The document outlines the Stress Adaptation Model, which describes how the body responds and adapts to stress. It discusses three stages of the stress response - alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. In the alarm stage, the body prepares for "fight or flight" through increased heart rate and adrenaline. During resistance, the body tries to adapt to prolonged stress which can weaken the immune system over time. In exhaustion, stress hormones are continually released to restore balance, but suppress the immune system. The model shows how stress can lead to illness if the stress response becomes chronic.
Stress results from a change in the environment that is perceived as a challenge, a threat, or a danger and can have both positive and negative effects.
Stress results from a change in the environment that is perceived as a challenge, a threat, or a danger and can have both positive and negative effects.
The term stress was introduced in medicine in 1949 by Canadian endocrinologist – Hans Selye. To him, stress is described as the body’s adjustment to a new circumstance, and the body’s stereotypical and non-specific response to environmental stimuli that disrupt a personal balance, and described also as a psychosomatic mechanism to regulate and balance the tensions, which means the perception and preparation of the body to the specific loads.
STRESS. Medical Surgical Nursing ....pptxPatelVedanti
Stress is a normal human reaction that happens to everyone. In fact, the human body is designed to experience stress and react to it.
When you experience changes or challenges (stressors), your body produces physical and mental responses. That’s stress.
Stress responses help your body adjust to new situations.
Stress can be positive, keeping us alert, motivated and ready to avoid danger.
For example, if you have an important test coming up, a stress response might help your body work harder and stay awake longer.
But stress becomes a problem when stressors continue without relief or periods of relaxation.
Stress is the non specific response of the body to any kind of demand made upon it.
-Hans Selye, 1956
Stress is the arousal of mind and body in response to demands made upon them.
-Schafer, 2000
A stressor is any event, experience, or environmental stimulus that causes stress in an individual.
These events or experiences are perceived as threats or challenges to the individual and can be either physical or psychological.
Researchers have found that stressors can make individuals more prone to both physical and psychological problems, including heart disease and anxiety.
In psychology, researchers generally classify the different types of stressors into four categories:
Crises/Catastrophes,
Major Life Events,
Daily Hassles/Micro Stressors, And
Ambient Stressors.
Crises/Catastrophes
This type of stressor is unforeseen and unpredictable and, as such, is completely out of the control of the individual.
Examples of crises and catastrophes include: devastating natural disasters, such as major floods, earthquakes, wars, pandemics etc….
Though rare in occurrence, this type of stressor typically causes a great deal of stress in a person's life.
Major life events
Common examples of major life events include: marriage, going to college, death of a loved one, birth of a child, divorce, moving houses etc…
These events, either positive or negative, can create a sense of uncertainty and fear, which will ultimately lead to stress.
For instance, research has found the elevation of stress during the transition from high school to university, with college freshmen being about two times more likely to be stressed than final year students.
Research has found major life events are somewhat rare to be major causes of stress, due to its rare occurrences.
Daily Hassles/Microstressors
This category includes daily annoyances and minor hassles.
Examples include: making decisions, meeting deadlines at work or school, traffic jams, encounters with irritating personalities, etc.
Often, this type of stressor includes conflicts with other people.
Daily stressors, however, are different for each individual, as not everyone perceives a certain event as stressful.
For example, most people find public speaking to be stressful, nevertheless, a seasoned politician most likely will not.
Daily hassles are the most frequently occurring.
Stress management is a wide spectrum of techniques and psychotherapies aimed at controlling a person's level of stress, especially chronic stress, usually for the purpose of and for the motive of improving everyday functioning
Stress is a feeling of emotional or physical tension. It can come from any event or thought that makes you feel frustrated, angry, or nervous. Stress is your body's reaction to a challenge or demand. In short bursts, stress can be positive, such as when it helps you avoid danger or meet a deadline.
Don't have much or any control over the outcome of a situation. Have responsibilities that you find overwhelming. Don't have enough work, activities or change in your life. Experience discrimination, hate or abuse.
Many people associate crying with feeling sad and making them feel worse, but in reality, crying can help improve your mood - emotional tears release stress hormones. Your stress level lowers when you cry, which can help you sleep better and strengthen your immune system.
Too much stress, however, can suppress your immune system and cause you to get sick more easily. Prolonged periods of stress can also increase your risk of several diseases, including heart disease and cancer.
According to a study, 60 to 80 percent of doctor's office visits may be stress-related. But ongoing, chronic stress can cause or worsen many serious health problems, including: Mental health problems, such as depression, anxiety, and personality disorders. Cardiovascular disease, including heart disease, high blood pressure, abnormal heart rhythms, heart attacks, and strokes.Stress is the physical or mental response to an external cause, such as having a lot of homework or having an illness. A stressor may be a one-time or short-term occurrence, or it can happen repeatedly over a long time. Stress is how we react when we feel under pressure or threatened. It usually happens when we are in a situation that we don't feel we can manage or control. When we experience stress, it can be as: An individual, for example when you have lots of responsibilities that you are struggling to manage.
Some of the physical signs that your stress levels are too high include: Pain or tension in your head, chest, stomach, or muscles. Your muscles tend to tense up when you're stressed, and over time this can cause headaches, migraines, or musculoskeletal problems. Digestive problems.
When someone cries, their heart rate increases and their breathing slows down. The more vigorous the crying, the greater the hyperventilation, which reduces the amount of oxygen the brain receives — leading to an overall state of drowsiness.
As challenging as it may be, the best way to handle difficult feelings, including sadness and grief, is to embrace them. It is important to allow yourself to cry if you feel like it. Make sure to take the time and find a safe space to cry if you need to.
When stress begins to accumulate from negative or challenging events in life that just keep coming, you can find yourself in a state of feeling emotionally worn out and drained. This is called emotional exhaustion. For most people, emotional exhaustion tends to slowly build up over time.
The term stress was introduced in medicine in 1949 by Canadian endocrinologist – Hans Selye. To him, stress is described as the body’s adjustment to a new circumstance, and the body’s stereotypical and non-specific response to environmental stimuli that disrupt a personal balance, and described also as a psychosomatic mechanism to regulate and balance the tensions, which means the perception and preparation of the body to the specific loads.
STRESS. Medical Surgical Nursing ....pptxPatelVedanti
Stress is a normal human reaction that happens to everyone. In fact, the human body is designed to experience stress and react to it.
When you experience changes or challenges (stressors), your body produces physical and mental responses. That’s stress.
Stress responses help your body adjust to new situations.
Stress can be positive, keeping us alert, motivated and ready to avoid danger.
For example, if you have an important test coming up, a stress response might help your body work harder and stay awake longer.
But stress becomes a problem when stressors continue without relief or periods of relaxation.
Stress is the non specific response of the body to any kind of demand made upon it.
-Hans Selye, 1956
Stress is the arousal of mind and body in response to demands made upon them.
-Schafer, 2000
A stressor is any event, experience, or environmental stimulus that causes stress in an individual.
These events or experiences are perceived as threats or challenges to the individual and can be either physical or psychological.
Researchers have found that stressors can make individuals more prone to both physical and psychological problems, including heart disease and anxiety.
In psychology, researchers generally classify the different types of stressors into four categories:
Crises/Catastrophes,
Major Life Events,
Daily Hassles/Micro Stressors, And
Ambient Stressors.
Crises/Catastrophes
This type of stressor is unforeseen and unpredictable and, as such, is completely out of the control of the individual.
Examples of crises and catastrophes include: devastating natural disasters, such as major floods, earthquakes, wars, pandemics etc….
Though rare in occurrence, this type of stressor typically causes a great deal of stress in a person's life.
Major life events
Common examples of major life events include: marriage, going to college, death of a loved one, birth of a child, divorce, moving houses etc…
These events, either positive or negative, can create a sense of uncertainty and fear, which will ultimately lead to stress.
For instance, research has found the elevation of stress during the transition from high school to university, with college freshmen being about two times more likely to be stressed than final year students.
Research has found major life events are somewhat rare to be major causes of stress, due to its rare occurrences.
Daily Hassles/Microstressors
This category includes daily annoyances and minor hassles.
Examples include: making decisions, meeting deadlines at work or school, traffic jams, encounters with irritating personalities, etc.
Often, this type of stressor includes conflicts with other people.
Daily stressors, however, are different for each individual, as not everyone perceives a certain event as stressful.
For example, most people find public speaking to be stressful, nevertheless, a seasoned politician most likely will not.
Daily hassles are the most frequently occurring.
Stress management is a wide spectrum of techniques and psychotherapies aimed at controlling a person's level of stress, especially chronic stress, usually for the purpose of and for the motive of improving everyday functioning
Stress is a feeling of emotional or physical tension. It can come from any event or thought that makes you feel frustrated, angry, or nervous. Stress is your body's reaction to a challenge or demand. In short bursts, stress can be positive, such as when it helps you avoid danger or meet a deadline.
Don't have much or any control over the outcome of a situation. Have responsibilities that you find overwhelming. Don't have enough work, activities or change in your life. Experience discrimination, hate or abuse.
Many people associate crying with feeling sad and making them feel worse, but in reality, crying can help improve your mood - emotional tears release stress hormones. Your stress level lowers when you cry, which can help you sleep better and strengthen your immune system.
Too much stress, however, can suppress your immune system and cause you to get sick more easily. Prolonged periods of stress can also increase your risk of several diseases, including heart disease and cancer.
According to a study, 60 to 80 percent of doctor's office visits may be stress-related. But ongoing, chronic stress can cause or worsen many serious health problems, including: Mental health problems, such as depression, anxiety, and personality disorders. Cardiovascular disease, including heart disease, high blood pressure, abnormal heart rhythms, heart attacks, and strokes.Stress is the physical or mental response to an external cause, such as having a lot of homework or having an illness. A stressor may be a one-time or short-term occurrence, or it can happen repeatedly over a long time. Stress is how we react when we feel under pressure or threatened. It usually happens when we are in a situation that we don't feel we can manage or control. When we experience stress, it can be as: An individual, for example when you have lots of responsibilities that you are struggling to manage.
Some of the physical signs that your stress levels are too high include: Pain or tension in your head, chest, stomach, or muscles. Your muscles tend to tense up when you're stressed, and over time this can cause headaches, migraines, or musculoskeletal problems. Digestive problems.
When someone cries, their heart rate increases and their breathing slows down. The more vigorous the crying, the greater the hyperventilation, which reduces the amount of oxygen the brain receives — leading to an overall state of drowsiness.
As challenging as it may be, the best way to handle difficult feelings, including sadness and grief, is to embrace them. It is important to allow yourself to cry if you feel like it. Make sure to take the time and find a safe space to cry if you need to.
When stress begins to accumulate from negative or challenging events in life that just keep coming, you can find yourself in a state of feeling emotionally worn out and drained. This is called emotional exhaustion. For most people, emotional exhaustion tends to slowly build up over time.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
2. Introduction
Stress is everywhere.
stress is impossible to avoid.
It can be acute, such as the stress that
occurs in the face of immediate danger, or it
can be chronic when a person is dealing with
a long -term stressful situation.
3. Coping and Stress
Stress—normal, automatic non-specific, local or
general reaction to any external change or
threat” Produces changes in the structure and
chemical composition of the body.
Definition: Any situation in which a nonspecific
demand requires an individual to respond or
take action.
• It involves physiological and psychological
responses.
• Stress can be positive or negative.
• Sympathetic nervous system takes over: flight,
fright, or fight.
4. Coping and Stress..
People react in different ways to stressors:
1. people always try to adapt to stress
2. attempts at adaptation lead to new stressors
3. stresses can be so severe or so prolonged they
can overwhelm adaptive capabilities of most
well-adjusted individuals.
• Stress over a long period of time can cause
changes in the body.
• Can cause illnesses.
5. Coping and Stress…
• Stressors—the stimuli preceding or
precipitating a change.
• Examples: physiological, psychological, social,
environmental, developmental, spiritual, cultural
• Internal stressors—originate inside a person.
Example: fever or guilt
• External stressors—originate outside a person.
Example: environmental temperatures, change
in family role, peer pressure
• Physiological adaptation—the body’s ability to
maintain a state of relative balance-
homeostasis.
6. Levels of Stress
• Mild stress— that everyone encounters
regularly. Situation usually lasts a few minutes to
a few hours.
• Not significant by themselves, but multiple mild
stressors over a short time can increase risk of
illness.
• Moderate stress—lasts longer, from several
hours to several days.
• Severe stress—chronic situations that may last
several weeks to several years.
• The more intense and longer the stress
situation, the higher the health risk.
7. Levels of Stress..
• The response to any stressor depends on
our internal makeup-- physiological
functioning, personality, and behavioral
characteristics, as well as the nature of the
stressor.
• The nature of the stressor involves:
intensity, scope, duration, number and
nature of stressors.
8. Three Stages of Stress
An endocrinologist named Dr. Hans Selye
outlined a three stage model of the body's
response to stress.
He called his model the General Adaptation
Syndrome.
Understanding these three stages will give you
a better idea as to the symptoms that occur
with stress and how to manage them.
10. Alarm Stage
This is the "fight or flight" reaction to a particular
stress.
It may occur as a response to imminent danger,
or it may be the first stressful reaction feel upon
hearing stressful news, such as the loss of a
loved one.
In this stage, body physical reacts to the stress
by releasing adrenaline to increase your heat
and breathing rate and help you move quicker in
a dangerous situation.
11. Alarm Stage…..
A hormone called corticotropin is also released by
the anterior pituitary gland to help the body
prepare for danger.
Other physical responses to stress include
butterflies in stomach, a rise in blood pressure,
dilation in the eyes, dry mouth, tensing of
muscles, and difficulty concentrating.
12. Resistance or Adaptation Stage
During this stage, body is still on alert for
imminent danger.
If this stage of stress becomes prolonged, such
as when dealing with a long-term stressful
situation, body will become taxed by the
physical responses.
Over time, your immune system may become
compromised, leaving you more susceptible to
illness.
It only takes a few days in the resistance and
adaptation stage for the immune system to
become weakened.
13.
14. Exhaustion Stage
• The final stage in the GAS is the exhaustion stage
where body readjusts to normal.
• Additional hormones, called cortisols, are released
to help relieve the damaging effects of stress.
• They are continually released until body's chemistry
comes back into balance.
• These hormones ultimately suppress the immune
system and have the potential to worsen biological
and psychological diseases and disorders.
15. MODELS OF ADAPTATION:
• Stimulus Based Model of stress: (Homes &
Rahe) cause & effect response, stress if viewed
as stimulus& results in strain.
• Focuses on disturbing or disruptive
characteristics within the environment.
1. Life change events are normal, they require the
same type and duration of adjustment
2. People are passive recipients of stress, and their
perceptions of the event are irrelevant
• All people have common threshold of stimulus
and illness results at any point after the threshold
16. MODELS OF ADAPTATION
• Response-based Model (Selye)- a model that
defines stress as a nonspecific response of the
body to any demand made on it.
• Nature of stressor, No. of stressors at one time,
duration of exposure, experience with a
comparable stressor.
• Stress is demonstrated by a nonspecific
physiological reaction, the (GAS) general
adaptation syndrome.
17. MODELS OF ADAPTATION
Two physiological responses:
1. GAS (generalized adaptation response
2. LAS (localized adaptation syndrome)
18. Generalized Adaptation
Response (GAS)
Three phases
1. Alarm reaction/shock phase reaction—
body recognizes stressors and produces
“fight or flight” reaction—release of
epinephrine.
2. State of resistance or countershock—
body adapts to stressor
3. Stage of exhaustion—alarm reaction
symptoms reappear
19.
20. Localized Adaptation Syndrome
(LAS)
• Response is localized
• Response is adaptive—stressor must stimulate
• Short term
• Response is restorative—restores homeostasis
21. Localized Adaptation Syndrome
(LAS)
Two localized responses:
• Reflex pain response—response of the
nervous system to pain (localized)
• Inflammatory response—stimulated by trauma
or infection. Localizes= the inflammation,
prevents spread and promotes healing.
Produces pain, redness, swelling and changes
in functioning.
• Increases blood flow to area
22. Transaction Based
Model (Lazarus)
• views the person and environment in a
synamic, reciprocal interactive relationship.
• Views the stressor as an individual perceptual
response rooted in psychological and cognitive
processes.
• Function of coping is problem solving and
controlling emotional reaction.
23. Transaction Based
Model (Lazarus)…
• This is problem solving, critical thinking.
• primary appraisal—evaluate significance of
transaction—Am I in danger.
• If event is viewed as stressful, a secondary
appraisal is initiated.
• Must realize there is stress in life.
• secondary appraisal—coping decision ”What am
I going to do?”
24. Constructive vs. Destructive
Anxiety:
• Mild to moderate: can be effective, helps
to focus attention, generates energy,
motivates, contributes to growth.
• Severe anxiety and panic narrow attention;
decreases alertness and learning and can
cause total personality disintegration.
Signs and symptoms: N/v, H/A, insomnia,
diarrhea, fatigue, restlessness
25. BEHAVIORAL INDICATORS OF
STRESS
• Decreased productivity & quality of job performance
• Tendency to make mistakes
• Forgetfulness and blocking
• Diminished attention to detail
• Preoccupation—daydreaming or “spacing out”
• Reduced creativity
• Increased absenteeism and illness
• Lethargy—tired, draggy
• Loss of interest
• Accident proneness
26. PHYSICAL INDICATORS OF
STRESS
• Dilated pupils
• Diaphoretic (sweating)
• Tachycardia (fast heart rate) greater than 100
• Pale skin (vasoconstriction) less blood flow to skin
• Increased blood pressure-blood vessels constrict
(pressure goes up—has to pump harder)
• Increased respiratory rate & depth-heavy, deep
breath
• Decreased urine (blood doesn’t get to kidneys)-mild
stress can increase urinary output
• Dry mouth
27. EMOTIONAL RESPONSE TO
STRESS
• Anger—expectations not met—strong
displeasure—a mechanism of tension relief
• Depressed—anger turned inward—involves real
or imagined loss of a particular function
• Guilt—worry—failure to meet moral/ethical
standards, internalized by the individual
• Fear—emotional response characterized by
expectation of harm
• Anxiety—feeling of dread, apprehension or
unexplained discomfort.
28. Diseases and Stress
• Scientists have found a direct link between
stress and the development of many
physical illnesses and diseases.
• Emotional stress can weaken the immune
and in the same regard, the reduction of
stress can help to strengthen the immune
system.
29. Causes of stress:
• Organizational factors
• Interpersonal factors (between people)
• Individual factors (intra-personal)
• Results of stress:
• Anxiety, phobias, persistent state of fear
• Abrupt changes in mood and behavior
• Depression
• Perfectionist
• Physical illness
• Burnout
• Increased absenteeism, turnover
• Decrease in job performance
30. STRESS
MANAGEMENT
• Take care of yourself
• Lessen your load if you can—redefine what
you do—prioritize, makes lists
• Learn to relax—find something that makes you
relax, and DO IT!
• Teach your patients to relax
• Find social support—support groups, religion,
etc.
• Build a team—work together, become
cohesive
31. STRESS MANAGEMENT:
• Exercise—known to be the best way to reduce
tension
• Humor—necessary to survive
• Nutrition and diet—need protein for healing of
bones, muscles and tissues
• Rest—be sure to get enough.
• Adults need 6-8 hours of sleep. Older adults
sleep in 4 hour blocks, take frequent naps.
32. COPING STRATEGIES:
1. Information seeking—gather information to
make a decision
2. Direct action—action is taken
3. Inhibition of action—hold back impulses that
may do harm or conflict with moral, social or
physical constraints. Can restrain chemically or
physically.
4. Intrapsychic modes:—cognitive processes
designed to regulate emotions. Yoga, meditation
Team building important for both nurses and
patients: cardiac rehab
33. COPING STRATEGIES…
• Defense Mechanisms: operations
outside a person’s awareness that the ego
calls into play to protect against anxiety—
adjustments to the environment
• Mature coping strategies—be sure to
know these:
• Suppression—have unacceptable
feelings and thought, so try to hide that it
bothers you—hold them in
34. COPING STRATEGIES..
• Sublimation—transpose one behavior for
another—if very very angry, come out
smiling, over happy—drugs, alcohol,
eating. See this if kids are mad—throw
toy across the room when they are mad
about something else.
• Repression—hide feelings, keep out of
thought processes, may be unconscious.
35. COPING STRATEGIES..
Neurotic coping mechanisms:
• Dissociation—pull away from
something that you feel is
threatening.
• Reaction formation—behave
the opposite of what you are
feeling
36. COPING STRATEGIES..
• Immature coping mechanisms:
• Passive-aggressive—want to be
assertive, not passive-aggressive;
• Hypochondria—always think they are
sick
• Displacement—discharging of pent up
feelings on persons less dangerous than
those who initially arouse the emotion.
Take it out on nurse.
37. Levels of Intervention:
Primary—prevent stressors from disrupting state of
wellness—take care of yourself
• Decrease possibility of encountering stressor
• Decrease strength of stressor
• Strengthen state of wellness
Secondary—preventative early detection of stress
reactions and treatment of symptoms
• Prevent exhaustion. Learn how to cope.
Tertiary preventive –initiate after treatment
• Focus on re-adaption to stress
• Maintain stability
38. Interventions focus on;
• Decreasing number of stressors
• Decreasing intensity
• Decreasing the scope
• Decreasing the duration of stressors
• Providing emotional and physical support