INTRODUCTION
Tillage may be defined as the mechanical manipulation of soil for nurturing crops.
The objectives of soil tillage are:
To develop a desirable soil structure for a seedbed
To control weeds or remove unwanted crop plants.
To manage plant residues.
To minimize soil erosion by following such practices as contour tillage
To establish specific surface configurations for planting, irrigating, drainage, or harvesting operations.
To incorporate and mix fertilizers, manure, pesticides
These slides explains more about equipment used on sowing and planting various seeds and germinated plants with different sowing methods. Consists of drawings and real pictures for more understanding.
Introduction
Crop planting operation is the art of placing seed in the soil to obtain good germination and crop stands.
A perfect sowing gives
Correct amount of seed per unit area.
Correct depth of sowing
Correct spacing between row-to-row and plant to plant.
Correct seed rate
This is the powerpoint presentation related in the course of Farm Power and Machinery on B.Sc. Agriculture. It helps all to know easily about harvesting and threshing equipments related under that course. It also helps for the students of Agricultural Enginnering.
These slides explains more about equipment used on sowing and planting various seeds and germinated plants with different sowing methods. Consists of drawings and real pictures for more understanding.
Introduction
Crop planting operation is the art of placing seed in the soil to obtain good germination and crop stands.
A perfect sowing gives
Correct amount of seed per unit area.
Correct depth of sowing
Correct spacing between row-to-row and plant to plant.
Correct seed rate
This is the powerpoint presentation related in the course of Farm Power and Machinery on B.Sc. Agriculture. It helps all to know easily about harvesting and threshing equipments related under that course. It also helps for the students of Agricultural Enginnering.
Er. Uttam Raj Timilsina(MSc.Engineering,IIT Roorkee)
Professor of Agricultural Engineering,Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU), Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal
uttamrajtimilsina@gmail.com
*All Right Reserved**
Uploaded and Shared by AgriYouthNepal
Er. Uttam Raj Timilsina(MSc.Engineering,IIT Roorkee)
Professor of Agricultural Engineering,Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU), Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal
uttamrajtimilsina@gmail.com
*All Right Reserved**
Uploaded and Shared by AgriYouthNepal
This presentation will provide knowledge on losses in combine harvester and adjustments to overcome those losses. It posses some related formulas, calculation and image to identify the components of combine harvester as well.
Mechanical manipulation of soil to provide favorable condition for proper crop growth is called tillage.
Soil tillage consists of breaking the compact surface of earth to a certain depth.
To loosen the soil mass so as to enable the roots of the crops to penetrate and spread into the soil.
Harvesting operations are one of the farm field operation in which seeds are separated from the stalk on which they grow. This is done when crops are ripened and reached maturity.
In order to achieve increased yield, the crops that are cultivated should be harvested at appropriate harvest time and moisture content. Both delayed and early harvesting results in decreased yield.
Definition
The operation of cutting, picking, digging or any combination of these for removing the whole crop or edible part of the crop from either under the ground or above the ground is called harvesting.
Threshing—It is the process of detaching the kernels from the ears/pods/ or panicles by a combination of impact and rubbing action.
It is accomplished either by treading the harvested crop under the feet of man or hooves of animals, and/or beating the harvested crop with stick or striking the harvested crop on hard and rough surface or using mechanical thresher.
Er. Uttam Raj Timilsina(MSc.Engineering,IIT Roorkee)
Professor of Agricultural Engineering,Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU), Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal
uttamrajtimilsina@gmail.com
*All Right Reserved**
Uploaded and Shared by AgriYouthNepal
Er. Uttam Raj Timilsina(MSc.Engineering,IIT Roorkee)
Professor of Agricultural Engineering,Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU), Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal
uttamrajtimilsina@gmail.com
*All Right Reserved**
Uploaded and Shared by AgriYouthNepal
This presentation will provide knowledge on losses in combine harvester and adjustments to overcome those losses. It posses some related formulas, calculation and image to identify the components of combine harvester as well.
Mechanical manipulation of soil to provide favorable condition for proper crop growth is called tillage.
Soil tillage consists of breaking the compact surface of earth to a certain depth.
To loosen the soil mass so as to enable the roots of the crops to penetrate and spread into the soil.
Harvesting operations are one of the farm field operation in which seeds are separated from the stalk on which they grow. This is done when crops are ripened and reached maturity.
In order to achieve increased yield, the crops that are cultivated should be harvested at appropriate harvest time and moisture content. Both delayed and early harvesting results in decreased yield.
Definition
The operation of cutting, picking, digging or any combination of these for removing the whole crop or edible part of the crop from either under the ground or above the ground is called harvesting.
Threshing—It is the process of detaching the kernels from the ears/pods/ or panicles by a combination of impact and rubbing action.
It is accomplished either by treading the harvested crop under the feet of man or hooves of animals, and/or beating the harvested crop with stick or striking the harvested crop on hard and rough surface or using mechanical thresher.
Tillage is a piece of farm equipment used for the preparation of the soil by mechanical agitation of various types, such as digging, mixing, and overturning.
Examples of human-powered tilling techniques using hand tools include shoveling, gathering, mattock work, hoeing, and raking. The meaning of “Tillage” is the land that can be tilled.
There are various types of tillage implement like rotary tiller or rotavator, plough, harrow, cultivator, subsoiler and many more used in agriculture activity
title :farm machinery and tillage practicesmulugeta48
the course is entitles as machinery and primary tillage; this course is mainly focus on the different tillage practices affecting the production capacity of the land and the management aspects for those problems.
Choose The Right Rotavator
It is important to select the correct size rotavator for your field or garden. There is little point arranged a large rotavator for a small garden. Also, consider if you will have sufficient space to access the area. if necessary consult with an expert to ensure you choose the correct rotavator for your needs.
When To Rotavate
It is generally advised to rotavate in spring or autumn. These seasons offer softer soil and will result in more aeration than in the summer months.
Check Soil Moisture
Your soil moisture can play a large part in how successful your rotavating is. Sandy soil will rotavate in a very similar way whether dry or wet and so the moisture level is not as important.
In comparison, clay soil must be done when the moisture is favourable. if the soil is too dry it will be very hard and difficult to break apart. In contrast, when the soil is too moist the clay can stick to your rotavator cause unnecessary mess and potential damage to your requirement.
Weed Control
Weed removal is very important when rotavating. If left you will find the weed will quickly grow out of control and the seeds have been mixed throughout the soil of your entire field or garden.
Control The Rotavator Properly
When you are using your rotavator you must ensure you maintain full control of the equipment. A rotavator is a powerful piece of equipment and it can easily course damage or harm if not used properly.
Rotavate The Land In Strips
When Rotavating your land plan head, it is advised to rotavate in strips to ensure the best result. Make a few passes over each strip, and repeat the process at right angles to the original rotavated strips. Don’t dig much deeper than two or three inches deep on the first pass. You can then set the rotavator to dig deeper on each pass after that. You should rotavate offer the course of several hours.
Having been established in 1998 to serve in Ground and Foundation Engineering, Temeltaş has been performing qualified projects and moving the present, from its ground, to the future based on its 15 years of experience, its team consisting of professionals and its service understanding featuring high standards.
In accordance with financial and technological conditions, Temeltaş increases its mobility in changing environments and it produces right and economical solutions by its high-tech modern machinery and equipment from design to completion of projects.
Having achieved, since its establishment, the appreciation and satisfaction of domestic and foreign auditing companies in the works it carried out in Turkey and abroad, Temeltaş has adopted it as its principle to maintain its reliable, quality and economical applications with an increasing performance.
Reverse Engineering
Definition
It is described in Wikipedia as:
… the process of extracting knowledge or design information from anything man-made. The process often involves disassembling something (a mechanical device, electronic component, computer program, or biological, chemical, or organic matter) and analyzing its components and workings in detail.
Reverse Engineering
Definition
A process of discovering the technological principles of a human made device, object or system through analysis of its structure, function and operation
Systematic evaluation of a product with the purpose of replication.
Design of a new part
Copy of an existing part
Recovery of a damaged or broken part
An important step in the product development cycle.
Lecture # 06 Tools for Additive Manufacturing ANSYSSolomon Tekeste
The Additive Manufacturing Potential
Topology Optimization
A technique for optimum material distribution in a given design domain.
Why do topology optimization?
Able to achieve the optimal design without depending on designers’ a priori knowledge.
More powerful than shape and size optimization.
Why Topology optimization?
What's behind? Explanation of the optimization methods
Topology Optimization
Software… soft procedure
Optimal Design via Topology Optimization
Topology Optimization
Materials for AM Processes
Numerous laboratories around the world have researched and developed materials for various AM processes.
Below is a list of commercially available materials systems from a selected list of current manufacturers. Together they include;
Photo-curing resins,
Viscous-binder polymers,
Infiltrated metal,
Direct metal and
Infiltrated non-metallics.
Materials for AM Processes
Stereolithography.
All commercial photopolymers for SLA are proprietary epoxies and acrylate–epoxy hybrids. 3D Systems markets the following photopolymers currently.
Lecture # 03 Design for Additive ManufacturingSolomon Tekeste
Design for Additive Manufacturing (DfAM)
DfAM - A generic term used to describe rules and parameters for a part design to be produced with an AM process
DfAM - is the practice of designing products to reduce or minimize manufacturing and assembly difficulties and costs,
DfAM aims
To take advantages of the unique AM technologies capabilities to design and optimize a product/component,
To utilize the characteristics of AM methods to improve the product/component functions according to the capability of the selected AM process.
In doing so, the designers should tailor their designs to maximize the advantages of AM methods, such as complex geometries and lightweight
Design Aspect and Design Consideration in AM
Design aspect
Any particular feature which can be quantified at the design phase.
Includes;
Geometric features of the part’s shape (overhangs, bores, channels, etc.)
Part’s programming parameters (layer thickness, orientation, etc.).
Design consideration
The result on the manufactured part
Specific properties of the process and quantified with certain key performance indicators.
These includes; surface roughness, accuracy, build time, etc.
Design Aspect and Design Consideration in AM
With conventional manufacturing processes, these aspects are mostly a concern for the production engineer rather than for the designer;
But, the significance of these aspects is high for the outcome in AM technologies.
BAHIR DAR UNIVERSITYBAHIR DAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (BiT)FACULTY OF MECHANICAL AND INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING Rapid Prototyping & Reverse Engineering [MEng6123]
Rapid Prototyping Techniques
Rapid Prototyping Techniques
They can be categorized by material: photopolymer, thermoplastic, and adhesives.
Photopolymer systems start with a liquid resin, which is then solidified by exposure to a specific wavelength of light.
Thermoplastic systems begin with a solid material, which is then melted and fuses upon cooling.
The adhesive systems use a binder to connect the primary construction material
Rapid Prototyping Techniques
The initial state of material can come in either
solid, liquid or powder state
The current range materials include
paper, polymer, nylon, wax, resins, metals and ceramics.
Liquid Based RP Systems
Solidification of a Liquid Polymer
These process involve the solidification of a resin via electromagnetic radiation
There are different processes in this category
Stereolithography (SL)
Liquid Thermal Polymerization (LTP)
Beam Interference Solidification (BIS)
Solid Ground Curing (SGC)
Objet Quadra Process (Objet)
Holographic Interference Solidification
Liquid Based RP Systems
Stereolithography (SL)
Principle of Operation
Patented in 1986,
Started the RP revolution
Developed by 3D Systems, Inc.
Most popular RP methods.
The technique builds 3D models from liquid photosensitive polymers that solidify when exposed to ultraviolet light.
Builds plastic parts a layer at a time by tracing a laser beam on the surface of a vat of liquid photopolymer.
The liquid photopolymer, quickly solidifies wherever the laser beam strikes the surface of the liquid
Rapid prototyping (RP)
Definition
Rapid prototyping is a layer based automated fabrication process for making scaled 3-dimentional (3D) physical objects directly from 3D computer-aided design (CAD) data without using part depending tools.
More concisely, it is a process of building a prototype in one step.
Construction of the part or assembly is usually done using 3D printing or “additive layer manufacturing” technology.
Historical development
The first method for rapid prototyping became available in the late 1980s and was used to produce models and prototype parts.
Historical development
In today’s industry, RP exceeding the scope of prototype model creation, expands the possibility of the layered manufacturing, into the next level, where parts for real-world engineering applications are fabricated.
Historical development
Titanium powder-based 3D printing technology is reported recently with many successful stories.
For example, a 3D-printed bike has been fabricated with the Titanium powder.
BAHIR DAR UNIVERSITYBAHIR DAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (BiT)FACULTY OF MECHANICAL AND INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING Rapid Prototyping & Reverse Engineering [MEng6123]
Tools for Reverse Engineering (Hardware & Software)
Tools for Reverse Engineering (Hardware & Software)
Reverse Engineering hardware used for data accusation.
The output of RE data accusation are 2-D cross-sectional image & point clouds that define the geometry of an object.
RE Software transforms RE data produced by RE hardware into a 3D geometric models.
The RE data processing chain can be one of two types
Polygon
Curves
Polygon models are commonly used rapid prototyping, laser milling, 3D Graphics, Simulation and animations.
Tools for Reverse Engineering (Hardware & Software)
Reverse Engineering Software
ANSYS SpaceClaim
SolidWorks
Catia
Geomagic Design X,…
Reverse Engineering Software
Geomagic Design X Introductory Tutorial
Interface
File Import
Live Scan
Point Processing
Regions
Reference Geometry
Align
Repair Mesh
CAD Modeling
Auto surface
Export
Reverse Engineering Software
Reverse Engineering Software
Geomagic Design X Introductory Tutorial
Point Processing
Edit Mesh
Optimize mesh data to improve its quality. The following tools will be used to edit a mesh:
Heal mesh
Global remesh
Decimate
Fill holes
Enhance shape
Edit boundaries
Optimize mesh
BAHIR DAR UNIVERSITYBAHIR DAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (BiT)FACULTY OF MECHANICAL AND INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING Rapid Prototyping & Reverse Engineering [MEng6123]
Reverse Engineering
Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM)
Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMM)
A Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM) is an electromechanical system designed to perform coordinate metrology.
CMM is a device for measuring the physical geometrical characteristics of an object.
CMM Applications
Types of CMM
Cantilever Type
Moving bridge type
Fixed bridge type
Column type
Gantry type
Horizontal arm type
Portable type
1. Cantilever Type of CMM
2. Moving Bridge type
3.Fixed bridge type
4. Column type CMM
5. Horizontal arm type CMM
6. Gantry type CMM
Types of Probe
Contact probe
Hard probe
Switching probes
Measuring probes
Non-contact probes
Laser probe
Vision probe
Hard Probe
It has a variety of probe tip shape and size based on the application.
Ball/Spherical shape probe used for establishing surface locations.
Tapered or conical probe used for locating holes.
Cylindrical probe used for checking slots and holes in sheet metal.
Switching Probes
3. Measuring Probes
2. Vision Probe
CAUSES OF ERRORS IN CMM
BAHIR DAR UNIVERSITYBAHIR DAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (BiT)FACULTY OF MECHANICAL AND INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING Rapid Prototyping & Reverse Engineering [MEng6123]
Post processing of AM parts
Post processing of AM parts
Post processing of AM parts
Post processing of AM parts
Post processing of AM parts
Post processing of AM parts
Post processing of AM parts
Post processing of AM parts
Post processing of AM parts
Post processing of AM parts Preparation for use as a Pattern Often
Guidelines for process selection
Guidelines for process selection Approaches to Selection
Guidelines for process selection Selection Example
Guidelines for process selection - Selection Example
In this example, it is decided to allow customization of certain features.
Only standard 12 mm diameter x 100 mm length bolts will be used for the inner bore, therefore, these dimensions will be constrained.
Customers will be allowed to customize all other features of the caster wheel
within allowable ranges for this model wheel, as displayed in the table below.
Guidelines for process selection - Selection Example
Guidelines for process selection Selection Example
In this example, we examine two weighting scenarios (relative importance ratings).
Scenario 2
All selection attributes were equally weighted.
Guidelines for process selection Selection Example
A farm machinery and/or implement can be defined as any type of machinery or implement that can be used in the process of agricultural production; it can be for crop production or animal production.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
1. BAHIR DAR UNIVERSITY
BAHIR DAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (BiT)
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL AND INDUSTRIAL
ENGINEERING
Course Title: Agricultural Machinery Technology(AEng5161)Course Title: Agricultural Machinery Technology(AEng5161)
CHAPTER TWO
Tillage Implements
By
Solomon Tekeste
7/11/2018 1
2. SOIL TILLAGE
INTRODUCTION
• Tillage may be defined as the mechanical manipulation of
soil for nurturing crops.
The objectives of soil tillage are:
– To develop a desirable soil structure for a seedbed
– To control weeds or remove unwanted crop plants.
– To manage plant residues.
– To minimize soil erosion by following such practices as
contour tillage
– To establish specific surface configurations for planting,
irrigating, drainage, or harvesting operations.
– To incorporate and mix fertilizers, manure, pesticides7/11/2018 2
3. Tillage
Classification of Tillage
• Depending on the quantity of soil disturbance
Primary Tillage
More aggressive, deeper
operation and usually leaves
the surface rough
Secondary Tillage
Works the soil to shallow
depth
Function :
Function :
Loosen the soil structure
Bury the plant waste
Erosion control
Preparation for secondary
tillage
Weed control
Kill pests
Function :
Break the soil clods
Shatters the soil clods
Level the soil surface
Harrow the soil and plant
waste (stubbles)
Firm the soil
Kill weeds and helps conserve
moisture7/11/2018 3
5. Primary Tillage Implement
Mould board Ploughs
• This is most common primary tillage implement.
• Can effectively break many type of soils.
• Its basic function is to cut, invert and pulverize the
soil up to the depth of 20-30cm.
7/11/2018 5
6. Components of Mouldboard Ploughs
• Share:This penetrates into the
soil and makes a horizontal cut
below the surface.
• Mould board: It is curved, it
lifts and turns the furrow slice.
• Land side: Flat plate
which bears against and
transmits the rear side
lateral thrust of the
plough.
• Frog: This is where other
components of the plough
bottom are attached.
7/11/2018 6
7. • Beam: The part through
which the power is applied
and the other parts are
attached
Components of Mouldboard Ploughs
attached
• Gange wheel: Attached to
the end of the beam and
used to control ploughing
depth.
• Coulter: makes the vertical
cut separating the furrow
slice from the un-ploughed
land.7/11/2018 7
8. Mouldboard Ploughs
Two-way or Reversible Mouldboard plough
• It is a mouldboard plough which turns furrow slice to
the right or left side of direction of travel as required.
Such ploughs have two sets of opposed bottoms.
7/11/2018 8
9. ∆s- distance of the plough edge
from furrow wall
H- height of plough/ throatal
clearance
Design Parameters of Mouldboard plough
clearance
a- Depth of furrow slice
b- width of furrow slice
S- width of share blade
2-cutting angle of share blade
Cp -Center of power
Cr -Centre of resistance
7/11/2018 9
10. - setting angle/rake
angle
R- radius of the
directrix curve
t- thickness of the
Design Parameters of Mouldboard plough
t- thickness of the
moldboard
w- landslide width
l- landslide length
Lp -Line of pull
P-Pull
D-Draft
7/11/2018 10
11. Disk Ploughs
• The basic function is
– soil is lifted, pulverized, partially inverted and displaced
to one side.
• Blades on disk ploughs are concave, usually representing
sections of hallow spheres.
7/11/2018 11
12. Used when moldboard plow does not work
satisfactorily
Hard sticky soils
In hard dry soils
Stony fields
Disk Ploughs
Stony fields
Soils containing heavy roots
Loose, push type soils and abrasive soil
Built with heavy frame and wheels; in a hard dry soil, a
disc plow can be forced into ground by its weight
7/11/2018 12
13. The basic component of plough is a disc of certain
diameter and curvature.
It consists of a series of individually mounted,
concave, rotating discs characterized by disc and tilt
angle
Disk Ploughs
angle
7/11/2018 13
14. The tilt angle is usually in the range of 150 to 250 and
the disc angle is in the range of 420 to 450.
The disc angle can influence the width of cut in which
too great angle requires a greater pull.
Tilt angle affects the penetration of plough and high
penetration is obtained when the tilt angle is closer
Disk Ploughs
penetration is obtained when the tilt angle is closer
to the vertical.
7/11/2018 14
15. Comparison of Mouldboard Plough & Disc Plough
Criteria
Implements
Mouldboard Plow Disk Plow
Inverting Good Medium
Mixing Hardly Medium
Crumbling Medium Medium/good
Mixing Hardly Medium
Crumbling Medium Medium/good
Burying long stubble Completely Not completely
Plough sole compaction Reasonably high Little
Susceptibility to damage Highly/More Little
Possible fields of use Clean field Heavy, dry, stony, etc.
Durability Medium High
Weight Lower High
Draught requirement high high
7/11/2018 15
19. Example of secondary implements :
Disc, spring tooth and spike tooth harrow
SECONDARY TILLAGE IMPLEMENTS
7/11/2018 19
20. Example of secondary implements :
Spring and rigid tined cultivators
SECONDARY TILLAGE IMPLEMENTS
7/11/2018 20
21. Example of secondary implements :
Roller pocket and roller harrows
SECONDARY TILLAGE IMPLEMENTS
7/11/2018 21
22. Example of secondary implements :
Weed control implement
SECONDARY TILLAGE IMPLEMENTS
7/11/2018 22
23. CLASSIFICATION OF TILLAGE
IMPLEMENTS
Based up on their attachment/ hitching system to the
tractor, tillage implements can be categorized in to
three follows.
Mounted implements Mounted implements
Semi-Mounted implements
Trailed implements
7/11/2018 23
24. CLASSIFICATION OF TILLAGE
IMPLEMENTS
Mounted implements
Attached to the tractor by 3 point hitch linkages
Implements can be raised or lowered by the
hydraulic system
Example : A mounted disc ploughExample : A mounted disc plough
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25. CLASSIFICATION OF TILLAGE
IMPLEMENTS
Semi-mounted implements
Attached to the tractor 2 point or 3 point linkage and
these implements are normally provided with wheels to
help in better performance of the machine
Example : A seed drill – implement can be raised or
loweredlowered
7/11/2018 25
26. CLASSIFICATION OF TILLAGE
IMPLEMENTS
Trailed implements
Attached to the tractor’s drawbar and this cannot be
raised or lowered
Implement trailed the tractor as it moves
Implement are heavy and usually provided with
wheels for easy hitching to the back of tractor and
better stabilitybetter stability
Example : Trailed moldboard plough and trailer
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27. PERFORMANCE OF TILLAGE IMPLEMENTS
• The performance of tillage tools is determined by their
draft and power requirements and the quality of work.
• The effects of soil and tool parameters as well as the
operating conditions on the draft force and power
requirements are discussed.
• The draft is defined as the component of tractor pull
acting on the plow parallel to the line of travel.
• The specific draft is the draft divided by the cross-
sectional area of the furrow.
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28. PERFORMANCE OF TILLAGE IMPLEMENTS
• The specific draft of ploughs varies widely under
different conditions, these factors include;
– Soil type and condition
– Ploughing speed– Ploughing speed
– Depth of ploughing
– Width of furrow slice
– Plough bottom shape
– Implement weight
– Friction characteristics of the soil engaging surfaces
– Adjustment of the plough and attachment
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29. PERFORMANCE OF TILLAGE IMPLEMENTS
Soil Type and Condition
• Soil type and condition are by far the most important
factors contributing to variations in specific draft. It
is very high for very heavy clay soils and very low foris very high for very heavy clay soils and very low for
sandy soils.
• Soil moisture is an important factor in regard to both
draft and quality of work. A dry soil requires
excessive power and also accelerates the wear of the
cutting edge.
• Other pertinent soil factors include the degree of
compaction, the previous tillage treatment, and the
type or absence of crop cover.7/11/2018 29
30. Effect of Depth and Width of Cut
• Specific draft of a plough generally decreases as the
depth is increased to some optimum depth/width
ratio and then increases as the depth increased
further.
PERFORMANCE OF TILLAGE IMPLEMENTS
further.
• The initial decrease of specific draft with increased
depth is logical because the total force for cutting
the bottom of the furrow slice should be independent
of depth.
• The increase in specific draft beyond the optimum
depth is probably due to partly choking of the thick
furrow slice in the curvature of the mould board.
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31. Effect of Speed upon Draft
• In general, increased forward speed increases the draft with
most tillage implements, because of the more rapid
acceleration of any soil that is moved appreciably. Soil
acceleration increases draft for at least for two reasons:
– Acceleration forces increase the normal loads on soil engaging
surfaces, thereby increasing the frictional resistance.
– The kinetic energy imparted or induced to the soil.
PERFORMANCE OF TILLAGE IMPLEMENTS
– The kinetic energy imparted or induced to the soil.
• Thus, in order to minimize the draft requirement it is
necessary to operate the implements at recommended
optimum forward speeds. The optimum forward speeds for
conventional implements are:
– Mould board ploughs------ 6 km/hr
– Medium depth tined implements -------- 8 km/hr
– Shallow cultivation and grain drilling ----- 10 km/hr
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32. Effect of Implement weight on draft requirement
• In general as the implement weight increases, the
draft requirement is also increases.
PERFORMANCE OF TILLAGE IMPLEMENTS
7/11/2018 32
33. Principles of Hitching
• With the plough body correctly fitted and set, it is
necessary to adjust the hitch and the wheels to
produce the required depth and width of work.
• If a single chain could be attached at the proper
hitching point, the plough could be pulled straight
PERFORMANCE OF TILLAGE IMPLEMENTS
hitching point, the plough could be pulled straight
ahead at a uniform depth and width.
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38. FORCES AND EQUATION OF IMPLEMENTS IN
OPERATION
• The engineers are concerned with the forces acting
on a tillage implement because of:
• Total power requirements.• Total power requirements.
• Proper hitching or application of pulling force.
• Designing for adequate strength and rigidity.
• To determine best shape and adjustment of
tools
7/11/2018 38
39. • A tillage implement (or tool) moving at a constant
velocity is subjected to three main forces or force
system which must be in equilibrium. These are:
– Force of gravity upon the implement.
FORCES AND EQUATION OF IMPLEMENTS IN
OPERATION
– Force of gravity upon the implement.
– The soil forces acting upon the implement
– The forces acting upon the implement and the prime
mover.
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40. • If torque from rotary power transmission is not involved,
the resultant of these forces is the pull of the power
unit upon implement. Clyde sub-divides the total soil
reaction into two:
FORCES AND EQUATION OF IMPLEMENTS IN
OPERATION
• Useful forces: - Are those forces which the tool must
overcome in cutting, breaking and moving of soil.
• Parasitic forces:- Are those forces (including friction
and rolling resistance) that act on stabilizing surfaces
such as land side and sole of plow or upon supporting
runners or wheels.
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41. • Forces acting on tillage implement or tool
FORCES AND EQUATION OF IMPLEMENTS IN
OPERATION
7/11/2018 41
42. • If tool is not symmetrical about the vertical,
longitudinal plane through its center line, useful soil
forces usually introduce rotational effect.
• If P = Pull exerted by power unit has components in all
FORCES AND EQUATION OF IMPLEMENTS IN
OPERATION
• If P = Pull exerted by power unit has components in all
the major planes
• R = Resultant of all useful forces acting upon tool or
implement
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43. • Let us resolve the forces in three components L, S, V.
• L = Horizontal component also called draft.
• V = Vertical component. It removes load from the front
wheel of tractor and effects on tractive ability
of tractor, stability and steerability. It helps in
FORCES AND EQUATION OF IMPLEMENTS IN
OPERATION
of tractor, stability and steerability. It helps in
penetration and maintains working depth.
• S = Side draft or force. Maintains directional stability
on tractor and implement and affects on draft of
implement because of frictional forces.
•
7/11/2018 43
44. = ф
= ф
= ф
FORCES AND EQUATION OF IMPLEMENTS IN
OPERATION
Where;
• θ = Angle of inclination of ‘R’ in vertical plane with
horizontal.
• ф =Angle of inclination of ‘R’ in transverse plane with
horizontal.
= ф
= ф
7/11/2018 44
45. • For mounted implements supported and pulled by tractor,
the force P between implement and tractor in vertical
plane is force containing L and V component.
FORCES AND EQUATION OF IMPLEMENTS IN
OPERATION
= +
= ф + ф
= ф ( + )
= ф
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46. Terms Related to Field Performance of Machines
• The rate at which a machine can cover a field while
performing its intended function.
• Theoretical Field Capacity: is the rate of field capacity
that would be obtained if the machine were performingthat would be obtained if the machine were performing
its function 100% of the time at rated forward speed
and always covered 100% of its rated width.
• Theoretical field capacity (TFC)
widthRatedspeedRatedTFC
7/11/2018 46
47. • Theoretical Time: is the time that would be required
at the theoretical field capacity to till a specified
area.
• Actual Field Capacity:- Actual field capacity is the
Terms Related to Field Performance of Machines
• Actual Field Capacity:- Actual field capacity is the
actual average rate of coverage by the machine,
based upon the total field time.
• Actual field capacity (AFC)
timeTotal
PlowedAreaTotal
AFC
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48. • Field efficiency (FE): is the ratio of actual field
capacity to the theoretical field capacity.
Terms Related to Field Performance of Machines
100(%)
TFC
AFT
FE
7/11/2018 48
49. • It includes the effects of time lost in the field and failure
to utilize the full width of the machine.
• Time losses during farm operation include:
Time lost in turning at the ends or corners of the
Terms Related to Field Performance of Machines
Time lost in turning at the ends or corners of the
field.
Time lost in idle travel – across the ends of the field
Time lost during rest stops
Time lost for adjusting or checking equipment
Time lost during field obstructions such as clogging
Time lost for adding fertilizers or seeds, filling
sprayer tanks.
Time lost during equipment breakdown7/11/2018 49
51. Design Procedure of mouldboard ploughs
1. Establish the following points
– Type and kind of mouldboard
– Tillage depth, a
– Furrow slice width, b
– b/a ratio (1.1 to 1.5)
2. Design the angles of the share2. Design the angles of the share
– Load angle = 14-18 degrees
– Share angle = 35-45 degrees
– Cutting angle = 22-28 degrees
• Details of various angle of share
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52. 3. Calculate drawbar horse power (DBHP) of tractor
• DHBP = 60% of BHP
4. Calculate drawbar pull
Drawbar pull available from tractor is given by
Design Procedure of mouldboard ploughs
Drawbar pull available from tractor is given by
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53. 5. Calculation of width of implement (Wi)
• The width of an implement (Wi) can be calculated from the
following formula:
Design Procedure of mouldboard ploughs
Where,
• Di = draught requirement of implement, kg
• n = Number of bottoms in mouldboard plough
• dp=Depth of ploughing, cm
• R = Specific resistance of soil, kg/cm2
Soil type Unit draft(N/cm2)
Light soil 2.1-4.1
Medium soil 3.4-6.2
Heavy soil 5.88-9.7
Very heavy soil 8.82-14.71
7/11/2018 53
54. 6. Forces acting on the mouldboard plough bottom
Various forces acting on plough bottom as shown in
figure
Design Procedure of mouldboard ploughs
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55. 7. Design of share of mouldboard plough
i. the best throat angle (share angle) of the share should be
an angle along which soil rapture takes place
Soil share angle (θ ) = 45 -φ
Where, φ = angle of friction between metal and soil
Design Procedure of mouldboard ploughs
• Where, φ = angle of friction between metal and soil
ii. Now, the share may be assumed like a rectangular plate of
area (∆ABC + ∆BCD) subjected to bending.
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57. • From the similar triangles ABC and BCF
Design Procedure of mouldboard ploughs
7/11/2018 57
58. iii. Find values of CE by using sine theorem
iv. Calculate the total soil pressure on the share
Design Procedure of mouldboard ploughs
iv. Calculate the total soil pressure on the share
• Unit draught of medium soil = 0.5 kg/cm2 and
• factor of safety as 2.0.
• Therefore, unit draught of share = 0.5 kg/cm2 x f.o.s =
0.5 x 2.0
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59. v. Total design draught of plough bottom = width x
depth x unit draught
– The total draught force will act on entire area of
share.
– It is assumed that the soil pressure is uniformly
distributed on the share.
Design Procedure of mouldboard ploughs
distributed on the share.
Total area of share = area of ∆BCD + area of ∆ABC
vi. Therefore, soil pressure on share = total load, kg/area
of share cm2
– This load is acting on the share at ψ = 20⁰
7/11/2018 59
60. vii. Calculate length breadth ratio of share = L/b
viii.Calculate share thickness (t)
In the design of plough share law of bending of rectangular
plate with one side fixed and three sides freely supported
may be applied.
• For uniformly distributed loads on rectangular plate.
Design Procedure of mouldboard ploughs
• For uniformly distributed loads on rectangular plate.
Where,
• Smax = max stress developed in share, kg/cm2
• F = Uniformly distributed load, kg/cm2
• B = A constant, depends on the length-breadth ratio of share
• t =Thickness of share, cm
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61. 8. Design of landside of mouldboard plough
• landside takes side thrust of plough bottom caused during
turning of furrow slice.
• Usually force encountered by the landside is about 25-50% of
longitudinal force (Pull) acting on the plough bottom.
Design Procedure of mouldboard ploughs
longitudinal force (Pull) acting on the plough bottom.
• Length of landside (Lls)
Length of landside (Lls) is calculated by using following
expression:
b = Width of landside, cm
φ = Angle of soil granular friction, degrees
α = Angle of pull with vertical plane, degrees
7/11/2018 61
62. Width of landside (b)
• Usually width of landside is taken as one third of
throat width of share of plough bottom.
Thickness of landside (t)
• it is assumed that one side is fixed on one end and
the other ends are free and side thrust is uniformly
Design Procedure of mouldboard ploughs
the other ends are free and side thrust is uniformly
distributed over entire are of the landside.
• Now permissible stress in the landside is given by
ft = permissible stress in the landside, kg/cm2 or N/mm2
W = Uniformly distributed load on landside surface, kg/cm2 or
N/mm2
t =Thickness of landside, cm or mm
7/11/2018 62
63. 9. Design of beam of mouldboard plough
• The mouldboard plough bottom of tractor drawn
plough is attached to a curved beam
• As the beam is curved therefore, theory of curved
beam is applied. According to theory of curved beams
of rectangular section, the bending stress is given by:
Design Procedure of mouldboard ploughs
of rectangular section, the bending stress is given by:
f = Bending stress at any point at ‘y’ distance from axis = 500kg/cm2.
M = maximum bending moment induced in the beam
Ro = the initial radius of neutral surface, cm = R – e
e = distance between the neutral axis and the principal axis through centroid, cm
A = area of cross section of beam, cm2
7/11/2018 63
64. 10.Design of frog:
• The frog is one soild piece suit fitting of share,
mouldboard and landside with considerable strength.
• It is usually made from pressed steel sheet, cast or
wheel steel.
Design Procedure of mouldboard ploughs
wheel steel.
• The hardness of frog made from steel casting should
be 130-201 HB and for heavy duty cast iron the
hardness should be of 160-260 HB.
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66. Design of procedure for disc plough
1. Calculate drawbar horse power (DBHP).
• Drawbar horse power (DBHP) is given by
DBHP = 60%BHP
2. Calculate diameter of disc (Dd).
• The diameter of disc is given by• The diameter of disc is given by
– K = a coefficient which varies from 2.5 – 3 for deep tillage
– dp = Depth of ploughing, cm
– β = Tilt angle of disc which is 15⁰ – 25 ⁰ -with vertical
• Also, the width of cut disc plough (W) is given by
7/11/2018 66
67. Design of procedure for disc plough
3. Radius of curvature of disc (R). The radius of
curvature of disc is given by
Where
Dd = diameter of disc, in cmDd = diameter of disc, in cm
φ = Half center angle of the arc of circle formed by
cutting disc on equatorial plane which is given by the
formula
α = disc angle, 45 ⁰
ε = Back cleaning angle, 3-5 ⁰
l = Sharpness/taper angle of disc, 15-25⁰
7/11/2018 67
68. Design of procedure for disc plough
4. Calculate disc spacing (Sd) in plough.
• The spacing between the discs (Sd) is given by
• Rh = ridge height, cm which is = 0.3dp for plough
• Dp= Depth of ploughing, in cm
• Dd = Diameter of disc, in cm
• α = Disc angle, 45⁰
• β = Tilt angle of disc which is 15⁰-25 ⁰ -with vertical
• e = Eccentricity of disc. Let e = 2
• Moreover, Sd > 2dp
7/11/2018 68
69. Design of procedure for disc plough
5. Width of cut (Wc).
• The width of cut of one disc is given by
6. Thickness of disc (Td).
• The thickness of disc for heavy soils is given by
7/11/2018 69
70. Design of procedure for disc plough
7. Number of bottoms or discs in plough (n)
– n = number of bottoms or discs in plough
– WC =Width of cut, in cm
– dp = Depth of ploughing, in cm
– k = Constant, for heavy soils k = 0.75-80 kg/cm2
– F =Factor of safety. (FOS=1.5)
7/11/2018 70
71. Design of procedure for disc plough
8. Design of main frame (Tabular section).
• For rectangular section
Where,
• f = bending stress at any point at y distance from neutral
axis = 500 kg/cm2
• M = Maximum bending moment = max draught x distance
7/11/2018 71
72. Reference
1. Ajit K. Srivastava et. al. 2012. Engineering Principles
of Agricultural Machines. Second Edition. American
Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers.
2. D. N. Sharma and S. Mukesh. 2010. Farm Machinery
Design Principles and Problems. Second Edition.
Pusa Agri-Book Service, IARI, New Delhi.Pusa Agri-Book Service, IARI, New Delhi.
7/11/2018 72