This document summarizes research on analyzing stresses on cultivator components through simulation and testing. It discusses how stresses increase with cultivation depth and speed. The researchers analyzed stresses on different cultivator tine designs through finite element analysis and field tests. Their results showed that optimizing the tine material and geometry could reduce stresses by up to 30% compared to standard designs, improving durability. The document also reviews various cultivator types and concludes that finite element modeling is useful for optimizing agricultural equipment design to minimize stresses on components.
Combine Harvester: Opportunities and Prospects as Resource Conservation Techn...UTKARSH DWIVEDI
This document discusses the opportunities for using combine harvesters as a resource conservation technology in India. It begins with an introduction to resource conservation technologies and common farm machines used in India. It then discusses the objective to design an add-on sowing machine that can attach to a combine harvester. Various furrow opener designs are evaluated for this purpose. The advantages of attaching a sowing machine to a combine harvester are presented. Finally, conceptual designs for the sowing attachment and straw spreader are shown and opportunities for using combine harvesters under resource conservation are concluded.
Design and Analysis of Universal Reaper Machineijtsrd
In today's scenario, many research's are been done in the agriculture field and there is also a wide scope for more advancement in the technology. So therefore our objective is to design and fabricate agricultural reaper machine which would be used for cutting various crops like wheat, rice, etc. The reaper machine is being designed to compensate the increasing demand of workers for harvesting of crops. The machine would cover a large area and will require a person for handling. The CAD model is being prepared in SOLIDWORKS 2018 considering AA 6063 tubes. In this machine 4 wheels are been used. And considering various loads and forces the analysis of the machine has been done. The FEA has been done on SOLIDWORKS 2018 Software. Sachin Kumar Sharma | Gautam Kumar | Saurabh Awasthi | Prashant | Vivek Tyagi | Vineet Pal | Saurabh "Design and Analysis of Universal Reaper Machine" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31590.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/31590/design-and-analysis-of-universal-reaper-machine/sachin-kumar-sharma
The document describes the development of a potato harvesting machine by students at GCOERC in Nashik, India. It aims to reduce the human effort required for potato harvesting compared to manual methods. The machine was designed to separate and transport potatoes with minimum losses and damage within a specific time period. It includes components like a frame, hopper, wheels, shafts, gears and a conveyor system. The working involves a digging share that loosens the potatoes, which are then conveyed and separated from debris before collection. The students conclude that the machine can help reduce labor costs and time required for harvesting potatoes compared to current manual methods.
IRJET-Automation of a Conventional Gas StoveIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and fabrication of a harvesting machine for small-scale farmers with land areas less than 2 acres. A group of engineering students designed a compact machine that can cut up to two rows of soybean plants using cutting blades powered by a 3HP two-stroke petrol engine. The machine also includes a collection mechanism to move the cut crops to one side. Testing showed the cost of harvesting using this machine is considerably less than manual harvesting methods. The design aims to provide an affordable solution for small-scale farmers facing challenges with labor costs and implementation.
The document discusses the development and promotion of several agricultural technologies in Pakistan by PARC, including:
1. A zero-tillage drill for wheat sowing that reduces time and labor needs and increases yields. Over 3,500 units are now used by farmers.
2. A wheat straw chopper that harvests straw left by combines and chops it into fodder, addressing issues of burning straw and loss of a valuable resource. Over 250 units are now used.
3. A high-capacity rice thresher that mechanizes rice threshing and reduces the threshing season from months to weeks. Over 700 units are now used across Sindh and Balochistan.
4. A
This document describes the design and development of a manually operated reaper. The reaper was designed to help small-scale farmers harvest grains more efficiently at a low cost. Several modifications were made to address issues identified during testing of an earlier prototype. These included adding an extra cutting blade to address clogging, adjusting the position of the crop divider, and adding a flat belt conveyor mechanism to reduce harvesting losses. The document provides detailed specifications of the reaper components and descriptions of testing conducted to evaluate the performance of the modified design.
Field test of a locally designed inter furrow cultivator prototypeNabil Shaban
This document summarizes field testing of a locally designed inter-furrow cultivator prototype. The cultivator was tested on corn and cabbage crops. Key findings include:
1) The optimum performance was at a forward speed of 0.34 m/s and auger rotation speed of 160 rpm. This provided better soil agitation and weed uprooting than other tested speeds.
2) Soil analysis after cultivation showed about 70-75% of soil was clods under 2.5mm in size, indicating effective soil pulverization.
3) Using a ridger behind the augers helped reshape furrows to facilitate uniform irrigation.
4) The theoretical field capacity was 0.
A transplanter is an Agriculture machine used for transplanting seedlings to the field. This is very important as it reduces the time taken to transplant seedlings (when compared to manual transplanting), thus allowing more time for harvesting. It also reduces the use of manual energy. Paddy transplanter machines are comes in 2 , 3 , 4 up-to 6 rows for large capacity field .
Combine Harvester: Opportunities and Prospects as Resource Conservation Techn...UTKARSH DWIVEDI
This document discusses the opportunities for using combine harvesters as a resource conservation technology in India. It begins with an introduction to resource conservation technologies and common farm machines used in India. It then discusses the objective to design an add-on sowing machine that can attach to a combine harvester. Various furrow opener designs are evaluated for this purpose. The advantages of attaching a sowing machine to a combine harvester are presented. Finally, conceptual designs for the sowing attachment and straw spreader are shown and opportunities for using combine harvesters under resource conservation are concluded.
Design and Analysis of Universal Reaper Machineijtsrd
In today's scenario, many research's are been done in the agriculture field and there is also a wide scope for more advancement in the technology. So therefore our objective is to design and fabricate agricultural reaper machine which would be used for cutting various crops like wheat, rice, etc. The reaper machine is being designed to compensate the increasing demand of workers for harvesting of crops. The machine would cover a large area and will require a person for handling. The CAD model is being prepared in SOLIDWORKS 2018 considering AA 6063 tubes. In this machine 4 wheels are been used. And considering various loads and forces the analysis of the machine has been done. The FEA has been done on SOLIDWORKS 2018 Software. Sachin Kumar Sharma | Gautam Kumar | Saurabh Awasthi | Prashant | Vivek Tyagi | Vineet Pal | Saurabh "Design and Analysis of Universal Reaper Machine" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31590.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/31590/design-and-analysis-of-universal-reaper-machine/sachin-kumar-sharma
The document describes the development of a potato harvesting machine by students at GCOERC in Nashik, India. It aims to reduce the human effort required for potato harvesting compared to manual methods. The machine was designed to separate and transport potatoes with minimum losses and damage within a specific time period. It includes components like a frame, hopper, wheels, shafts, gears and a conveyor system. The working involves a digging share that loosens the potatoes, which are then conveyed and separated from debris before collection. The students conclude that the machine can help reduce labor costs and time required for harvesting potatoes compared to current manual methods.
IRJET-Automation of a Conventional Gas StoveIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and fabrication of a harvesting machine for small-scale farmers with land areas less than 2 acres. A group of engineering students designed a compact machine that can cut up to two rows of soybean plants using cutting blades powered by a 3HP two-stroke petrol engine. The machine also includes a collection mechanism to move the cut crops to one side. Testing showed the cost of harvesting using this machine is considerably less than manual harvesting methods. The design aims to provide an affordable solution for small-scale farmers facing challenges with labor costs and implementation.
The document discusses the development and promotion of several agricultural technologies in Pakistan by PARC, including:
1. A zero-tillage drill for wheat sowing that reduces time and labor needs and increases yields. Over 3,500 units are now used by farmers.
2. A wheat straw chopper that harvests straw left by combines and chops it into fodder, addressing issues of burning straw and loss of a valuable resource. Over 250 units are now used.
3. A high-capacity rice thresher that mechanizes rice threshing and reduces the threshing season from months to weeks. Over 700 units are now used across Sindh and Balochistan.
4. A
This document describes the design and development of a manually operated reaper. The reaper was designed to help small-scale farmers harvest grains more efficiently at a low cost. Several modifications were made to address issues identified during testing of an earlier prototype. These included adding an extra cutting blade to address clogging, adjusting the position of the crop divider, and adding a flat belt conveyor mechanism to reduce harvesting losses. The document provides detailed specifications of the reaper components and descriptions of testing conducted to evaluate the performance of the modified design.
Field test of a locally designed inter furrow cultivator prototypeNabil Shaban
This document summarizes field testing of a locally designed inter-furrow cultivator prototype. The cultivator was tested on corn and cabbage crops. Key findings include:
1) The optimum performance was at a forward speed of 0.34 m/s and auger rotation speed of 160 rpm. This provided better soil agitation and weed uprooting than other tested speeds.
2) Soil analysis after cultivation showed about 70-75% of soil was clods under 2.5mm in size, indicating effective soil pulverization.
3) Using a ridger behind the augers helped reshape furrows to facilitate uniform irrigation.
4) The theoretical field capacity was 0.
A transplanter is an Agriculture machine used for transplanting seedlings to the field. This is very important as it reduces the time taken to transplant seedlings (when compared to manual transplanting), thus allowing more time for harvesting. It also reduces the use of manual energy. Paddy transplanter machines are comes in 2 , 3 , 4 up-to 6 rows for large capacity field .
This document is a mini project report submitted by three students for their Bachelor of Technology degree in Mechanical Engineering. It outlines the development of a mechanical multi-nozzle wheel sprayer. The report includes sections on the introduction, construction, literature survey, applications, future scope, and conclusion. It was conducted under the guidance of an associate professor and aims to develop a low-cost mechanically operated sprayer pump to benefit smallholder farmers in India.
A farm machinery and/or implement can be defined as any type of machinery or implement that can be used in the process of agricultural production; it can be for crop production or animal production.
Present Status of Combine Harvester In IndiaAshish Koradia
The document discusses the present status of combine harvesters in India. It provides background on the invention of the combine harvester and its evolution. Combine harvesters first began being manufactured in India in 1970, with Punjab occupying the largest market share. The document describes the components and functions of combine harvesters. It also lists the types of combine harvesters and trends in power sources. Performance statistics are provided for various Indian-made combine harvester models. The conclusion states that combine harvesters are efficient for harvesting large farm areas in India compared to other methods.
The document provides details about a manually and power operated reaper machine. It discusses the working and construction of the machine. The key points are:
1. The machine consists of a frame, ground wheels, bearings, pulleys, sprockets, belts, chains, and a cutter bar to cut crops.
2. It can be operated manually or with a power source. The power source turns the rear wheels which uses sprockets and chains to power the cutter bar.
3. The cut crops are conveyed to the side by a star wheel and lugged belt conveyor for easy collection and bundling.
4. The document discusses the target market for small rice farmers and provides
The document discusses the objectives and outcomes of an agricultural engineering course taught by Mr. Matin A. Shaikh. The course aims to explore various agricultural operations and machinery as well as the design aspects of different farm equipment. After completing the course, students will be able to distinguish between operations like plowing and threshing, and select and design mechanisms for agricultural machines.
IRJET- A Review on Design and Development of Pedal Operated Maize ShellerIRJET Journal
This document reviews the design and development of a pedal-operated maize sheller. It begins with an introduction to maize/corn as the third most important crop in India. Traditionally, maize is shelled by hand which is time-consuming and inefficient. Existing power-operated shellers require electricity and have high capital costs, making them unsuitable for rural areas. The document then reviews several existing maize sheller designs. It identifies opportunities to improve efficiency and reduce costs. The goal is to develop an affordable pedal-powered sheller suitable for Indian farmers. The document concludes that a pedal-operated design could provide higher productivity than manual shelling while being more accessible to farmers than electric models
This document discusses agricultural mechanization in India, including levels of mechanization for various farming operations from 1996. It then provides data on farm power availability from 1951-2005, showing a shift from human and animal power to mechanical and electrical power. Tables show the number and command area of various farm machinery from 1992-2003, including tractors, seed drills, threshers, and plant protection equipment. The document focuses on reapers, providing specifications and images of vertical conveyor, tractor mounted, and self-propelled reaper models. It notes India's significant contribution to global wheat and rice production and the need for efficient harvesters like reapers given small farm sizes.
To improve the quality of agriculture, we have developed a mechanism for cutting of different crops, so that harvesting can be done easily in minimum period of time.
To overcome all issues a new manually handled and engine operated cutter is fabricated for cutting of multiple types of crop like paddy, wheat, oil seeds, and pulses etc. named as “Multiple Crop Cutting Machine”. There is two types of blades are used according to need of crops. First is rotary blades, those crops needs high torque i.e. paddy, wheat this blades used. And another is reciprocating which is used for pulses and oil seeds.
Mechanization in agriculture refers to the use of machinery to support and enhance farming operations. Over the past few centuries, but particularly in the last 300 years, agricultural techniques have increasingly relied on mechanization to boost productivity and efficiency. The introduction of steam and gasoline-powered machines in the early 1900s drove a rapid decline in the percentage of the US workforce engaged in farming, from 38% to just 3% by century's end. Key farm equipment includes tractors for plowing and hauling, tillage implements for soil preparation, spraying devices for crop protection, combines for harvesting grains, and planters/seeders for establishing crops. Mechanization provides benefits like substituting for expensive labor and compensating for seasonal workload variations,
INTRODUCTION
Tillage may be defined as the mechanical manipulation of soil for nurturing crops.
The objectives of soil tillage are:
To develop a desirable soil structure for a seedbed
To control weeds or remove unwanted crop plants.
To manage plant residues.
To minimize soil erosion by following such practices as contour tillage
To establish specific surface configurations for planting, irrigating, drainage, or harvesting operations.
To incorporate and mix fertilizers, manure, pesticides
Case Study on mechanization in cultivation of paddy crop in gujarat stateAshish Koradia
Rice is an important crop in Gujarat, occupying 7-8% of the state's cultivated area. It is grown on around 6.5-7.25 lakh hectares annually, comprising both irrigated and rainfed varieties. The main rice growing seasons are kharif (monsoon) and summer. Improved farm machinery is important for modern rice cultivation to increase efficiency and reduce costs. Common machinery used includes puddlers, levelers, transplanters, weeders, reapers, and combine harvesters. Through the use of high yielding varieties, proper spacing, water management, and mechanization, rice production in Gujarat has gradually increased over time.
- India has a significant history in agriculture and is a major global producer of many crops. However, its population is growing faster than its ability to produce food. To increase productivity, more machinery needs to be implemented, including hand tillers to help small farmers.
- A hand tiller is a mechanical tool that uses rotating blades to plough land. This project focuses on designing a portable hand tiller. It will utilize a belt drive mechanism to transmit power from an engine to rotating blades. Key components like the driven shaft that mounts the blades are designed and analyzed to choose appropriate dimensions based on calculated forces. The goal is to create an affordable and efficient tiller to help increase agricultural productivity in India.
The document provides information about combine harvesters. It discusses that combine harvesters are machines that harvest, thresh, and clean grains from straw in a single operation. They can be tractor pulled or self-propelled. The main components of a combine harvester include the cutting unit, threshing unit, separating unit, cleaning unit, and grain and straw handling units. It works by cutting crops, threshing them, separating the husk from grains, cleaning the grains, and storing them. The document also lists the requirements for an effective combine harvester.
The document discusses improvements made to the design of indigenous beater wheat threshers in Pakistan. The conventional threshers were found to have several issues: they were bulky and heavy; had low machine performance; caused human accidents; and had high fuel consumption. The redesigned thresher reduced total weight by 300 kg, grain damage by 4 times, and improved threshing efficiency from 98% to 99%. A single redesigned flywheel replaced three original flywheels, saving 24.37 kN-m of energy. Grain cleaning efficiency improved from 97.44% to 98.18% by redesigning the fan blower exhaust. A new feeding conveyor uniformed the feeding rate, eliminating overloading and
This document provides information on the VST Shakti 130 DI power tiller made by V.S.T Tillers Tractors Limited. It details the tiller's specifications including its 673cc diesel engine and various transmission and operational features. The document also summarizes over 15 attachments that can be used with the power tiller for tasks like threshing, reaping, cultivating, drilling, pumping, digging and transport. These attachments expand the tiller's functionality for various agricultural operations.
Er. Uttam Raj Timilsina(MSc.Engineering,IIT Roorkee)
Professor of Agricultural Engineering,Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU), Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal
uttamrajtimilsina@gmail.com
*All Right Reserved**
Uploaded and Shared by AgriYouthNepal
This document summarizes a crop cutting machine that reduces human effort in harvesting crops. It can cut crops like jowar, tuar, and soybeans using two rotating blades. It is powered by a 3HP engine and uses a belt and pulley system to transfer power to the cutting blades at half the speed for increased torque. The machine cuts crops in two rows simultaneously and can harvest one acre in 2 hours, reducing labor costs compared to manual harvesting. It requires minimal maintenance and can be operated by an unskilled person.
A Review Paper on Design, Modelling and Analysis of Shaft of Two Furrow Rever...IJSRD
In the field of agriculture there is a remarkable development, the farmers are using plough, harvester, tractors and advance farm equipment’s. Plough is one of the very important agricultural equipment and thus the various parts of plough such as frame, shaft, tilting mechanism, mould board should be reliable and strong. In this paper, various parameters are identified for optimum design of shaft of two furrow plough. That can be useful for further analysis and optimum designing of plough.
Mechanization in agriculture refers to the use of machinery in farming operations. Over time, there have been significant advancements in farming techniques from manual labor to steam and gas-powered implements. This has led to a dramatic decrease in the percentage of the U.S. workforce engaged in farming, from 38% in 1900 to just 3% by the end of the 20th century. Tractors and other agricultural machinery provide advantages like substituting for expensive labor and increasing productivity, though they also have disadvantages such as costs and potential health and safety issues. Common farm machinery includes tractors, tillage implements, spraying equipment, harvesters, backhoes, and planters/seeders.
This document describes the design of a Universal Multipurpose Cultivator. It aims to perform various agricultural operations like seed sowing, plowing, fertilizing, and cutting using a single machine. The cultivator is designed to minimize manual labor required for farmers and make the farming process more efficient. Key components of the cultivator include a hopper, sprockets, chain drive, seed bucket, pump, plow, wheels, shaft, battery, solar panel, and tank. The document provides details on the design calculations and analysis done to select appropriate components and ensure the structural integrity of the cultivator. The cultivator is intended to be affordable and easy to use for small-scale farmers.
Field test of a locally designed inter furrow cultivator prototypeNabil Shaban
The main aim of this research was to evaluate and test the hand steering cultivator for inter furrow cultivation. The hand machine frame was provided with a single rubber wheel. The soil working tines represented in the two augers attached to the back of the frame. The auger tines mounted to the frame was inclined in position of both sides of the frame. The cultivation unit is supposed to uproot and kill weeds at the early stage of the crop growth along the furrow sides with minimum crop seedlings damage. The cultivation unit also should agitate soil surface and form of the furrows to facilitate easy irrigation. The cultivator was tested in the Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Assiut. The experiments show that using small size auger tines may not mean lower labor effort exerted for pushing. The direction of cultivation tine rotation generates forces directed forward in the direction of motion. Therefore, lower labor fatigue may occur when using auger tines of larger size (suitable for cultivation) and more capable engine to drive it. Possible forward speed for the labor to maintain continuous operation was 0.34 m/s for the labor of average health. This particular forward speed was recorded corresponding to 160 rpm of the cultivation auger tine. The 6 cm lip height auger tine slowed efficient performance of the cultivator from the point of view of soil agitation as well as weed uprooting. Using a ridger efficiently opens the furrow to enable uniform irrigation. The auger tine mechanism was also designed to provide the possibility of changing operation width to match the working conditions of different crops. The theoretical field was capacity 0.21 and 0.29 fed/h. Actual field capacity of 0.17 and 0.22 fed/h were obtained. Operation efficiency was 80.1 and 75 % for Corn and Cabbage, respectively.
Design And Fabrication Of Manually Operated Crop TransplanterIJSRED
The document describes the design and fabrication of a manually operated crop transplanter. It uses a four-bar linkage mechanism powered by a chain and sprocket system to pick crops from a tray and plant them into the ground. The transplanter aims to reduce the labor and time required for manual transplanting. It can plant an area of 3000 square feet in half an hour with one person. The device is made from inexpensive and easily available materials like mild steel to keep the cost low so it is affordable for farmers. The design is simple to manufacture and use, and could potentially be improved with automation or power in the future to support larger farms.
This document is a mini project report submitted by three students for their Bachelor of Technology degree in Mechanical Engineering. It outlines the development of a mechanical multi-nozzle wheel sprayer. The report includes sections on the introduction, construction, literature survey, applications, future scope, and conclusion. It was conducted under the guidance of an associate professor and aims to develop a low-cost mechanically operated sprayer pump to benefit smallholder farmers in India.
A farm machinery and/or implement can be defined as any type of machinery or implement that can be used in the process of agricultural production; it can be for crop production or animal production.
Present Status of Combine Harvester In IndiaAshish Koradia
The document discusses the present status of combine harvesters in India. It provides background on the invention of the combine harvester and its evolution. Combine harvesters first began being manufactured in India in 1970, with Punjab occupying the largest market share. The document describes the components and functions of combine harvesters. It also lists the types of combine harvesters and trends in power sources. Performance statistics are provided for various Indian-made combine harvester models. The conclusion states that combine harvesters are efficient for harvesting large farm areas in India compared to other methods.
The document provides details about a manually and power operated reaper machine. It discusses the working and construction of the machine. The key points are:
1. The machine consists of a frame, ground wheels, bearings, pulleys, sprockets, belts, chains, and a cutter bar to cut crops.
2. It can be operated manually or with a power source. The power source turns the rear wheels which uses sprockets and chains to power the cutter bar.
3. The cut crops are conveyed to the side by a star wheel and lugged belt conveyor for easy collection and bundling.
4. The document discusses the target market for small rice farmers and provides
The document discusses the objectives and outcomes of an agricultural engineering course taught by Mr. Matin A. Shaikh. The course aims to explore various agricultural operations and machinery as well as the design aspects of different farm equipment. After completing the course, students will be able to distinguish between operations like plowing and threshing, and select and design mechanisms for agricultural machines.
IRJET- A Review on Design and Development of Pedal Operated Maize ShellerIRJET Journal
This document reviews the design and development of a pedal-operated maize sheller. It begins with an introduction to maize/corn as the third most important crop in India. Traditionally, maize is shelled by hand which is time-consuming and inefficient. Existing power-operated shellers require electricity and have high capital costs, making them unsuitable for rural areas. The document then reviews several existing maize sheller designs. It identifies opportunities to improve efficiency and reduce costs. The goal is to develop an affordable pedal-powered sheller suitable for Indian farmers. The document concludes that a pedal-operated design could provide higher productivity than manual shelling while being more accessible to farmers than electric models
This document discusses agricultural mechanization in India, including levels of mechanization for various farming operations from 1996. It then provides data on farm power availability from 1951-2005, showing a shift from human and animal power to mechanical and electrical power. Tables show the number and command area of various farm machinery from 1992-2003, including tractors, seed drills, threshers, and plant protection equipment. The document focuses on reapers, providing specifications and images of vertical conveyor, tractor mounted, and self-propelled reaper models. It notes India's significant contribution to global wheat and rice production and the need for efficient harvesters like reapers given small farm sizes.
To improve the quality of agriculture, we have developed a mechanism for cutting of different crops, so that harvesting can be done easily in minimum period of time.
To overcome all issues a new manually handled and engine operated cutter is fabricated for cutting of multiple types of crop like paddy, wheat, oil seeds, and pulses etc. named as “Multiple Crop Cutting Machine”. There is two types of blades are used according to need of crops. First is rotary blades, those crops needs high torque i.e. paddy, wheat this blades used. And another is reciprocating which is used for pulses and oil seeds.
Mechanization in agriculture refers to the use of machinery to support and enhance farming operations. Over the past few centuries, but particularly in the last 300 years, agricultural techniques have increasingly relied on mechanization to boost productivity and efficiency. The introduction of steam and gasoline-powered machines in the early 1900s drove a rapid decline in the percentage of the US workforce engaged in farming, from 38% to just 3% by century's end. Key farm equipment includes tractors for plowing and hauling, tillage implements for soil preparation, spraying devices for crop protection, combines for harvesting grains, and planters/seeders for establishing crops. Mechanization provides benefits like substituting for expensive labor and compensating for seasonal workload variations,
INTRODUCTION
Tillage may be defined as the mechanical manipulation of soil for nurturing crops.
The objectives of soil tillage are:
To develop a desirable soil structure for a seedbed
To control weeds or remove unwanted crop plants.
To manage plant residues.
To minimize soil erosion by following such practices as contour tillage
To establish specific surface configurations for planting, irrigating, drainage, or harvesting operations.
To incorporate and mix fertilizers, manure, pesticides
Case Study on mechanization in cultivation of paddy crop in gujarat stateAshish Koradia
Rice is an important crop in Gujarat, occupying 7-8% of the state's cultivated area. It is grown on around 6.5-7.25 lakh hectares annually, comprising both irrigated and rainfed varieties. The main rice growing seasons are kharif (monsoon) and summer. Improved farm machinery is important for modern rice cultivation to increase efficiency and reduce costs. Common machinery used includes puddlers, levelers, transplanters, weeders, reapers, and combine harvesters. Through the use of high yielding varieties, proper spacing, water management, and mechanization, rice production in Gujarat has gradually increased over time.
- India has a significant history in agriculture and is a major global producer of many crops. However, its population is growing faster than its ability to produce food. To increase productivity, more machinery needs to be implemented, including hand tillers to help small farmers.
- A hand tiller is a mechanical tool that uses rotating blades to plough land. This project focuses on designing a portable hand tiller. It will utilize a belt drive mechanism to transmit power from an engine to rotating blades. Key components like the driven shaft that mounts the blades are designed and analyzed to choose appropriate dimensions based on calculated forces. The goal is to create an affordable and efficient tiller to help increase agricultural productivity in India.
The document provides information about combine harvesters. It discusses that combine harvesters are machines that harvest, thresh, and clean grains from straw in a single operation. They can be tractor pulled or self-propelled. The main components of a combine harvester include the cutting unit, threshing unit, separating unit, cleaning unit, and grain and straw handling units. It works by cutting crops, threshing them, separating the husk from grains, cleaning the grains, and storing them. The document also lists the requirements for an effective combine harvester.
The document discusses improvements made to the design of indigenous beater wheat threshers in Pakistan. The conventional threshers were found to have several issues: they were bulky and heavy; had low machine performance; caused human accidents; and had high fuel consumption. The redesigned thresher reduced total weight by 300 kg, grain damage by 4 times, and improved threshing efficiency from 98% to 99%. A single redesigned flywheel replaced three original flywheels, saving 24.37 kN-m of energy. Grain cleaning efficiency improved from 97.44% to 98.18% by redesigning the fan blower exhaust. A new feeding conveyor uniformed the feeding rate, eliminating overloading and
This document provides information on the VST Shakti 130 DI power tiller made by V.S.T Tillers Tractors Limited. It details the tiller's specifications including its 673cc diesel engine and various transmission and operational features. The document also summarizes over 15 attachments that can be used with the power tiller for tasks like threshing, reaping, cultivating, drilling, pumping, digging and transport. These attachments expand the tiller's functionality for various agricultural operations.
Er. Uttam Raj Timilsina(MSc.Engineering,IIT Roorkee)
Professor of Agricultural Engineering,Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU), Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal
uttamrajtimilsina@gmail.com
*All Right Reserved**
Uploaded and Shared by AgriYouthNepal
This document summarizes a crop cutting machine that reduces human effort in harvesting crops. It can cut crops like jowar, tuar, and soybeans using two rotating blades. It is powered by a 3HP engine and uses a belt and pulley system to transfer power to the cutting blades at half the speed for increased torque. The machine cuts crops in two rows simultaneously and can harvest one acre in 2 hours, reducing labor costs compared to manual harvesting. It requires minimal maintenance and can be operated by an unskilled person.
A Review Paper on Design, Modelling and Analysis of Shaft of Two Furrow Rever...IJSRD
In the field of agriculture there is a remarkable development, the farmers are using plough, harvester, tractors and advance farm equipment’s. Plough is one of the very important agricultural equipment and thus the various parts of plough such as frame, shaft, tilting mechanism, mould board should be reliable and strong. In this paper, various parameters are identified for optimum design of shaft of two furrow plough. That can be useful for further analysis and optimum designing of plough.
Mechanization in agriculture refers to the use of machinery in farming operations. Over time, there have been significant advancements in farming techniques from manual labor to steam and gas-powered implements. This has led to a dramatic decrease in the percentage of the U.S. workforce engaged in farming, from 38% in 1900 to just 3% by the end of the 20th century. Tractors and other agricultural machinery provide advantages like substituting for expensive labor and increasing productivity, though they also have disadvantages such as costs and potential health and safety issues. Common farm machinery includes tractors, tillage implements, spraying equipment, harvesters, backhoes, and planters/seeders.
This document describes the design of a Universal Multipurpose Cultivator. It aims to perform various agricultural operations like seed sowing, plowing, fertilizing, and cutting using a single machine. The cultivator is designed to minimize manual labor required for farmers and make the farming process more efficient. Key components of the cultivator include a hopper, sprockets, chain drive, seed bucket, pump, plow, wheels, shaft, battery, solar panel, and tank. The document provides details on the design calculations and analysis done to select appropriate components and ensure the structural integrity of the cultivator. The cultivator is intended to be affordable and easy to use for small-scale farmers.
Field test of a locally designed inter furrow cultivator prototypeNabil Shaban
The main aim of this research was to evaluate and test the hand steering cultivator for inter furrow cultivation. The hand machine frame was provided with a single rubber wheel. The soil working tines represented in the two augers attached to the back of the frame. The auger tines mounted to the frame was inclined in position of both sides of the frame. The cultivation unit is supposed to uproot and kill weeds at the early stage of the crop growth along the furrow sides with minimum crop seedlings damage. The cultivation unit also should agitate soil surface and form of the furrows to facilitate easy irrigation. The cultivator was tested in the Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Assiut. The experiments show that using small size auger tines may not mean lower labor effort exerted for pushing. The direction of cultivation tine rotation generates forces directed forward in the direction of motion. Therefore, lower labor fatigue may occur when using auger tines of larger size (suitable for cultivation) and more capable engine to drive it. Possible forward speed for the labor to maintain continuous operation was 0.34 m/s for the labor of average health. This particular forward speed was recorded corresponding to 160 rpm of the cultivation auger tine. The 6 cm lip height auger tine slowed efficient performance of the cultivator from the point of view of soil agitation as well as weed uprooting. Using a ridger efficiently opens the furrow to enable uniform irrigation. The auger tine mechanism was also designed to provide the possibility of changing operation width to match the working conditions of different crops. The theoretical field was capacity 0.21 and 0.29 fed/h. Actual field capacity of 0.17 and 0.22 fed/h were obtained. Operation efficiency was 80.1 and 75 % for Corn and Cabbage, respectively.
Design And Fabrication Of Manually Operated Crop TransplanterIJSRED
The document describes the design and fabrication of a manually operated crop transplanter. It uses a four-bar linkage mechanism powered by a chain and sprocket system to pick crops from a tray and plant them into the ground. The transplanter aims to reduce the labor and time required for manual transplanting. It can plant an area of 3000 square feet in half an hour with one person. The device is made from inexpensive and easily available materials like mild steel to keep the cost low so it is affordable for farmers. The design is simple to manufacture and use, and could potentially be improved with automation or power in the future to support larger farms.
IRJET- Design and Manufacturing of Pesticide Spraying MachineIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and manufacturing of a pesticide spraying machine. It aims to reduce the effort required for manual pesticide spraying. The machine uses a reciprocating pump powered by a PTO shaft to pump pesticides through a network of pipes and nozzles. Key parts include a 30-groove drive pulley connected via V-belt to an 80-groove driven pulley on the pump. The pump is designed to spray pesticides at a rate of 18.33 liters per second through four nozzles attached to each of three delivery pipes. The design calculations show sizing of components like the pump, belts, pulleys, pipes and 10 cm diameter drive shaft to meet the machine's pumping and spraying requirements
Fabrication of Paddy Saplings TransplanterIRJET Journal
1. The document describes the design and fabrication of a paddy saplings transplanter machine intended to be affordable for small-scale farmers.
2. The machine uses three shafts connected by chain mechanisms to transfer rotational motion into reciprocating motion for planting. A disc with an eccentric hole on one shaft converts rotation into an up-and-down motion to operate the planting floaters.
3. The design was modeled in PRO-E software and aims to effectively transplant seedlings with less labor while maintaining proper spacing through its mechanical operation. Future enhancements could include a motor for automatic operation or expanding the number of planting mechanisms.
Non-Exhaustible Solar-Power Based Insecticide or Bio-fertilizer Sprayer for U...IJERA Editor
Agronomics is a profession of many related sequential and sometimes concurrent tedious processes and methodologies. The Primary process among many is the spraying of insecticides, pesticides, liquefied fertilizers in the agricultural farmlands. The typical rice growing land requires extensive spraying during its growing stages. The manual methods to spray the insecticides or fertilizers are: a person fixing a sprayer to a container and manually actuating a lever to generate pressure and pumping the contents through a tube or a mobile vehicle carrying an inbuilt compressor and sprayer unit which has to be manually driven by a human operator. These conventional methods are more fuel consuming and are also susceptible to human errors causing more uneven spraying and causes large wastage of the costly insecticides. . Another big drawback in human operated systems is that the operator is more exposed to the harmful ingredients of the toxic insecticides during spraying. Long term exposure in the entire season will extremely harm the operator and as well as the surrounding people and animal’s health as bullocks are the laboring animals in the farmlands at larger areas of farmlands in south-Asia even now. This is a small effort which can be observed as an alternate to these manual methods. The proposed Automatic sprayer system is a three wheeled vehicle which sprays insecticide in any given farmland especially the rice growing south Asia zone where human involvement is to the large extent. The vehicle is powered by using solar powered battery which brings down the running cost. The control of the vehicle is achieved using an inbuilt microcontroller unit which is programmed so as to respond to the wireless device.
This document describes the design of a manually operated urea spreader machine. It aims to address the problems farmers face with traditional fertilizer spreading methods, which are time-consuming and require significant labor. The proposed machine would utilize ground wheels, a hopper, rotating disc, vertical columns, and a frame to uniformly distribute urea fertilizer across fields in a continuous flow at a controlled rate. It is intended to improve crop yields by providing an easier alternative to manual fertilizer spreading. The document reviews relevant literature on fertilizer spreaders and outlines the procedure, components, and working principle of the proposed urea spreader machine.
Manual method of seed planting, results in low seed placement, spacing efficiencies and serious back ache for the farmer which limits the size of field that can be planted. The cost price of imported planters has gone beyond the purchasing power of most of our farmers. Peasant farmers can do much to increase food production especially grains, if drudgery can be reduced or totally removed from their planting operations. To achieve the best performance from a seed planter, the above limits are to be optimized by proper design and selection of the components required on the machine to suit the needs of crops. Need of rice trans-planter machine is growing nowadays because it unique features seeding in well sequence and in well manner. Seeding by rice trans-planter saves too much efforts of human being. Class of people who uses this kind of machines is farmers and they are having poor economic background. This paper provides guidelines for developments in rice Trans-planters used in India. Rice planting is very old method from many years ago & having long history since many years & their methods of rice planting are changed in this decade. Use of rice Trans planter machines is new trend but current machines having high cost of purchase. So the main focus of this project is to minimize the cost of that machine.
This document describes the design and development of an insecticides and pesticides spraying vehicle for agricultural crops. It aims to overcome the limitations of manual and motorized sprayers such as being time-consuming, requiring high human effort, and having high running costs. The objectives are to develop a multi-jet sprayer with adjustable nozzle positioning, modify existing sprayers with fertilizer mechanisms, cover more area in less time, reduce human effort and costs. The methodology describes the experimental setup including jets, sprayers, nozzles, pistons, tanks, wheels and frames. It then explains the spraying and seed sowing processes where pushing the trolley builds pressure for spraying and sowing is done by pushing the device into furrows. Applications
IRJET-Design and Fabrication of Seed Sowing MachineIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and fabrication of a seed sowing machine. It aims to provide an efficient seed sowing process that saves time and reduces labor costs compared to traditional manual methods. The machine is designed to perform multiple agricultural operations including softening soil, seed bed preparation, seed sowing, and leveling soil. It consists of components like a frame, engine, seed hopper, circular plates, and furrow openers that are powered by a chain and sprocket mechanism to rotate and distribute seeds onto prepared fields. The document presents the working principle, CAD models of components, specifications, conclusions that the machine meets needs of small farmers through reduced labor and time.
Concept Design and Analysis of Multipurpose Farm EquipmentAM Publications
All trades of village artisanship in black-smith carpentry, stone etc. contributed to the design of development of farm tools through artisan’s ingenuity. Carpentry made the counterpoise to lift the water from wells to irrigate crops. Big size of earthenware was made by potters to store grains for month to be safe from insects and pest’s cobblers used whole skins of animals to carry water to irrigate horticultural crops besides entering dust roads. Farming is the backbone of Indian economy. In this agriculture sector there is a lot of field work, such as weeding, reaping, sowing etc. Apart from these operations, spraying is also an important operation to be performed by the farmer to protect the cultivated crops from insects, pests, funguses and diseases for which various insecticides, pesticides, fungicides and nutrients are sprayed on crops for protection. As agriculture was the mainstay of the population, farmer required hand tools to do work, improve labor productivity and quality of work, therefore the results in poor productivity and obtain low yield MAE( Multipurpose Agriculture Equipment) was developed. We have developed agriculture needs to find new ways to improve efficiency. One approach is to utilize available information technologies in the form of more intelligent machines to reduce and target energy inputs in more effective ways than in the past. The advent of new concept gives the opportunity to develop a complete new range of agricultural equipment based on small smart machines that can do the right thing, in the right place, at the right time in the right way.
This document summarizes an undergraduate student project to design and fabricate an underground vegetable harvester. Key details include:
- The harvester was designed to efficiently harvest underground vegetables like potatoes, onions, and carrots to reduce manual labor for farmers.
- It consists of a set of jaws, conveyor system, and collection box connected by gears and chain drives.
- Design considerations included crop and field parameters as well as the distances between planted crops.
- Testing provided insights into qualitative and quantitative field aspects and impacts during harvesting.
- Areas for future improvement were discussed.
development of a two-row groundnut seed plantersedara adewale
The document describes the development and testing of a two-row groundnut planter. Key details include:
- The planter was designed to be low-cost and suitable for small-scale farmers. It utilizes a hopper, metering chamber, furrow opener, and other components.
- Testing evaluated the planter's field efficiency and metering efficiency at various speeds. The highest metering efficiency of 92% occurred at a speed of 0.7 m/s.
- Statistical analysis found the planter's speed had a significant effect on its metering efficiency, with faster speeds generally resulting in lower efficiency.
Design and Fabrication of Multi-purpose Agriculture MachineIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and fabrication of a multi-purpose agriculture machine. The machine was designed to perform various agricultural operations like ploughing, sowing seeds, and spraying water or pesticides using a single manually-operated vehicle. The design calculations for components like the chassis, seed tray, fertilizer tray, and wheels are presented. The methodology involved literature review, problem identification, design calculations, material selection, manufacturing, and testing processes. The objectives were to reduce farmer effort, perform multiple operations simultaneously, lower costs, and improve efficiency. The final multi-purpose agriculture machine was able to plow, sow seeds, and spray in one pass, reducing labor needs.
This document describes the development and testing of a low-horsepower tractor implement for ratoon sugarcane management. The implement performs multiple functions, including cutting sugarcane stubble, off-barring, and fertilizer application, in a single pass. Field tests found the implement had an effective field capacity of 0.442 hectares per hour with 81.97% field efficiency and 99.10% stubble cutting efficiency. It cut stubble to a depth of 17.50 cm, placed fertilizer 15.92 cm deep and 11.70 cm from the crop. The operation cost was Rs. 533.70 per hectare, providing a net savings of Rs. 5446 per hectare over conventional manual
Design And Development Trolley Operated of Agricultural Multi-nozzle Spray PumpIRJET Journal
1) The document describes the design and development of a trolley-operated agricultural multi-nozzle spray pump. It aims to address the health issues farmers face from long-term manual spraying as well as provide a more efficient option than power-operated methods.
2) The design factors include durability, light weight, compact size, adjustable spray height, and affordable cost. Materials used include mild steel, stainless steel, plastic, rubber, and brass.
3) The CAD design shows the frame and mechanism. It uses a wheel, sprockets, chain drive, and piston pump to spray pesticides from adjustable nozzles as the trolley is pushed forward.
Study of Multiple Seed Planting MachineIRJET Journal
This document describes the development of a manually operated multiple seed planting machine. It aims to reduce labor costs and make the seed planting process easier. The machine is designed to simultaneously dig holes in the soil, place seeds at uniform distances, and cover the seeds - replacing traditional manual seeding. It uses gear ratios and sprockets to space seeds accurately. Adjustable handles and bars allow for different operator heights. Researchers conclude it reduces the time and labor needed for cotton seed planting by over 80% compared to manual methods. The machine has potential to be improved further to reduce costs and perform additional tasks like fertilizing or spraying.
DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF ELECTRIC WEEDER ALONG WITH FERTILIZER SPRAYERIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and fabrication of an electric weeder that also functions as a fertilizer sprayer. The weeder aims to provide a more affordable and environmentally-friendly alternative to gas-powered weeders for small landowners. It utilizes electric motors, batteries, and attaches a fertilizer sprayer to combine weeding and fertilizing into a single machine. The document outlines the components of the weeder, including the chain, sprockets, motor, weeder blades, roller, sprayer, speed controller, sheet metal, lithium-ion battery, and provides diagrams of the design.
IRJET- Design and Development of Rice Transplanting MachineIRJET Journal
The document describes the design and development of a rice transplanting machine. It aims to address the labor-intensive nature of rice transplantation which is typically done manually. The machine was designed to reduce labor costs for small-scale farmers and increase transplanting efficiency. It utilizes a ground wheel, sprockets, chains, planting mechanism and adjustable handle to transplant rice seedlings. The machine is intended to transplant rice in a 2-row configuration and can transplant up to 2-3 acres of land, requiring less labor than traditional manual methods. Validation testing found that the machine can reduce transplanting time by 3-4 hours compared to 30 manual laborers and requires less skilled operation.
crop harvester in agricultural approachSuchit Moon
This document describes the design and development of a crop harvester machine. It can cut dry stalks of crops like grains efficiently with less human effort. The machine has two cutting blades attached to separate shafts powered by a single cylinder engine through a transmission system of pulleys and belts. This simple design makes the harvester affordable for small farmers and easier to operate than manual harvesting. It can cut crops in two rows simultaneously and reduce labor costs. The document provides details of the various components, calculations for power transmission ratios, and diagrams of the design and working.
Timely transplanting of crops is essential for good yield which may be possible by mechanization. Farmer friendly and cost effective mechanized solutions for reducing drudgery and labour cost.
Similar to Stress Analysis of Cultivator : A Survey Approach (20)
TUNNELING IN HIMALAYAS WITH NATM METHOD: A SPECIAL REFERENCES TO SUNGAL TUNNE...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses the Sungal Tunnel project in Jammu and Kashmir, India, which is being constructed using the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM).
2) NATM involves continuous monitoring during construction to adapt to changing ground conditions, and makes extensive use of shotcrete for temporary tunnel support.
3) The methodology section outlines the systematic geotechnical design process for tunnels according to Austrian guidelines, and describes the various steps of NATM tunnel construction including initial and secondary tunnel support.
STUDY THE EFFECT OF RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR ON RC FRAMED STRUCTUREIRJET Journal
This study examines the effect of response reduction factors (R factors) on reinforced concrete (RC) framed structures through nonlinear dynamic analysis. Three RC frame models with varying heights (4, 8, and 12 stories) were analyzed in ETABS software under different R factors ranging from 1 to 5. The results showed that displacement increased as the R factor decreased, indicating less linear behavior for lower R factors. Drift also decreased proportionally with increasing R factors from 1 to 5. Shear forces in the frames decreased with higher R factors. In general, R factors of 3 to 5 produced more satisfactory performance with less displacement and drift. The displacement variations between different building heights were consistent at different R factors. This study evaluated how R factors influence
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RCC ELEMENT OF SLAB WITH STARK STEEL (HYSD STEEL) A...IRJET Journal
This study compares the use of Stark Steel and TMT Steel as reinforcement materials in a two-way reinforced concrete slab. Mechanical testing is conducted to determine the tensile strength, yield strength, and other properties of each material. A two-way slab design adhering to codes and standards is executed with both materials. The performance is analyzed in terms of deflection, stability under loads, and displacement. Cost analyses accounting for material, durability, maintenance, and life cycle costs are also conducted. The findings provide insights into the economic and structural implications of each material for reinforcement selection and recommendations on the most suitable material based on the analysis.
Effect of Camber and Angles of Attack on Airfoil CharacteristicsIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study analyzing the effect of camber, position of camber, and angle of attack on the aerodynamic characteristics of airfoils. Sixteen modified asymmetric NACA airfoils were analyzed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) by varying the camber, camber position, and angle of attack. The results showed the relationship between these parameters and the lift coefficient, drag coefficient, and lift to drag ratio. This provides insight into how changes in airfoil geometry impact aerodynamic performance.
A Review on the Progress and Challenges of Aluminum-Based Metal Matrix Compos...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the progress and challenges of aluminum-based metal matrix composites (MMCs), focusing on their fabrication processes and applications. It discusses how various aluminum MMCs have been developed using reinforcements like borides, carbides, oxides, and nitrides to improve mechanical and wear properties. These composites have gained prominence for their lightweight, high-strength and corrosion resistance properties. The document also examines recent advancements in fabrication techniques for aluminum MMCs and their growing applications in industries such as aerospace and automotive. However, it notes that challenges remain around issues like improper mixing of reinforcements and reducing reinforcement agglomeration.
Dynamic Urban Transit Optimization: A Graph Neural Network Approach for Real-...IRJET Journal
This document discusses research on using graph neural networks (GNNs) for dynamic optimization of public transportation networks in real-time. GNNs represent transit networks as graphs with nodes as stops and edges as connections. The GNN model aims to optimize networks using real-time data on vehicle locations, arrival times, and passenger loads. This helps increase mobility, decrease traffic, and improve efficiency. The system continuously trains and infers to adapt to changing transit conditions, providing decision support tools. While research has focused on performance, more work is needed on security, socio-economic impacts, contextual generalization of models, continuous learning approaches, and effective real-time visualization.
Structural Analysis and Design of Multi-Storey Symmetric and Asymmetric Shape...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research project that aims to compare the structural performance of conventional slab and grid slab systems in multi-story buildings using ETABS software. The study will analyze both symmetric and asymmetric building models under various loading conditions. Parameters like deflections, moments, shears, and stresses will be examined to evaluate the structural effectiveness of each slab type. The results will provide insights into the comparative behavior of conventional and grid slabs to help engineers and architects select appropriate slab systems based on building layouts and design requirements.
A Review of “Seismic Response of RC Structures Having Plan and Vertical Irreg...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes and reviews a research paper on the seismic response of reinforced concrete (RC) structures with plan and vertical irregularities, with and without infill walls. It discusses how infill walls can improve or reduce the seismic performance of RC buildings, depending on factors like wall layout, height distribution, connection to the frame, and relative stiffness of walls and frames. The reviewed research paper analyzes the behavior of infill walls, effects of vertical irregularities, and seismic performance of high-rise structures under linear static and dynamic analysis. It studies response characteristics like story drift, deflection and shear. The document also provides literature on similar research investigating the effects of infill walls, soft stories, plan irregularities, and different
This document provides a review of machine learning techniques used in Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). It begins with an abstract that summarizes key applications of machine learning in ADAS, including object detection, recognition, and decision-making. The introduction discusses the integration of machine learning in ADAS and how it is transforming vehicle safety. The literature review then examines several research papers on topics like lightweight deep learning models for object detection and lane detection models using image processing. It concludes by discussing challenges and opportunities in the field, such as improving algorithm robustness and adaptability.
Long Term Trend Analysis of Precipitation and Temperature for Asosa district,...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes temperature and precipitation trends in Asosa District, Benishangul Gumuz Region, Ethiopia from 1993 to 2022 based on data from the local meteorological station. The results show:
1) The average maximum and minimum annual temperatures have generally decreased over time, with maximum temperatures decreasing by a factor of -0.0341 and minimum by -0.0152.
2) Mann-Kendall tests found the decreasing temperature trends to be statistically significant for annual maximum temperatures but not for annual minimum temperatures.
3) Annual precipitation in Asosa District showed a statistically significant increasing trend.
The conclusions recommend development planners account for rising summer precipitation and declining temperatures in
P.E.B. Framed Structure Design and Analysis Using STAAD ProIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and analysis of pre-engineered building (PEB) framed structures using STAAD Pro software. It provides an overview of PEBs, including that they are designed off-site with building trusses and beams produced in a factory. STAAD Pro is identified as a key tool for modeling, analyzing, and designing PEBs to ensure their performance and safety under various load scenarios. The document outlines modeling structural parts in STAAD Pro, evaluating structural reactions, assigning loads, and following international design codes and standards. In summary, STAAD Pro is used to design and analyze PEB framed structures to ensure safety and code compliance.
A Review on Innovative Fiber Integration for Enhanced Reinforcement of Concre...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on innovative fiber integration methods for reinforcing concrete structures. It discusses studies that have explored using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites with recycled plastic aggregates to develop more sustainable strengthening techniques. It also examines using ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concrete to improve shear strength in beams. Additional topics covered include the dynamic responses of FRP-strengthened beams under static and impact loads, and the performance of preloaded CFRP-strengthened fiber reinforced concrete beams. The review highlights the potential of fiber composites to enable more sustainable and resilient construction practices.
Survey Paper on Cloud-Based Secured Healthcare SystemIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a survey on securing patient healthcare data in cloud-based systems. It discusses using technologies like facial recognition, smart cards, and cloud computing combined with strong encryption to securely store patient data. The survey found that healthcare professionals believe digitizing patient records and storing them in a centralized cloud system would improve access during emergencies and enable more efficient care compared to paper-based systems. However, ensuring privacy and security of patient data is paramount as healthcare incorporates these digital technologies.
Review on studies and research on widening of existing concrete bridgesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes several studies that have been conducted on widening existing concrete bridges. It describes a study from China that examined load distribution factors for a bridge widened with composite steel-concrete girders. It also outlines challenges and solutions for widening a bridge in the UAE, including replacing bearings and stitching the new and existing structures. Additionally, it discusses two bridge widening projects in New Zealand that involved adding precast beams and stitching to connect structures. Finally, safety measures and challenges for strengthening a historic bridge in Switzerland under live traffic are presented.
React based fullstack edtech web applicationIRJET Journal
The document describes the architecture of an educational technology web application built using the MERN stack. It discusses the frontend developed with ReactJS, backend with NodeJS and ExpressJS, and MongoDB database. The frontend provides dynamic user interfaces, while the backend offers APIs for authentication, course management, and other functions. MongoDB enables flexible data storage. The architecture aims to provide a scalable, responsive platform for online learning.
A Comprehensive Review of Integrating IoT and Blockchain Technologies in the ...IRJET Journal
This paper proposes integrating Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain technologies to help implement objectives of India's National Education Policy (NEP) in the education sector. The paper discusses how blockchain could be used for secure student data management, credential verification, and decentralized learning platforms. IoT devices could create smart classrooms, automate attendance tracking, and enable real-time monitoring. Blockchain would ensure integrity of exam processes and resource allocation, while smart contracts automate agreements. The paper argues this integration has potential to revolutionize education by making it more secure, transparent and efficient, in alignment with NEP goals. However, challenges like infrastructure needs, data privacy, and collaborative efforts are also discussed.
A REVIEW ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COCONUT FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE.IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on the performance of coconut fibre reinforced concrete. It summarizes several studies that tested different volume fractions and lengths of coconut fibres in concrete mixtures with varying compressive strengths. The studies found that coconut fibre improved properties like tensile strength, toughness, crack resistance, and spalling resistance compared to plain concrete. Volume fractions of 2-5% and fibre lengths of 20-50mm produced the best results. The document concludes that using a 4-5% volume fraction of coconut fibres 30-40mm in length with M30-M60 grade concrete would provide benefits based on previous research.
Optimizing Business Management Process Workflows: The Dynamic Influence of Mi...IRJET Journal
The document discusses optimizing business management processes through automation using Microsoft Power Automate and artificial intelligence. It provides an overview of Power Automate's key components and features for automating workflows across various apps and services. The document then presents several scenarios applying automation solutions to common business processes like data entry, monitoring, HR, finance, customer support, and more. It estimates the potential time and cost savings from implementing automation for each scenario. Finally, the conclusion emphasizes the transformative impact of AI and automation tools on business processes and the need for ongoing optimization.
Multistoried and Multi Bay Steel Building Frame by using Seismic DesignIRJET Journal
The document describes the seismic design of a G+5 steel building frame located in Roorkee, India according to Indian codes IS 1893-2002 and IS 800. The frame was analyzed using the equivalent static load method and response spectrum method, and its response in terms of displacements and shear forces were compared. Based on the analysis, the frame was designed as a seismic-resistant steel structure according to IS 800:2007. The software STAAD Pro was used for the analysis and design.
Cost Optimization of Construction Using Plastic Waste as a Sustainable Constr...IRJET Journal
This research paper explores using plastic waste as a sustainable and cost-effective construction material. The study focuses on manufacturing pavers and bricks using recycled plastic and partially replacing concrete with plastic alternatives. Initial results found that pavers and bricks made from recycled plastic demonstrate comparable strength and durability to traditional materials while providing environmental and cost benefits. Additionally, preliminary research indicates incorporating plastic waste as a partial concrete replacement significantly reduces construction costs without compromising structural integrity. The outcomes suggest adopting plastic waste in construction can address plastic pollution while optimizing costs, promoting more sustainable building practices.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.