI
Management- Multidisciplinary Approach
Physical Therapy Examination
Cognition
Pain
Psychosocial Function
Joint integrity, ROM and Muscle strength.
Motor Function: Gross motor and Fine motor
Muscle tone and reflexes
Cranial nerve integrity
Sensations
Gait
Respiratory Function
Physiotherapy goals in MND treatment.
Pain reduction
Prevention for contractures
Maintenance of joint mobility
Regular review of posture
Positioning to relieve discomfort
House Modification and ergonomic advice.
Management of Sialorrhea and Pseudobulbar Affect
Management for Dysphagia
PEG procedure.
A PEG may be recommended as the disease progresses.
A PEG is a type of gastrostomy tube inserted via endoscopic surgery that creates a permanent opening into the stomach for the introduction of food.
Studies have found that PEG insertion may prolong survival. Patients with PEG were found to live 1 to 4 months longer than those individuals who refused it.
Management of Dysphagia
A palatal lift prosthesis may be prescribed for individuals with good articulation but who have a breathy voice quality or decreased loudness because of excessive air loss through the nose.
The device, a dental appliance designed to attach to the existing teeth and to elevate the soft palate, is custom-made by a prosthodontist.
Neuroplasticity, also known as brain plasticity, is an umbrella term that describes lasting change to the brain throughout an animal's life course. The term gained prominence in the latter half of the 20th century, when new research showed many aspects of the brain remain changeable (or "plastic") even into adulthood.
Similar to Stroke Rehabilitation - managing physical impairment (20)
Patients with spinal cord injury face a number of challenges, with continence being a top priority. For those affected by neurogenic bladder and bowel, there are various management options available. To help understand these options, study notes in this area can be useful. These notes, which are similar to index cards, can highlight key information related to the management of neurogenic bladder and bowel in spinal cord injury patients.
presentation about relation between posture and pain. there is lot of talk and research regarding bad posture and chronic pain. but posture, disease along with physical activity intervention should be done to manage.
Cancer Rehabilitation. integrating rehabilitation with oncology. a model of care. cancer survivorship. rehabilitation care in low resource area. Mrinal Joshi. Rehabilitation Research Center. Jaipur.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
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Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
1. Stroke Rehabilitation
managing the Physical Impairments
– an overview
Dr George Zachariah
Dept of PMR
Govt Medical college , Thiruvanathapuram
2. Special acknowledgements
• Dr Mrinal Joshi ( Rehabilitation Foundation society )
• Dr Abdul Gafoor , Prof & HOD
• Our stroke patients and their family
• My teachers, colleagues & Family
• Almighty
3. Lesson plan
• Definition
• Importance of penumbra
• Why early rehab
• Phases of rehab
• Rehab plan & team
• Phases described
• Newer rehab interventions supporting neuroplasticity
• Conclusion ( if time permits – our experience)
4. Stroke / CVA
• Stroke is an acute
neurological deficit
lasting more than 24
hours due to a focal
disruption of cerebral
circulation.
5. Definition
• STROKE – previously known medically as
CVA , is the rapidly developing loss of
brain function due to disturbance in blood
supply to the brain. Wikipedia 2010
• the term “stroke” is not consistently defined in clinical practice, in
clinical research, or in assessments of the public health. The classic
definition is mainly clinical and does not account for advances in
science and technology.
• Stroke 2013 AHA/ASA expert consensus
ICD - 10 , Chapter VI , G 45 & 46
6. Stroke Rehabilitation
• Stroke Rehabilitation is a progressive,
dynamic, goal oriented process aimed at
enabling a person. with impairment to
reach their optimal physical, cognitive,
emotional, communicative, and social
functional level.
– Heart & Stroke foundation, Canada
• Rehabilitation helps stroke survivors relearn skills that
are lost when part of the brain is damaged
• NINDS.
7. Priorities in Stroke management
• Stabilise the medical condition
• Control life threatening complications
• Improve blood flow
• Limit secondary complications
• Early Rehab
• Prevent another stroke
8. Prevention
• Exercises
• Stop smoking
• Control hypertension
• Treat diabetes
• Anti platelet drugs
• Anticoagulation
• Carotid end arterectomy
11. Current concept in stroke
management
• >20ml/100g/min of cerebral blood flow can
sustain neural activity
• <10ml/100g/min cellular death
• 20-10ml/100g/min Na+ K+ pump fails
• Basic cell intact but electrically silent
• This rim “ischemic penumbra”
12. • Stroke intervention before 6 hrs saves the
penumbra. National stroke association
• Insulin & glucose control is
Neuroprotective.
• Antipatelet drugs + BP control
13. Penumbra
• Longer ischemic time for reperfusion
destroys the cells--------Neurology
• Longer delay in activity also destroys the
functions of this penumbra ---- rehab
15. REHAB
“ Consideration of a patients rehabilitation
needs should commence at the same time
as Acute Medical management. ”
Pg 1207, Davidsons Principle & Practise of Medicine – 20e
16. Very Early Mobilisation (VEM)
• Introduction
– Very early rehab with emphasis on
mobilization may contribute to improved
functional outcome after stroke.
– Greatest contributors to better outcome was
better BP control and early mobilization.
17. A Very Early Rehabilitation Trial
(AVERT) for Stroke phase II safety
and feasibility
• Julie Benhardt,Helen Dewey et al
• National stroke Research Institute –
Australia
• 3 phases
• Stroke 2008, 39:390 AHA
18. VEM
• Study setting
– 2 stroke units in teaching hospitals in
Melbourne Australia
• Study design
– Prospective,open randomised controlled trial,
blinded, outcome assessment design
19. VEM
• Results
– Mobilization VEM 18 hrs SC 30 hrs
– Adverse events VEM 15 SC 14
– Falls VEM 19.7 SC 22.8/1000
– Disability at 3 months
• Better outcome VEM 39.5% SC 30.3 %
– Disability at 12 months
• No significant difference
– Case fatality at 3 months
• 15.5% as compared to 20 % in population of stroke Pts
20. VEM
• Summary
– AVERT protocol in which mobilization occurs within
24 hrs is a safe and feasible approach
• further
– PHASE III AVERT is on 2104 patients multicenter
study at 30 centers in 3 countries
– Unblinded early reports
• Death rates 5.8% n=170 C Cassel medscape 2008
21. Physical Impairments of Stroke
-focal areas of brain
Area Impairment remarks
Primary motor area in the
precentral gyrus( motor
Homunculus )- Int capsule-
pyramidal tract
Hemiplegia in various proportions, motor
weakness and poor voluntary control
Synergy patterns
Basal ganglia & extrapyramidal
systems
Poor trunk control, balance , rigidity Falls, poor transfers
Anterior to precentral gyrus, in
the frontal lobe with connections
to IC, Basal ganglia, cerebellum
Poor static & dynamic balance, motor
planning, ataxia, chorea, hemiballismus,
tremors
Falls poor sitting &
standing balance ,
ADLs affected
UMN system of CNS, esp internal
capsule
Spasticity- increase in tonic & phasic
spasticity
Contractures, joint
pains, loss of function
( ref- compiled from rehabilitation of stroke syndromes-Chap 51 PMR 3rd Ed Braddom)
22. Impairments in Stroke
prevalence
Framingham Study
Enass, Catherine et al-
Estimate of prevelance of A/c Stroke impairments
in multi ethnic population ( South London stroke
registry) n=1259 Stroke 2001
impairment percentage
Gaze paresis 18.4 %
Field defect 26.1
Visual neglect 19.8
Sensory inattention 19.4
LL motor deficit 27.2
UL motor deficit 77.4
Ataxia 7.2
UL sensory deficit 30.3
Dysphagia 44.7
Dysphasia 23
Urinary incontinence 48.2 %
23. Framingham Study
only 1 in 10 strokes were completely independent
Participation & Activity Percentage of
patients
No Vocation post stroke 63%
Reduced socialisation 59%
Reduced use of transport 44%
Dependant in ADLs 32%
Dependant with dressing 30%
Transfer assistance 20%
Unable to walk 15%
24. Strategies to manage -Stroke Impairments
impairment problem intervention
Upper limb
involvement
Spasticity
Weakness
Coordination
Pain shoulder
CRPS
Drugs,BTx, splints, positioning,
Halter, antagonistic muscle
strengthening.
CIMT, NMES, FES,
Contrast bath, mirror therapy,
Bobath, Task oriented Approach
Lower limb
involvement
Spasticity, weakness,
Poor control, stability
contracture
Prone lying, exercises, stretching &
position
AFO, Drugs, Injections, serial
casting, tendon lengthening, FES,
BWSTT, Robot Assisted training,
Bobath,
Trunk control &
stability
Rigidity, Balance, Transfers
affected
Bridging, trunkal exercises, BWSTT,
Transfer training, railing, Tripod
Apraxia & neglect Difficulty with ADLs esp
Dressing& hygiene, Gait, siting
balance,neglect is a disorder of
Visual & spatial attention
Sensory motor integration, sensory
input from affected site, Mirror
therapy,Transfer training, Standing
balance training.
25. managing impairments
• Restoration of Locomotion is one of the main
goals in Stroke Rehab
• Gait is affected due to
• Muscle weakness
• Spasticity
• Sensory motor control loss
• Impaired cognition
• Shorter steps, longer stance phase
26. Managing Trunkal imbalance
• Trunk biomechanics during hemiplegic gait after stroke – A
systematic review, Vancriekinge T et al – Gait & Posture 2017
• Decreased trunkal coordination & Ltd strength
• Pelvic step is influenced
• Increased mediolateral trunk sway
• Specific exercises, walking aid, orthosis help control these defects
• Weight bearing Asymmetry associated with Postural instability
– Systematic review- Kamphius J – Stroke Res Treatment 2013
• WBA – weight bearing asymmetry towards the non paretic side is common
• WBA- poorer COP trajectory synchrony
• Increase in WBA- increases postural sway
• Training of weight bearing symmetry is a major focus of stroke rehab
27. Role of Ankle foot orthosis in improving locomotion &
functional recovery in Patients with Stroke- a Prospective rehab
study
H Sankarnarayanan,Anupam Gupta et al- Journal of Neuroscience & rural
Prac-2016
• N=26
• Outcome measures – 6 minute walk test, speed of 10
Mt walk, FIM
• MCID in 6MWT ( 50 M)
• 34.6% of Pts using AFO & 11.5% of Pts not using AFO
• All Pts had subjective improvement while using AFO
• Conclusion
• Use of AFO in stroke = mixed response
• 2/3rd of patients had no effect
• AFO provided mediolateral stability & helped in swing Phase.
28. Stroke Rehabilitation
Phases
Phase purpose action remarks
Phase I Evaluation Medical, functional
& Life situation
Phase II Rx, Arrest
pathogenesis
Drugs &
interventions
Phase III Enhancement Exercises,
counselling &
orrthosis
Strengthening
&balance
Phase IV Task reacquisition ADL& gait training
Phase V Environmental
modification
Home & Workplace
modifications ,
Return to society
29. Phase I- Evaluation
Personal details emphasis
History Functional H/o & review of systems
General Examination Vitals & deformities
Systemic examination complications
CNS Visual, aphasia, Neglect, spasticity
Neuromusculoskeletal
Exam
Tone, voluntary control ,power ,synergy,
contractures
Functional evaluation ADLs, Balance, Transfers, Gait
Scales & scores
30. Evaluation
scale
NIHSS National institute of health stroke scale
FIM Functional Independence measure - ADLs
Modified Rankin
scale
Disability
Fugel Meyer Spastic hand function
MAL or Wolf scale Hand function ( Motor activity Log)
Hoffer & Bullock ambulation
One minute walk
test
walking
Get up & go test ambulation
Star cancellation Visual neglect
Gait Analysis
31. Enumeration of
Impairments, Activity & participation,
complications
Sl
no
Medical
issues
complications impairment Activity participation remarks
1 diabetes Shoulder
subluxation
hemiplegia Walking
affected
Duty as driver for
ambulance
affected
2 infarct Ataxia Rt side Poor
sitting
Poor
dynamic
balance
Regular
attendance to
community meet
affected
3 Able to
feed
Parenting &
decisions -fair
4 Good family
interactions
32. Rehab planning – eg.
Sl
No
Impairments Action Rehab team
1 spasticity Positioning, Baclofen, Injection, ortrhosis -
-WHO, Articulated AFO
Nursing,
Physiatrist,
Orthotist
2 Limb contracture
Equinus
Stretching, serial casting,, Physio,
Physiatrist/ Ortho
3 Aspiration
Pneumonia
Ryles , Good mouth hygiene, antibiotics
chest PT
Nursing, PT
4 Shoulder
subluxation
ES to deltoid , Shoulder halter PT, Orthotist
5 Falls Counselling, balance training, tripod Nursing, OT,
Orthotist
6 Aphasia Speech stimulation Speech therapist
Body image &
neglect
Mirror therapy and sensory stroking OT
Followed by an informed instruction to
each member after the team meet
33. Stroke Rehab team
• Physiatrist
• Neuro Physician
• Psychiatrist
• Occupational therapist
• Physiotherapist
• Rehab nurse
• Speech language pathologist
• Orthotist
• Social worker…….
34. Phase III-- Enhancement
• Common rehab interventions in a classical hemiplegic Stroke with
spasticity and equinus , for ambulation ..
• ROM exercises, gentle stretching , distal to proximal
stroking of the limb to improve sensory input, Bridging to
improve trunk control, biofeedback balance training
exercises, tilting table and standing frame for bedridden
patients, standing weight shifts and , orthotics like AFO &
cock up splints(WHO) and shoulder halter, walking Aids
like tripod walking stick. Electrical stimulation & FES.
35. Phase IV -- Task Reacquisition
• Once the person with Stroke has achieved adequate
sitting balance and standing balance
• he/she could be progressed to Task reacquisition
like
• Gait training, step climbing , ADL training-
one hand dressing, toileting & feeding .
• reach out to an over head shelf, open a door,
• manage a computer/ laptop
• later even driving a modified car.
36. Phase V--Environmental
Modifications
• railings on the better side
• Grab bars in bathrooms
• Water health faucet on the able side
• Toilet chairs with arm rest
• Railing on the bed for a confused patient
• Chairs with high seats
37. Family
• Take the patient & family into confidence
• Explain the disease process
• Its treatment options, impairments, prognosis for
recovery
• Focus on accepting the condition
• Motivate for regular exercises and life style
changes
• Move focus from impairments to Activity &
participation.
39. Functional recovery following stroke
cellular level
• Dentritic sprouting
• New synapse formation
• Long term potentiation and depression of
cerebral cortex
• Undamaged areas taking up lost function of
infarcted areas
• Prevention of Diaschisis
40. Peri infarct reorganisation
• Alteration of cortical motor maps after
primary motor cortex lesions – “ vicarious
reorganisation”.
• FMRI studies
– Dorsal shift of cortical activation near areas of
infarct
– Eg : recovery of finger movements
following small cortical lesions
picked up in FMRI
41. Rehab interventions supporting
Neuroplasticity
• Distal to proximal stroking of the limbs
affected
• Active assisted & simulated ADLs
• Task oriented approach
– Carr & Shepperd
• Simulated activities
• Bobath approach
42. Rehab interventions supporting
Neuroplasticity
• Bodyweighted
supported treadmill
training –BWSTT
• “ massed practice with
progressive wt bearing”
• Pamela et al – n=408
• NEJM-2011
• compared Home exs to BSTT
• Fugel meyer, walking speed &
Berg scale
• After 6 months similar gains in
walking speed
43. Rehab interventions supporting
Neuroplasticity
• Robotic devices can
induce repetitive
passive or assisted limb
movement
• Cortical excitability in
FMRI was a good
predictor for functional
gains following Robot
assisted training
• Millot, Spencer & Chan
45. Rehab interventions supporting
Neuroplasticity
• Constrained induced
movement Therapy
• Proposed by Edward
Taub & supported by
Randolph
• Improving function of
impaired limb by
blocking the good limb
in a arm sling
46. Rehab interventions
• Rythmic auditory
stimulation- RAS
• Can enhance gait
function by improving
the pace for walking
• In gait velocity, stride
length, & cadence
• Rebecca Hayden , IJNs ,
2009
47. Rehab interventions
• Recent studies using
FMRI & r TMS show
that the adult brain is
also capable of adaptive
plasticity., with
undamaged areas
taking up lost function
• EMG initiated FES-
Menta move
48. Rehab intervention supporting
Cortical remapping
• Mirror therapy
• form of Motor imagery
where a mirror in the
sagittal plane is used to
convey visual stimuli of
the normal limb
movement when the
affected limb is hidden
• VS Ramachandran-
Phantoms in the brain
49. Summary
• Though there is a battery of rehab
interventions to improve physical function of
stroke impairments
• Stand alone none can guarantee a complete
recovery
• Only a judicious combination of the same can
bring better results
50. Role of the Physiatrist
• Brain programmer … neuroplasticity, retrain
• Engineer … biomechanics of gait
• Team guide … coordinate, be aware
• Friend
• Doctor … help the patient take
decisions.
52. conclusion
• Save the penumbra
• Evaluate well – function & risk factors
• Enumerate- Impairment, activity,
participation & complications
• Rehab plan
• Support team work
• Help the person with stroke back into society.
55. Our experiences…
• RajaLakshmi (name changed)
• 60 yrs old Lady
• CVA Lt Hemiplegia
• Atrial Fibrillation (on Warf)
• Hypertension & Dyslipidemia
• Subclinical Hypothyroidism
56.
57. • 60 yr old Rajalakshmi is a grand mother who
had retd as a administrative staff.
• Hypertensive last 4-5 yrs on drugs
• 2 am she fell down after vomiting in the
bathroom.
• She was able to speak but could not walk after
this
• Noticed weakness of Lt UL & LL
58. RajaLakshmi
• Referred to Our Dept at 2 wks.
• P.R – 76/mt irreg, BP 150/100, RR –
Temp 98 F
• Hemineglect
• Hemianopia and UMN Facial Palsy
• Grade 0 power with Hypertonia Lt UL & LL.
59. At admission
• FIM - 59/126
• NIHSS – 11/42
• m Rankin scale – 4/6
• She was unable to sit up and was dependent
in all ADLs with significant neglect on lt side
60. Rajalakshmi
• Put on early mobilisation program which
included
• Positioning of arm in Abd & ER
• Positioning of leg in Abd & Ankle in Neutral
• Distal to proximal stroking
• TA, hamstring, add & finger flexor stretching.
61. Rajalakshmi
• Bridging
• Knee rolls
• Sitting up on bed on Rt side
• Caregiver was adviced to interact with patient
only from the left side
• Low intensity , 3-5 repetition of each set every
2 hrs was given by caregiver.
62. Rajalakshmi
• Progressed from
• tilting table to standing table to parallel bars
over 2-3 weeks
• OT for ADL training & sensory integration for
Lt side
• PT for gross motor skills
• Wrist hand orthosis & Shoe insert AFO.
63.
64. Rajalakshmi
• She is now standing independently in parallel
bars with an AFO
• Independent in Feeding,brushing,toileting
• Partially dependent in bathing,dressing
• Vitals PR - 76/mt BP–140/90 Temp – 98F
• Voluntary control better in the knee extensors
• FIM – 73/126
65.
66. On the flip side…
• Shobana (name changed)
• 65 yrs old housewife
• Hypertension and dyslipidemia (on drugs)
• Was referred to PMR on day 5 of the Stroke.
• Rt Sided weakness and Global Aphasia.
• CT scan – Lt Fronto-parietal infarct
67. Shobana
• On day 2 in PMR
• Progressive Drowsiness & unresponsive to
stimuli ….. vitals were stable
• Medicine Consultation
• Rpt CT scan – Evolving Rt parietal infarct
• Shifted to the ICU ….