This presentation consists of stress, types of stress, types of stressors, sources of stress, models of stress, stress management, coping strategies, coping methods
This presentation consists of stress, types of stress, types of stressors, sources of stress, models of stress, stress management, coping strategies, coping methods
Effective stress management helps you break the hold stress has on your life, so you can be happier, healthier, and more productive. The ultimate goal is a balanced life, with time for work, relationships, relaxation, and fun—and the resilience to hold up under pressure and meet challenges head on.
Youtube link :- https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=medic+o+mania
One of the important assumption in health care is psychology of individual plays an important role either in the development of or recovery from diseases.
http://www.helpwithassignment.com/
A Power Point Presentation offering some tips to help one cope with stress. Done by Bro. Oh Teik Bin, Lower Perak Buddhist Association, Teluk Intan, Perak, Malaysia. Please download for some background music and animation effects.
Effective stress management helps you break the hold stress has on your life, so you can be happier, healthier, and more productive. The ultimate goal is a balanced life, with time for work, relationships, relaxation, and fun—and the resilience to hold up under pressure and meet challenges head on.
Youtube link :- https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=medic+o+mania
One of the important assumption in health care is psychology of individual plays an important role either in the development of or recovery from diseases.
http://www.helpwithassignment.com/
A Power Point Presentation offering some tips to help one cope with stress. Done by Bro. Oh Teik Bin, Lower Perak Buddhist Association, Teluk Intan, Perak, Malaysia. Please download for some background music and animation effects.
lecture 27 from a college level introduction to psychology course taught Fall 2011 by Brian J. Piper, Ph.D. (psy391@gmail.com) at Willamette University, Seyle
This file accompanies a Youtube clip which covers the manner in which 1: biofeedback, 2: relaxation & meditation, 3: exercise & 4: social support can help manage stress. See facebook page 'epsychvce.com' or twitter account 'psyccounting' for link.
Stress Management PowerPoint Presentation Content slides include topics such as: understanding the dynamics of stress, quickly and effectively managing stress, symptoms of stress, identifying sources of stress, negative and positive effects of stress, the five step system to tackle stress, 6 strategies to minimize burn-out, from distress to eustress, specific problems and associated treatments, 15 ways to make work less stressful, how to's and much more.
A disruptive condition that occurs in response to adverse influences from the internal or external environments
A condition in which the person responds to changes in the normal balanced state
A biological, psychological, social or chemical factor that causes physical or emotional tension and may be a factor in the etiology of certain illnesses.
STRESS. Medical Surgical Nursing ....pptxPatelVedanti
Stress is a normal human reaction that happens to everyone. In fact, the human body is designed to experience stress and react to it.
When you experience changes or challenges (stressors), your body produces physical and mental responses. That’s stress.
Stress responses help your body adjust to new situations.
Stress can be positive, keeping us alert, motivated and ready to avoid danger.
For example, if you have an important test coming up, a stress response might help your body work harder and stay awake longer.
But stress becomes a problem when stressors continue without relief or periods of relaxation.
Stress is the non specific response of the body to any kind of demand made upon it.
-Hans Selye, 1956
Stress is the arousal of mind and body in response to demands made upon them.
-Schafer, 2000
A stressor is any event, experience, or environmental stimulus that causes stress in an individual.
These events or experiences are perceived as threats or challenges to the individual and can be either physical or psychological.
Researchers have found that stressors can make individuals more prone to both physical and psychological problems, including heart disease and anxiety.
In psychology, researchers generally classify the different types of stressors into four categories:
Crises/Catastrophes,
Major Life Events,
Daily Hassles/Micro Stressors, And
Ambient Stressors.
Crises/Catastrophes
This type of stressor is unforeseen and unpredictable and, as such, is completely out of the control of the individual.
Examples of crises and catastrophes include: devastating natural disasters, such as major floods, earthquakes, wars, pandemics etc….
Though rare in occurrence, this type of stressor typically causes a great deal of stress in a person's life.
Major life events
Common examples of major life events include: marriage, going to college, death of a loved one, birth of a child, divorce, moving houses etc…
These events, either positive or negative, can create a sense of uncertainty and fear, which will ultimately lead to stress.
For instance, research has found the elevation of stress during the transition from high school to university, with college freshmen being about two times more likely to be stressed than final year students.
Research has found major life events are somewhat rare to be major causes of stress, due to its rare occurrences.
Daily Hassles/Microstressors
This category includes daily annoyances and minor hassles.
Examples include: making decisions, meeting deadlines at work or school, traffic jams, encounters with irritating personalities, etc.
Often, this type of stressor includes conflicts with other people.
Daily stressors, however, are different for each individual, as not everyone perceives a certain event as stressful.
For example, most people find public speaking to be stressful, nevertheless, a seasoned politician most likely will not.
Daily hassles are the most frequently occurring.
GERO 508 Spring 2021
Week 2
The Mind & Body Connection
Timothy Lu Office Hours: By Appointment Email: [email protected]
Dr Paul Nash CPsychol, AFBPsS, FHEA
Office: GERO 231E
Office Hours: Thurs 09.00-12.00
(OR AGREED APPOINTMENT)
Email: [email protected]
Gillian Fennell
Email: [email protected]
Questions about assessments?
2
The session in brief
Biological – What is stress?
Biological consequences of stress
Biological models of stress
Measuring biological stress
What does stress look like?
The meaning of sex
Psychological approaches to stress
Environmental approaches to stress
Specific models of stress
Bio-Psycho-Social models of stress
Measuring psychological components of stress
3
What forms can stress take?
4
Stress – The overview
Actual Stress
- See a predator / See a car coming towards you
5
Perceived Stress
- In a situation where something may or may not happen
Which do you think happens with humans? Why?
Humans exhibit the anticipatory stress response, well done us!! Turn on stress response for psychological reasons
- memory, emotions, thoughts
NOT what stress was designed for which leads to potential for chronic stress
Essentially the aim of the stress response is to return us to the homeostatic equilibrium we are in.
Acute or Chronic?
6
The meaning of sex
7
Fight or Flight
Tend and Befriend
Evolutionary
Protection of self and offspring
Nurturing offspring under stressful situation
Protect from harm (tend)
Create / join social groups to maximize resource and protection (befriend)
Evolutionary
Protection of self
Fight a stressor
Escape a stressor
Short lived
Few mins – Alive or dead
Most research based on males until the tend / befriend hypothesis produced. Mainly due to different cyclical variation in hormones and endocrine responses making research with women less predictable.
Not the whole story and we have biological and psychological differences later in the course!
Stress – The psychological approach
8
Stress as a response
The ways in which we respond to a stressor
Storm and stress approach
Coping & resilience
Effects of prolonged stress
Stress as a stimulus
Views stress as a significant life event or change that demands response, adjustment, or adaptation
Sees change as inherently stressful
Stress is dealt with uniformly across populations
Illness outcome thresholds are uniform
Stress as a transaction
Stress is a product of the human – environment transaction
Hardiness, resilience, locus of control and self-efficacy are important constructs
Duration of transaction (Episodic, Acute, Chronic)
Environmental stressors
9
Suboptimal environmental conditions pose demands that may exceed an individuals ability to cope
The imbalance between environmental demands and response capabilities is called…..?
…Stress
Environmental stressors include:
Chronic
Noise when living by a freeway
Acute
Noise when in a tunnel
Which is more ...
The most significant difference between ASD and PTSD is the onset and duration of symptoms. The effects of ASD present immediately and last up to a month, while PTSD symptoms present slower and last longer, up to several years if not treated.
Acute stress disorder and PTSD are similar except that acute stress disorder typically begins immediately after the trauma and lasts from 3 days to 1 month, whereas PTSD lasts for > 1 month, either as a continuation of acute stress disorder or as a separate occurrence that begins up to 6 months after the trauma.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
2. ASSIGNMENT OF STRESS AND COPING
SUBJACT = FUNDMANTAL OF NURSING
TOPIC = STRESS & COPING
SUBIMMATED BY = NADIA KHAN & ABUBAKAR
ROLL NO = 10 , 2
SECTION = A
SUBMITTED TO = MA’AM MAHWISH YOUNAS
PROGROM = BSN (Generic)
MULTAN MEDICAL DENTAL &NURSING
COLLAGE MULTAN .
REFERENCE = (FON) Written by KOZIER & ERB’S
3. Objective/Topic out line:
1) Concept of stress .
2) Source of stress .
3) Effects of stress .
4) Modal of stress their are three modal of
stress .
(A) Stimulus-based models .
(B)Response-based models .
(C)Transaction-based models .
5) Indicators of stress their of three types .
(A)physiological (B) psychological indicators.
4. (A)physiological indicators.
(B) psychological indicators.
(c) Cognitive indicators.
6)Differentiate between Anxiety & Fear .
7) Differentiate between Anger & Depression .
8)What is Ego Defense Mechanisms .
9)What is coping .
10) Two types of coping strategy .
1) Problem focused Coping
2) Emotion focused Coping
Coping strategies may be involves :
1. Long term coping strategies
2. Short term coping strategies
5. Introduction : stress is universal phenomenon .
All people experience it . Parents refer to the
stress of raising children ,working people talk
of the stress of their job, at students at all
levels talk of the stress of school . stress can
result from both positive and negative
experience .
For example ; A bride preparing for her wedding
, A graduate preparing to start new job.
6. The concept of stress is important
because it provides a way of
understanding the person as a
being who respond in totality (
Mind , body , and spirit ) to a
variety of changes that take
place in daily life .
Concept of stress :
Stress is a condition In which
the person experience changes
in normal balanced state .
Stressor is any event or
stimulus that caused as
individual to experience stress
.
7. When a person face stressors , responses are
referred to as coping strategies ,coping
responses , or coping mechanisms .
Sources of stress :
There are many sources of stress such as
Internal stressors.
External stressors.
Developmental stressors.
Situational stressors.
8. Internal stressors : internal stressors
originate within person , e.g infection or
feelings of depression.
External stressors : External stressors
originate outside the individual , e.g a move
to another city , a death in the family or
pressure from peers .
Developmental stressors : Developmental
stressors occur at predictable times
throughout an individual’s life .
Situational stressors : Situational stressors are
unpredictable and may occur any time during
life. e.g
9. Death of a family member .
Marriage or divorce.
Births of a child.
New job.
Illness.
The degree to which any of these events has
positive and negative effects depends to
some extent on an individual’s developmental
stage. For example
The death of a parent may be more stressful
for a 12 years old than for a 40 years old.
15. Effect of stress
Stress can have Physical, Emotional
,Intellectual , Social and spiritual
consequences.
Physically stress can threaten a person’s
physiological homeostasis .
Emotionally stress can produce negative or no
constructive feelings about the self.
Intellectually stress can influence a person’s
perceptual and problem solving abilities.
Socially stress can alter a person’s relationship
with others.
Spiritually stress can challenge one’s beliefs
and values.
16.
17. Three main models of stress
1. Stimulus based
2. Response based
3. Transaction based
18. Stress is define as a stimulus a life event, or a set
of circumstances that arouses physiologically
and/or psychologically reactions that may
increase the individual’s vulnerability to illness.
Such as a divorce, pregnancy and retirement. In
this view both positive and negative event are
considered stressful.
For example, a divorce may be highly traumatic to
one person and cause relatively little anxiety to
another. In addition many scales have not been
tested for age, socioeconomic status or cultural
sensitivity.
19. Stress may also be considered as a response .
This definition was developed and described
by selye (11956, 1976) as “the nonspecific
response of the body to any kind of demand
made upon it”
selye’s stress response is characterized by a
chain or pattern of physiological event called
the general adaptation syndrome(GAS) or
stress syndrome .
20. To differentiate the cause of stress from the
response to stress, selye (1976) used the
term stressor to denote any factor that
produce stress and disturbs the body’s
equilibrium.
Stress can be observed only by the changes it
produce in the body . The response of the
body , the stress syndrome or GAS , occurs
with the release of certain adaptive
hormones and subsequent changes in the
structure and chemical composition of the
body .
21. Effected point :
Gastrointestinal tract .
Adrenalin gland .
Lymphatic structures .
Deep ulcers appear in the lining of stomach
.
Adrenal gland enlarge considerably .
Lymphatic structure such as the ( thymus
,spleen , and lymph node) .
In the addition to adaption globally , the
body can also react locally ; that is , one
organ or a part of the body reacts alone .
This is referred to as the Local adaptation
syndrome (LAS) . E.g Inflammation .
22. General adaptation syndrome(GAS) and Local
adaptation syndrome (LAS) have three stage .
1. Alarm reaction .
2. Resistance .
3. Exhaustion .
1 . Alarm reaction : the initial reaction of the
body is the alarm reaction , which alerts the
body’s defense.
Two types of alarm reaction :
1. Shock phase
2. Counter shock phase
23.
24. 1. Shock phase ; the stress may be
perceived consciously or unconsciously by
the person. Stressor stimulate the
sympathetic nervous system, which in turn
stimulate the hypothalamus . The
hypothalamus releasing corticotrophin
releasing hormone , which stimulate anterior
pituitary gland to release
adrenocorticotrophic hormone . During the
time of stress the adrenaline medulla secrets
epinephrine and nor epinephrine in response
to sympathetic stimulation . Significant body
response to epinephrine include the
following .
25. Increase myocardial contractility, which increase
the cardic output in blood flow to the active
muscle .
Bronchial dilation which always increase the
oxygen intake.
Increase the blood clotting .
Increase the cellular metabolism .
The principal effect of nor epinephrine is decrease
blood to the kidneys in increasing secretion renin
. Renin is an enzyme that hydrolyze one of the
blood proteins to produce angiotensin .
Angiotensin tends to increase the blood pressure
by constricting arterioles . The person is then
ready for “ flight or fight”
26. 2 . Countershock phase : the second
part of the alarm reaction is called
countershock . during this time , the changes
produce in the body during the shock phase
are reverse . Thus , a person is best mobilize
they react during the shock phase of the
alarm reaction.
2. Stage of resistance :
The second stage in the GAS and LAS
syndromes the stage of resistance, in when
the bodies adaptation take place . In other
word ,the body attempts cope with the
stressor and to limit the stressor to the
smallest area of the body that can deal with it
.
27.
28. 3. Stage of exhaustion : during the
third stage , the stage of exhaustion , the
adaptation that the body made during the
second stage cannot be maintain . this means
that the ways used to cope with the stressor
have been exhaustion . If adaptation has not
overcome the stressor , the stress may spread
to the entire body . It the end of this stage ,
the body may either rest and return to the
normal , or death may be ultimate
consiquence .
29.
30.
31. Transactional stress theory encompasses a set of
cognitive, effective , and adaptive coping
response that arise out of the person
environment transaction . The person and the
environment are inseparable; each effects and is
effected the other . Stress “ refers to any event in
which environmental demand , internal demand ,
or both tax are exceed the adaptive resources of
an individual , social system , or tissue system” .
the individual responds to perceived
environmental changes by adaptive or coping
responses.
32. Indicators of an individual’s stress may be
physiological , psychological , or cognitive .
Physiology indicators : Responses to stress
vary depending on the individuals perception
of events . The physiological signs and
symptoms of stress result from activation of
the sympathetic and neuroendocrine system
of the body . Clinical manifestation lists
physiological indicators of the stress .
33. Psychological indicator :
psychological manifestations of stress include
anxiety , fear , anger , depression, and
unconscious ego defense mechanisms . Some
of the coping patterns are helpful ; others are a
hindrance , depending on the situation and the
length of time they are used or experienced .
Anxiety and Fear
Anxiety : A state of mental uneasiness ,
apprehension , dread , or a feeling of
helplessness related to an Impending or
anticipated unidentified threat to self or
significant relationships .
34. Anxiety may be manifested on four
levels .
1) Mild anxiety
2) Moderate anxiety
3) Severe anxiety
4) Panic
1. Mild anxiety : produces a slight arousal
that enhances perception , learning ,and
productive abilities .
2.Moderate anxiety : increases the arousal to
a point where the person expresses feelings
of tension , nervousness , or concern .
35. 3. Severe anxiety : consumes most of the
persons energies and requires intervention .
Perception is further decreased . The person ,
unable to focus on what is really happening ,
focuses on only one specific detail of the
situation generating the anxiety .
4.Panic : panic is an overpowering , frightening
level of anxiety causing the person to lose
control .
Fear : Fear is an emotion or feeling of
apprehension aroused by impending or seeming
danger , pain or another perceived threat .
36. Anxiety and fear differ in four ways:
The source of anxiety may not be identifiable
; the source of fear is identifiable .
Anxiety is related to the future that is to an
anticipated event . Fear is related to the past
,present and future .
Anxiety is vague , whereas fear is definite .
Anxiety is the result of psychological or
emotional conflict ; fear is the result of
specific of physical or psychological entity.
37. Differentiation between Anger &depression :
Anger :
Anger is an emotional state consisting of a
subjective feeling of animosity or strong
displeasure .
Anger differs from hostility , aggression , and
violence , but at can lead to destructiveness and
violence if the anger persists unabated .
Depression :
Depression is a common reaction to events
that seem overwhelming or negative .
Depression an extreme feeling of sadness ,despair
,dejection , lack of worth , or emptiness ,affects
millions of americans a year .
38.
39. Signs and symptoms
Emotional symptoms :
Feeling of tiredness .
Sadness .
Emptiness or numbness .
Behavioral signs :
Irritability .
Inability to concentrate .
Crying .
40. Physical signs :
Loss of appetite .
Weight loss .
Constipation .
Headache and dizziness .
41. Ego Defense mechanisms :
Ego defense mechanisms are unconscious
psychological adaptive mechanisms or according
to Anna Freud (1967), mental mechanisms that
develop as the personality attempts to defend
itself , establish , compromises among
conflicting impulses , and calm inner tensions .
Defense mechanisms are the unconscious mind
working to protect the person from anxiety .
They can be considered precursors to conscious
cognitive coping mechanisms that will ultimately
solve the problem . Like some verbal and motor
responses , defense mechanisms release tension
.
42. Cognitive indicators :
cognitive indictors of stress are thinking
response that include
problem solving .
structuring .
self-control or self-discipline.
Suppression.
fantasy .
43. Cognitive problem :
cognitive problem involves thinking
through the threatening situation , using specific
step to arrive at a solution . The person assesses
the situation or problem , analyzes or defines it ,
chooses alternative , carries out the selected
alternative ,and evaluates weather the solution
was successful .
Structuring :
structuring is the arrangement or
manipulation of a situation so that threatening
events do not occur .
44. For example, a nurse can structure or control an
interview with a client by asking only direct,
structuring can be productive in certain situations .
A person who schedules a dental examination
semiannually to prevent severe dental disease is
using productive structuring.
Self control (discipline)
Self control (discipline) is assuming a manner and
facial expression that convey a sense of being in
control or in charge.
When self control prevents panic and harmful or
nonproductive action in a threatening situation ,
it is a helpful response that conveys strength.
45. Suppression
Suppression is consciously and willfully putting
a thought or feeling out of mind . I wont deal
with that today . I will do it tomorrow . This
response relieves stress temporarily but does
not solve the problem . A ma who keeps
ignoring a toothache, pushing it out of his
mind because he fears the pain of having a
filling , will not obtain relief of his symptoms.
46. Fantasy or daydreaming
Fantasy or daydreaming is linked to make believe
Unfulfilled wishes and desires are imagined ass
fulfilled ,or a threatening experience is reworked
or replayed so that it ends differently from reality
For example : a client who is waiting the results of
a breast biopsy result might say to herself ,Even
if the doctor says , you have cancer , as long as
he also says it can be treated . I can accept that .
Fantasies can be destructive and nonproductive if
a person uses them to excess and retreats from
reality.
47.
48. Coping
Coping may be described as dealing with
change successfully or unsuccessfully . A
coping strategy (coping mechanism) is a natural
or learned way of responding to a changing
environment or specific problem or situation.
According to Folkman and Lazarus (1991)
coping is “the cognitive and behavioral effort to
manage specific external and/or internal
demands that are appraised as taxing or
exceeding the resources of the person.
49. Coping strategies
1) Problem focused Coping
2) Emotion focused Coping
1)Problem focused coping
Problem focused coping refers to efforts to
improve a situation by making changes or taking
some action.
2)Emotion focused Coping
Emotion focused coping includes thoughts and
action that relieve emotional distress. Emotion
focused coping does not improve the situation
but the person often feels better. Both types of
strategies usually occur together (Lazarus2006).
50. Coping strategies may be involves :
1. Long term coping strategies
2. Short term coping strategies
1) Long term coping strategies
Long term coping strategies can be constructive and
practical. For example: In certain situation
talking with others and trying to find out more
about the situation are long term strategies.
Others long term strategies include a change in
lifestyle pattern such as eating a healthy diet ,
exercising regularly ,balancing leisure time with
working , or using problem solving in decision
making instead of anger or other non constructive
responses.
51. 2) Short term coping strategies
Short term coping strategies can reduce stress
a tolerable limit temporarily but are
ineffective ways permanently deal with reality
. they may even have a destructive
detrimental effect on the person. Example of
short term strategies are using alcoholic
beverages or drugs daydreaming and
fantasizing ,relying on the belief that
everything will work out, and giving in to
others to avoid anger.
52. Coping can be
A. Adaptive coping :
B. Maladaptive coping :
A .Adaptive coping :
Adaptive coping helps the person to deal
effective with stressful events and minimizes
distress associated with them .
B .Maladaptive coping :
Maladaptive coping can result in
unnecessary distress for the person and others
associative with the person or stressful event .
53. In nursing literature , Effective and Ineffective
coping are often differentiated .
Effective coping : is results in
adaptation ;
Ineffective coping : is result in
maladaptation.
Although the coping behavior may not always
seem appropriate , the nurse needs to
remember that coping is always purposeful .
The effectiveness of an individual’s coping is
influenced by a number of factors , including :
54. The number , duration , and intensity of the
stressor .
Past experiences of the individual .
Support systems available to the individual .
Personal qualities of the person .
caregiver burden
If the duration of the stressor is extended
beyond the coping powers of the individual ,
that person becomes exhausted and may
develop increased susceptibility to health
problem .
55. Reaction to long –term stress is seen in family
members who undertake the care of a person in
home for a long period . This stress is called
caregiver burden and produces responses
such as chronic fatigue , sleeping difficulties
and high blood pressure . Prolonged stress
can also result in mental illness . A coping
strategies or defense mechanisms become
ineffective , the individual may have
interpersonal problem , work difficulties ,and a
significant decrease in the ability to meet basic
human need.
56. Assessmen
t
Diagnosis planning Implementi
ng
Rational Evalution
Subjective
data
Short term
goal
Independen
t
She
verbalized
that she
found lump
in her right
breast 1
week ago
.she and
her
husband
are
extremely
anxious
about the
surgery .
She feel
pain in her
right
Ineffective
coping r/t
personal
vulnerabili
ty
secondary
mastecto
my .
Decrease
or
resolve
anxiety .
Increase
ability to
manage
or cope
with
stressful
events or
circumst
ances .
Improve
role
performa
nce .
Regular
exercise to
promote
both
physical
and
emotional
health .
Nutritional
is essential
for health
and in
increasing
the body’s
resistance
to stress.
Avoid
excessive of
To improve
muscle
tone &
relief of
tension .
To
minimize
the
negative
effects of
stress .
To reduce
the
infection
and pain .
After 1
week ,
nurse
collect data
needed to
determined
and client
goal and
out come
have been
achieved .