The aim of this project is to design and develop a solar operated seed sowing machine. The seed sewing machine is a key component of agricultural field. The various technique used in India for seed sowing and fertilizer placement are manual, ox and tractor operator. But we wanted lowest cost but efficient also, so we made this remotely operated seed sawing machine
Design and Fabrication of Multi-Purpose Farming Tools Equipped Mobility CycleAM Publications
As until now most of implemented ideas for cultivation were found out of reach or unaffordable for poor farmers or small scale cultivation. But now a days Indian government is focussing more on new techniques and technologies to boost up agricultural activities in cheaper way basically up till now for any type of fast cultivation techniques farmers had to depend on tractors or any other fuel consumable devices or vehicles, which by the side increases air pollution, just to speed up the process. We found a cheapest and easy way for poor farmers and cultivation on small land. The design of multi-purpose farming tool equipped mobility cycle was done after consider some major factors i.e. decreasing cost of cultivation, making cultivation pollution free.
To improve the quality of agriculture, we have developed a mechanism for cutting of different crops, so that harvesting can be done easily in minimum period of time.
To overcome all issues a new manually handled and engine operated cutter is fabricated for cutting of multiple types of crop like paddy, wheat, oil seeds, and pulses etc. named as “Multiple Crop Cutting Machine”. There is two types of blades are used according to need of crops. First is rotary blades, those crops needs high torque i.e. paddy, wheat this blades used. And another is reciprocating which is used for pulses and oil seeds.
Er. Uttam Raj Timilsina(MSc.Engineering,IIT Roorkee)
Professor of Agricultural Engineering,Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU), Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal
uttamrajtimilsina@gmail.com
*All Right Reserved**
Uploaded and Shared by AgriYouthNepal
The aim of this project is to design and develop a solar operated seed sowing machine. The seed sewing machine is a key component of agricultural field. The various technique used in India for seed sowing and fertilizer placement are manual, ox and tractor operator. But we wanted lowest cost but efficient also, so we made this remotely operated seed sawing machine
Design and Fabrication of Multi-Purpose Farming Tools Equipped Mobility CycleAM Publications
As until now most of implemented ideas for cultivation were found out of reach or unaffordable for poor farmers or small scale cultivation. But now a days Indian government is focussing more on new techniques and technologies to boost up agricultural activities in cheaper way basically up till now for any type of fast cultivation techniques farmers had to depend on tractors or any other fuel consumable devices or vehicles, which by the side increases air pollution, just to speed up the process. We found a cheapest and easy way for poor farmers and cultivation on small land. The design of multi-purpose farming tool equipped mobility cycle was done after consider some major factors i.e. decreasing cost of cultivation, making cultivation pollution free.
To improve the quality of agriculture, we have developed a mechanism for cutting of different crops, so that harvesting can be done easily in minimum period of time.
To overcome all issues a new manually handled and engine operated cutter is fabricated for cutting of multiple types of crop like paddy, wheat, oil seeds, and pulses etc. named as “Multiple Crop Cutting Machine”. There is two types of blades are used according to need of crops. First is rotary blades, those crops needs high torque i.e. paddy, wheat this blades used. And another is reciprocating which is used for pulses and oil seeds.
Er. Uttam Raj Timilsina(MSc.Engineering,IIT Roorkee)
Professor of Agricultural Engineering,Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU), Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal
uttamrajtimilsina@gmail.com
*All Right Reserved**
Uploaded and Shared by AgriYouthNepal
Tamil Nadu, Agricultural Engineering Department, Agricultural Machinery Training Centre, Tiruchirapalli,Training on Newly Developed Agricultural Machinery & Equipments,(Past & Present) - An 'U' Turn Look by Coomarasamy. C, Formerly EE, AED
Design, development and fabrication of agricultural pesticides sprayerLaukik Raut
In order to meet the food requirements of the
growing population and rapid industrialization,
modernization of agriculture is inescapable. Mechanization
enables the conservation of inputs through precision in
metering ensuring better distribution, reducing quantity
needed for better response and prevention of losses or
wastage of inputs applied. Mechanization reduces unit cost
of production through higher productivity and input
conservation.
Farmers are using the same methods and equipment
for the ages. In our country farming is done by traditional
way, besides that there is large development of industrial and
service sector as compared to that of agriculture. The
spraying is traditionally done by labor carrying backpack
type sprayer which requires more human effort. The
weeding is the generally done with the help of Bulls which
becomes costly for farmers having small farming land. So to
overcome these above two problems a machine is developed
which will be beneficial to the farmer for the spraying and
weeding operations.
Project on Brush Cutter (Grass Cutter PPT)Gopal Saw
This ppt based on project of grass cutter. If you want to make project on it and want to submit your ppt. than you can use it.
Complete Project Details will be available soon on my website.
Profile Links:
Known as: Technocrat Sawji
Share, Support, Subscribe!!!
Subscribe: https://goo.gl/wD36yk
Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/TechnocratSawji
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/TechnocratSawji
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Telegram: https://telegram.me/TechnocratSawji
Twitter: https://twitter.com/TechnocratSawji
Stay Connect With Gopal Saw:
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/GopalSawji
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Twitter: https://twitter.com/GopalSawji
An grass cutter machine is more suitable & easy to use with an solar, so we are making an solar grass cutter machine with an electric motor, which is providing the high speed reciprocation to the blades. electric mowers are powered by solar. solar can be in the interior of the grass cutter machine or on the outside. If on the outside, the depleted solar can be quickly recharged through the sun light. mowers have the manoeuvrability of a solar powered mower and the environmental friendliness of a solar mower.
DESIGN & ANALYSIS OF FARM TILLER EQUIPMENTALENVARGHESE13
The project is implemented for an improvement will be making in the existing rigid one-piece design into a modular design to which variants of tools can be attached.
Threshing—It is the process of detaching the kernels from the ears/pods/ or panicles by a combination of impact and rubbing action.
It is accomplished either by treading the harvested crop under the feet of man or hooves of animals, and/or beating the harvested crop with stick or striking the harvested crop on hard and rough surface or using mechanical thresher.
The design and optimization of rotary tillage tool on the basis of simulation and finite element method is done by using ANSYS software. The different rotary tillage tool parts are geometrically constrained with preparation of solid model of blades and simulation has been done with actual field performance rating parameters along with boundary conditions. The proposed work results are identifying sufficient tolerance in changing the material such as EN 8 steel and EN 24 steel. The dimensions of rotavator blade sections and to rise the life cycle of the blades for a reliable strength. The present geometry working model with tillage blade is analysed to new design change constraints of its geometry for the maximum weed removal efficiency by presenting its analysis results from the field performance.
Er. Uttam Raj Timilsina(MSc.Engineering,IIT Roorkee)
Professor of Agricultural Engineering,Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU), Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal
uttamrajtimilsina@gmail.com
*All Right Reserved**
Uploaded and Shared by AgriYouthNepal
Operation and management of primary and secondary tillageagriyouthnepal
Er. Uttam Raj Timilsina(MSc.Engineering,IIT Roorkee)
Professor of Agricultural Engineering,Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU), Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal
uttamrajtimilsina@gmail.com
*All Right Reserved**
Uploaded and Shared by AgriYouthNepal
Er. Uttam Raj Timilsina(MSc.Engineering,IIT Roorkee)
Professor of Agricultural Engineering,Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU), Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal
uttamrajtimilsina@gmail.com
*All Right Reserved**
Uploaded and Shared by AgriYouthNepal
Tamil Nadu, Agricultural Engineering Department, Agricultural Machinery Training Centre, Tiruchirapalli,Training on Newly Developed Agricultural Machinery & Equipments,(Past & Present) - An 'U' Turn Look by Coomarasamy. C, Formerly EE, AED
Design, development and fabrication of agricultural pesticides sprayerLaukik Raut
In order to meet the food requirements of the
growing population and rapid industrialization,
modernization of agriculture is inescapable. Mechanization
enables the conservation of inputs through precision in
metering ensuring better distribution, reducing quantity
needed for better response and prevention of losses or
wastage of inputs applied. Mechanization reduces unit cost
of production through higher productivity and input
conservation.
Farmers are using the same methods and equipment
for the ages. In our country farming is done by traditional
way, besides that there is large development of industrial and
service sector as compared to that of agriculture. The
spraying is traditionally done by labor carrying backpack
type sprayer which requires more human effort. The
weeding is the generally done with the help of Bulls which
becomes costly for farmers having small farming land. So to
overcome these above two problems a machine is developed
which will be beneficial to the farmer for the spraying and
weeding operations.
Project on Brush Cutter (Grass Cutter PPT)Gopal Saw
This ppt based on project of grass cutter. If you want to make project on it and want to submit your ppt. than you can use it.
Complete Project Details will be available soon on my website.
Profile Links:
Known as: Technocrat Sawji
Share, Support, Subscribe!!!
Subscribe: https://goo.gl/wD36yk
Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/TechnocratSawji
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/TechnocratSawji
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/TechnocratSawji
Telegram: https://telegram.me/TechnocratSawji
Twitter: https://twitter.com/TechnocratSawji
Stay Connect With Gopal Saw:
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/GopalSawji
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/GopalSawji
Twitter: https://twitter.com/GopalSawji
An grass cutter machine is more suitable & easy to use with an solar, so we are making an solar grass cutter machine with an electric motor, which is providing the high speed reciprocation to the blades. electric mowers are powered by solar. solar can be in the interior of the grass cutter machine or on the outside. If on the outside, the depleted solar can be quickly recharged through the sun light. mowers have the manoeuvrability of a solar powered mower and the environmental friendliness of a solar mower.
DESIGN & ANALYSIS OF FARM TILLER EQUIPMENTALENVARGHESE13
The project is implemented for an improvement will be making in the existing rigid one-piece design into a modular design to which variants of tools can be attached.
Threshing—It is the process of detaching the kernels from the ears/pods/ or panicles by a combination of impact and rubbing action.
It is accomplished either by treading the harvested crop under the feet of man or hooves of animals, and/or beating the harvested crop with stick or striking the harvested crop on hard and rough surface or using mechanical thresher.
The design and optimization of rotary tillage tool on the basis of simulation and finite element method is done by using ANSYS software. The different rotary tillage tool parts are geometrically constrained with preparation of solid model of blades and simulation has been done with actual field performance rating parameters along with boundary conditions. The proposed work results are identifying sufficient tolerance in changing the material such as EN 8 steel and EN 24 steel. The dimensions of rotavator blade sections and to rise the life cycle of the blades for a reliable strength. The present geometry working model with tillage blade is analysed to new design change constraints of its geometry for the maximum weed removal efficiency by presenting its analysis results from the field performance.
Er. Uttam Raj Timilsina(MSc.Engineering,IIT Roorkee)
Professor of Agricultural Engineering,Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU), Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal
uttamrajtimilsina@gmail.com
*All Right Reserved**
Uploaded and Shared by AgriYouthNepal
Operation and management of primary and secondary tillageagriyouthnepal
Er. Uttam Raj Timilsina(MSc.Engineering,IIT Roorkee)
Professor of Agricultural Engineering,Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU), Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal
uttamrajtimilsina@gmail.com
*All Right Reserved**
Uploaded and Shared by AgriYouthNepal
Er. Uttam Raj Timilsina(MSc.Engineering,IIT Roorkee)
Professor of Agricultural Engineering,Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU), Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal
uttamrajtimilsina@gmail.com
*All Right Reserved**
Uploaded and Shared by AgriYouthNepal
Er. Uttam Raj Timilsina(MSc.Engineering,IIT Roorkee)
Professor of Agricultural Engineering,Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU), Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal
uttamrajtimilsina@gmail.com
*All Right Reserved**
Uploaded and Shared by AgriYouthNepal
Agro Buzz - Farm Mechanization in IndiaGodrejAgrovet
Mechanized agriculture has not been given its due in our country. While government efforts are in place, they are not significant in terms of crop productivity, farm incomes and the well-being of farmers in general.
Er. Uttam Raj Timilsina(MSc.Engineering,IIT Roorkee)
Professor of Agricultural Engineering,Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU), Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal
uttamrajtimilsina@gmail.com
*All Right Reserved**
Uploaded and Shared by AgriYouthNepal
Each month, join us as we highlight and discuss hot topics ranging from the future of higher education to wearable technology, best productivity hacks and secrets to hiring top talent. Upload your SlideShares, and share your expertise with the world!
Not sure what to share on SlideShare?
SlideShares that inform, inspire and educate attract the most views. Beyond that, ideas for what you can upload are limitless. We’ve selected a few popular examples to get your creative juices flowing.
How to Make Awesome SlideShares: Tips & TricksSlideShare
Turbocharge your online presence with SlideShare. We provide the best tips and tricks for succeeding on SlideShare. Get ideas for what to upload, tips for designing your deck and more.
Research project for Digital Systems where we built a Light-up-Skateboard, for which we reseached different digital devices like BlueFruit LE Bluetooth low energy (BLE 4.0) - nRF8001 Breakout - v1.0, Adafruit Neopixel Digital RGB LED Weatherproof Strip 30 LED, etc.
This Skateboard had LED lights tagged on to it which, depending on the direction of acceleration, would glow up to different combinations of RGB. The Bluetooth device was used to add another great feature of turning the whole circuit on the Skateboard ON/OFF using an application on the users phone.
The main objective of the work is to develop the manually operated rotary lawn mower to clean the lawn. Rotary mower has a set of three wheels,one front wheel and two rear wheels. The shaft between the two rear wheels is connected to the compound gear train system. The wheels are rotated in forward motion and bevel gear system convert the forward motion to the vertical motion. The bevel gear system is connected to the blade and the blade is a low lift blade used for low speed. This lawn mower is used to minimize the cost and power requirement for domestic purpose. Since heavy machine cannot be introduced in domestic purpose due to the limited space of lawn.
Design and Analysis of Universal Reaper Machineijtsrd
In today's scenario, many research's are been done in the agriculture field and there is also a wide scope for more advancement in the technology. So therefore our objective is to design and fabricate agricultural reaper machine which would be used for cutting various crops like wheat, rice, etc. The reaper machine is being designed to compensate the increasing demand of workers for harvesting of crops. The machine would cover a large area and will require a person for handling. The CAD model is being prepared in SOLIDWORKS 2018 considering AA 6063 tubes. In this machine 4 wheels are been used. And considering various loads and forces the analysis of the machine has been done. The FEA has been done on SOLIDWORKS 2018 Software. Sachin Kumar Sharma | Gautam Kumar | Saurabh Awasthi | Prashant | Vivek Tyagi | Vineet Pal | Saurabh "Design and Analysis of Universal Reaper Machine" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31590.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/31590/design-and-analysis-of-universal-reaper-machine/sachin-kumar-sharma
Manual method of seed planting, results in low seed placement, spacing efficiencies and serious back ache for the farmer which limits the size of field that can be planted. The cost price of imported planters has gone beyond the purchasing power of most of our farmers. Peasant farmers can do much to increase food production especially grains, if drudgery can be reduced or totally removed from their planting operations. To achieve the best performance from a seed planter, the above limits are to be optimized by proper design and selection of the components required on the machine to suit the needs of crops. Need of rice trans-planter machine is growing nowadays because it unique features seeding in well sequence and in well manner. Seeding by rice trans-planter saves too much efforts of human being. Class of people who uses this kind of machines is farmers and they are having poor economic background. This paper provides guidelines for developments in rice Trans-planters used in India. Rice planting is very old method from many years ago & having long history since many years & their methods of rice planting are changed in this decade. Use of rice Trans planter machines is new trend but current machines having high cost of purchase. So the main focus of this project is to minimize the cost of that machine.
India has a large and diverse agricultural sector which requires quite effective methods for spraying pesticides at a high rate, in minimal time. In our country India, uttermost agricultural operations are performed manually by farm worker sutilizing hand tools and equipments. The economic upswing and scientifically advancements have lead to greater demand and blooming of machines and devices used in industrial settings. With these changes, there has also been greater synergy between man and machines. Hence, i tis important to modify the present hand tools using ergonomic principles for optimizing of operation, safety and comfort of user.
This is Mechanical project report on Fabrication of an Active Air Suspension System. Air ride suspension
carries the load on each axle with a pressurized air bag just as a high pressure balloon. This system provides
the smoothest and most shock free ride of any of the known vehicle suspension system. An air suspension
includes a multiple air spring assemblies that each includes a piston airbag and a primary airbag mounted over
the piston airbag. The main and piston air bags each have a variable volume that is controlled independently
of the other for active suspension control.
Front Wheel Steering System With Moveable HeadlightsSuchit Moon
This is Mechanical project report on Front wheel steering system with moveable headlights with latest
electronics technology. The most standard steering arrangement is to show the front wheels employing
a hand–operated handwheel that is positioned before of the motive force, via the steering column, which
can contain universal joints to permit it to deviate somewhat from a line. alternative arrangements ar
generally found on differing types of vehicles, as an example, a tiller or rear–wheel steering. tracked
vehicles like tanks sometimes use differential steering — that's, the tracks are created to maneuver
at completely different speeds or maybe in opposite directions to originate a amendment in fact.
Renewable energy is generally electricity supplied from sources, such as wind power, solar power,
geothermal energy, hydro power and various forms of biomass. The popularity of renewable energy
has experienced a significant upsurge in recent times due to the exhaustion of conventional power
generation methods and increasing realization of its adverse effects on the environment. Wind energy
has been harnessed for centuries but it has only emerged as a major part of our energy solution quite
recently and this report focus on utilizing wind energy by using vertical axis wind turbine.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Generating a custom Ruby SDK for your web service or Rails API using Smithyg2nightmarescribd
Have you ever wanted a Ruby client API to communicate with your web service? Smithy is a protocol-agnostic language for defining services and SDKs. Smithy Ruby is an implementation of Smithy that generates a Ruby SDK using a Smithy model. In this talk, we will explore Smithy and Smithy Ruby to learn how to generate custom feature-rich SDKs that can communicate with any web service, such as a Rails JSON API.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...
crop harvester in agricultural approach
1. CROP HARVESTER IN AGRICULTURAL APPROACH 2012-13
Page 1
ABSTRACT
Crop cutting machine is mechanical device. It can be use for cutting the dry cut stalks
of grain break or covering of trunk of tree. In the crop cutting machine required less
human effort and it is very reasonable for middle class farmer it is not complicated
structure and it is easily operated by unskilled person.
In this cutting machine have the two blades one is right hand side and another
is left hand side. This can be applicable for the cutting of crop such as Javari, Tuar,
maize etc. It can reduce labor cost due to the only one person can handle. Crop cutter
machine does not required high maintenance.
Key words
Crop, Grain, Farmer, Stalks, Javari, Tuar, Maize. Cost
3. CROP HARVESTER IN AGRICULTURAL APPROACH 2012-13
Page 3
FIGURE INDEX
Fig. No Name of Figure Page. No
3.1 Leonardo Da-Vinci concept 6
4.1 Cutter 7
4.2 Side view of cutter 7
4.3 Intermediate shaft 8
4.4 Cutter shaft 9
4.5 Transmission system 10
4.6 Open belt 11
4.7 Cross belt 12
6.1 Frame 21
6.2 Wheel 21
6.3 Assembly of wheel 22
6.4 Cutter assembly 23
6.5 Cutter 23
6.6 Handle 24
6.7 Supporting plate of cutter assembly 25
6.8 Cover 26
7.1 Body 27
7.2 Engine 28
7.3 V-belt 29
7.4 Cross section of v-belt 30
7.5 Intermediate shaft 31
7.6 Cutter shaft 31
7.7 Pedestal bearing 33
7.8 Lever sleeves 33
7.9 Pulley 34
7.10 Wheel 34
7.11 Cutter 35
8.1 Working of crop harvester ( Side view ) 37
8.2 Working of crop harvester ( Front view ) 38
4. CROP HARVESTER IN AGRICULTURAL APPROACH 2012-13
Page 4
1. INTRODUCTION:-
Agriculture forms the backbone of our country economy; about 55% of citizen is
depending on agriculture. Thus developing our country means providing our farmers
with more “Sophisticated” and “Advanced Tool” which would decreases overall time
required for the task and the task will become more easy and convenient.
Crop harvesting is last stage in farming which takes maximum time of farmer
among all farming process. In India harvesting is generally done manually. Thus our
intention is to provide farmer a “CROP HARVESTER IN AGRICULTURAL
APPROACH”. This machine consists of simple mechanism make to run by an engine
which will be economical to farmer and will take less time for harvesting operation.
Crop harvesting is a process of cutting the crops closed to the ground or pulling
the plants when they are ripped out. It include cutting the stems of coral crops like tuar,
Jawar, Bajra, Maize etc. closed to the ground. in our country it is generally done by
sharp sickle.
On the basis of this large number of crop harvester are in use at today’s date,
which are available at different shape and size and on different power supply. Some of
them are pneumatic crop harvester, hydraulic crops harvester and crop harvester
running on tractor engine. Since they are costlier keeping in to consideration the
economic ability of our farmer it is required that is should be simple and should fulfill
the same intention which are achieved by “CROP HARVESTER IN
AGRICULTURAL APPROACH”. This machine is made to run by a single cylinder
four stroke petrol engine of 197cc and having a speed of nearly 3600 rpm.
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2. NECCESITY OF CROP HARVESTER MACHINE
COMPARISON BETWEEN CROP HARVESTER AND LABOUR
CROP HARVESTER LABOUR
1) When machine working in the farm
it takes less time as compared to
labour.
1) When the labour is working in the
farm it takes more time as compared
to machine.
2) Less stresses on machine.
2) More stresses on the labour in the
farm.
3) There is no requirement of skilled
labour for handling the machine in the
farm.
3) It required a skilled labour in the
farm for cutting the crops.
4) Machine cuts the crops in two rows
at a time in the farm.
4) Labour cuts the crop in one row at
time in the farm.
5) This machine saves some labour
cost because it handled by only one
person.
5) In today era the labour cost is more
as compared to this machine.
6) This machine cuts the crop in 1 acre
area in 2 hour.
6) Two labour are cut the crops in 1
acre area in 1 day.
7) This machine cut the crops in 1 acre
area in the cost of 200Rs.
7) Labour are cut the crops in 1 acre
area in the cost of 400Rs.
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3. CONCEPTUAL BACKGROUND:-
In 14th
century the ‘Leonardo Da-vinci’ is a one man who is an architect, engineer,
geologist, and painter, he is shown various inventions and thought through his drawing
and we take our project concept from this picture.
Fig. no 3.1 Leonardo da-vinci concept
This picture show the war when the horse is running, wheel is rotate in circular
motion and this motion give the cutter through the propeller shaft by using the bevel
gear which is connected to the wheel of chariot. This cutter act’s like a weapon and it
used in war. So this concept we use for a agricultural approach and we decided to create
a new invention in agricultural and we make a demo model.
In this invention we used the engine which generated the power and this power we can
used for rotating the cutter with the help of pulleys and belt to cut the crop in the farm.
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4. DESIGN METHODOLOGY:
4.1 Cutting blades:
The cutting blades materials are high speed steel. We used this material for making
the cutter because following properties of this material.
4.1.1Properties of high speed steel
Resists corrosion
Retains strength even at high temperatures
High resistance to shock at low and high temperatures
Yields durable long-life products
Fig no 4.1.Cutter
The total length of cutter is 290 mm. Cutting edges having the length of 115mm. on
both side of both end. In the middle portion of the plate the hole is created of 13mm.
and key way slot is provided of 5 x 5mm. The thickness of cutting portion is 4mm, and
width of cutting portion is 43mm. At the cutting edge outer and inner corner the 8mm
radius round shape is provided. The main thing is that the slightly in cutting edge is
created the angle of 20 degree and 10degree with faces on both side of cutting edge
opposite to each other as shown in fig. So the dynamic shape has got to the cutter which
is main purpose of it can cut the crop very easily.
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Fig no.4.2. Side view of cutter
4.2 shafts:
The shaft is made up of M.S.bar.In our Project we required a two shaft are as
follows
1) Intermediate shaft
2) Cutter shaft
4.2.1 Intermediate shaft:
The total length of intermediate shaft is 550mm and 22mm diameter. And both the end
having a step of 50mm in length and 20mm in diameter. Three pulleys are mounted on
it. And this intermediate shaft is fixed inside the pedestal bearing.
Fig no 4.3. Intermediate shaft
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4.2.2 Cutter shaft:
The cutter shaft is made up of M.S. bar. In the crop harvesting machine is having two
cutters and this two cutter is mounted on two shaft having a length of 250mm and the
diameter of this shaft is 22mm.Both end of these shaft having a step turning at upper
end 70mm in length and 20mm in diameter and at lower end 20mm in diameter and
50mm in length after that we made up 5mm key and then the threading is done up to
20mm in length and 13mm in diameter.
Fig no 4.4.Cutter shaft
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4.3 Calculations:-
Power transmission is achieved by specially designed belt and pulley. This arrangement
as shown in fig. the power is transmitted engine shaft to cutter shaft which is decrease
the speed and increase the torque. The speed transfer ratio is 2:1.
Fig no 4.5 .Transmission system
Where:-
P=power of engine
𝐷1=diameter of small pulley
𝐷2=diameter of big pulley
N1=speed of engine shaft
N2=speed of intermediate shaft
N3=speed of cutter shaft
T1=torque of engine shaft
T2=torque of intermediate shaft
T3=torque of cutter shaft
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t1 = t3 = Tension in tight side of belt
t2=t4= Tension in slack side of belt
Torque of driving pulley on engine shaft (T)
T= (t1-t2) r1
Let us,
To find the angle of contact of the open belt on the driving pulley (A)
21
R
r
c
Fig no.4.6 Open belt
Let
Ɵ= angle of contact of the belt on the driving pulley (A)
We have,
Sin α =
r1−r2
x
=
63.5−31.75
267
Sin α= 0.11879
α=6.83
Ɵ=180°-2α
=180°-2×6.83=166.34
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Ɵ=166.34×
𝜋
180
=2.94rad
We know that
2.3 log
𝑡1
𝑡2
=µƟcosecβ
2.3 log
𝑡1
𝑡2
=0.12×2.94×
1
𝑠𝑖𝑛22.7
2.3 log
𝑡1
𝑡2
=0.91
𝑡1
𝑡2
=2.5
Maximum tension in belt
t= σ.b.t
=2.3×106
×17×10-3
×11×10-3
t=430.1N
We have,
Centrifugal tension
tC =
𝑡
3
=
430.1
3
= 143.36N
t1=t-tC
=430.1-143.36
=286.74N
𝑡1
𝑡2
=2.5
286.74
𝑡2
=2.5
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𝑡2=
286.74
2.5
𝑡2=114.7N
T1= (t1-t2) r1
= (286.74-114.7)×31.75×10-3
T1=5.5Nm
Power transmitted by driving pulley on engine shaft (A)
P1=
2×𝜋×𝑁1×𝑇1
60
=
2×𝜋×3600×5.5
60
P1=2.07Kw
Torque on driven pulley (B) on intermediate shaft (T2)
R2= 63.5mm
T2= (t1-t2)r2
= (286.74-114.7)×63.5×10-3
T2=11Nm
To find the speed of intermediate shaft (N2)
We have,
Velocity ratio,
𝑁1
𝑁2
=
𝐷2
𝐷1
3600
𝑁2
=
127
63.5
𝑁2=1800rpm
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Power transmitted by driven pulley (B) on intermediate shaft (P2)
P2=
2𝜋𝑁2 𝑇2
60
=
2×𝜋×1800×11
60
P2=2.07Kw
Then Torque on driving pulley (C ) on intermediate shaft (T3)
T3=(t3-t4)r1
Let us,
To find the angle of contact of the cross belt on the driving pulley of intermediate shaft.
2
1
R
C
r
Fig no 4.7 Cross belt
We have,
Sin α =
r4+r3
x
=
63.5+31.75
455
Sin α= 0.2093
α=12.080
Ɵ=180°+2α
=180°+2×12.08 =204.160
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Ɵ=204.16×
𝜋
180
Ɵ =3.56rad
We know that
2.3 log
𝑡3
𝑡4
=µƟcosecβ
2.3 log
𝑡3
𝑡4
=0.12×3.56×
1
𝑠𝑖𝑛15
𝑡1
𝑡2
=5.21
We know that,
Maximum tension in belt
t= σ.b.t
=2.3×106
×14×10-3
×10×10-3
t=322N
We have,
Centrifugal tension
tC =
𝑡
3
=
322
3
tC =107.33N
T3=t-tC
=322-107.33
T3=214.67N
𝑡3
𝑡4
=5.21
214.67
𝑡4
=2.5
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𝑡4=41.20N
T3= (t3-t4) r3
= (214.67-41.20)×31.75×10-3
T3=5.5Nm
Power transmitted by driving pulley (C ) on intermediate shaft(P3)
P3=
2𝜋𝑁2 𝑇2
60
=
2×𝜋×1800×5.5
60
P3=1.03 Kw
Torque of the driven pulley (D) on the cutter shaft (T4)
T4= (t3-t4)×r4
= (214.67-41.20)×63.5×10-3
T4 =11N-m
To find the speed of cutter shaft we have (N3)
Velocity ratio
𝑁2
𝑁3
=
𝐷4
𝐷3
3600
𝑁3
=
127
63.5
𝑁3=900rpm
Power is transmitted by driven pulley on cutter shaft (P4)
P4=
2𝜋𝑁3 𝑇4
60
=
2×𝜋×900×11
60
P4=1.03 Kw
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Force exerted on cutter blade (F1)at a distance 145 mm
T=Fr
F1=
𝑇4
𝑅1
=
11
145×10−3
= F1=75.86N
Force exerted on cutter blade (F2) at a distance 116.25 mm
F2=
𝑇4
𝑅2
=
11
116.25×10−3
F2=94.62N
Force exerted on cutter blade (F3) at a distance 87.5 mm
F3=
𝑇4
𝑅3
=
11
87.5×10−3
F3=125.71N
Force exerted on cutter blade (F4) at a distance 58.75 mm
F4=
𝑇4
𝑅4
=
11
58.75×10−3
F4=187.23N
Average force exerted on blade F
F=
𝐹1+𝐹2+𝐹3+𝐹4
4
F=
75.86+94.62+125.71+187.23
4
=120.85 N
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Then,
n = No of rotation of cutter per sec
We have,
n =
𝑁3×60
3600
n =
900×60
3600
n = 15 rotation/sec
The cutter rotation is done 15 rotations per sec.
The cutter shaft speed is 900 rpm &
The torque of cutter shaft is 11 N.m
The force exerted on blade is 120.85N
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5. MATERIAL PROCURMENT
Sr.No Material Price Quantity Cost
1 Engine Rs.7000 1 Rs.7000
2 HSS Metal strip Rs.50 Kg 2 Kg Rs.100
3 MS Angle plate Rs.40 Kg 16 Kg Rs.640
4 MS Plate Rs.40 Kg 6 Kg Rs.240
5 MS Rod (Bar) Rs.40 Kg 3 Kg Rs.120
6 GI pipe Rs.40 Kg 3 Kg Rs.120
7 Sheet Metal Rs.60 Kg 3 Kg Rs.180
8 Pedestal Bearing Rs.150 6 Rs.900
9 CI. Pulley Rs.100 1 Rs.100
10 Aluminum Pulley Rs.200 5 Rs.1000
11 V-Belt Rs.250 3 Rs.250
12 Wood Wheel Rs.62.50 4 Rs.250
13 Rubber grip of
wheel
Rs.75 4 Rs.300
14 Nut & Bolt Rs.40 Kg 8 kg Rs.320
15 Spring Washer Rs.2 30 Rs.60
16 Hand Grip Rs.9 2 Rs.18
17 Cable Wire Rs.3 feet 8 feet Rs.24
18 Colour Rs.300 1 Rs.300
Total Material cost Rs.11922
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6. EXPERIMENTAL FABRICATION:
Firstly we have design the project from the concept “Leonardo Da-vinci” .We
fabricate the overall project in collage workshop.
We purchase a raw material
1) M.S. Plate ,
2) Wood Wheel,
3) M.S. Rod,
4) Engine ,
5) Pulley,
6) Bearing,
7) HSS Plate,
8) Rubber Grip,
.
First of all we design the body of model for these purposes we cut the MS
angle plate in required dimension of
Length =30 inch
Width =21 inch
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6.1 Frame:
The frame is consisting of MS angle. The length of frame is 76 cm and width is
53 cm. the angle is heavy for the more load absorption. The two 12 mm drill is on rear
end both corner on the angle.
Fig no 6.1.frame
6.2Wheel:
A wheel is made up of wood with the height of 254 mm and width 63.5 mm. In
this wheel 5mm thick rubber grip is attached with the help of nails. In a wheel 20mm
bore is in center of the wheel for connecting a shaft to given a forward and back
direction in the working position.
Fig no 6.2.Wheel
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And then welded as per requirement. After that for wheel arrangement we cut the wood
in 10 inch in diameter & 2.5 inch in width and the outer periphery of wheel is covered
by rubber grip with the help of nails and after that at wheel center we make a bore of 25
mm and we fixed 3 inch MS pipe then we cut MS rod of 3 inch in length & 1 inch in
dia. In 4 pieces then it put in wheel bore and welded to the body at a suitable distance.
Similarly remaining 3 wheels are welded to the body and total body structure is
completed.
Fig no 6.3.Assembly of wheel
At right corner of rear end we make 4 drills of 5 mm on body with help of drilling
machine. After that we place a engine on that particular arrangement and it fastened by
nut and bolt. At engine shaft we insert a driving pulley & fastened it.
We take 4 angle plate of 90 mm in length and drill it at 12 mm in dia. at
center of plate. And this angle plate welded to the front end of the body. After we cut
the M.S. plate in 2 pieces of 170 mm in height and 120 mm in length with the help of
hand cutter machine. And each corner of plate we make 4 drills in 12 mm in dia. And
one of M.S. plate we fixed to pedestal bearing with the help of nut & bolt, similarly we
place 2 pedestals bearing on 2nd M.S
. plate. Then we insert 2 pulleys at upper end & 2
cutters at lower end of 2 cutter shafts and these cutter shafts insert in pedestal bearing
and fixed it with the help of nut & bolt.
We make 2 slots on 2 support plate for fixing these support plate to the
front end of the body.
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Fig no 6.4. Cutter assembly
First of all we take 600x38x5 mm H.S.S. plate & are cut in to 290 mm
length in 2 pieces. And then we sharp these 2 edges of plate in length of 115 mm from
outer end on both side of each cutter. And then the 100
, 70
angles is provided to the
cutting edge in opposite direction. These overall processes are carried out in tin smithy
section. For increasing the hardness & life of cutter following 3 heat treatment
processes is carried out on cutter,
1) Tempering
2) Forging
3) Quenching
Then we make a hole of 13 mm in dia. at middle of plate with the help of
drilling machine. And make a keyway slot of 5x5 mm inside these holes on slotting
machine. Then we balance these cutters on balancing machine.
Fig no 6.5.cutter
We take 10 feet G.I. pipe then cut these pipe in 3 pieces .First 2 pieces is
3 feet and remaining 1 piece is 17 inch. Then we cut 17 inch square rod with the help of
hand cutter machine. After that at upper end of these two 3 feet G.I. pipe bend at an
angle of 1300
and 6 inch in length. And at lower end of these two 3 feet G.I. pipe bend
24. CROP HARVESTER IN AGRICULTURAL APPROACH 2012-13
Page 24
at an angle of 1300
& 3 inch in length. After we pressed these two 3 feet G.I. pipe &
then drill by 12 mm with the help of hammer, drilling machine & anvil. Then we cut 3
inch M.S. plate in two pieces & at center of both plate make a hole of 12mm in
diameter. Then welded these 2 plates to the lower end of 3 feet G.I pipe. Then 2 pieces
of 17 inch square rod is welded to the upper & lower portion of the handle assembly.
After that we make to drill at both corner of rear end of body and join these handle
assembly to that rear end of body with the help of nut & bolt. Then we provided a stop
switch on the handle at the right hand side.
6.3 Handle:
Handle is made up of GI pipe of 7mm diameter. This handle is join in small MS
plate to the lower end of the handle and is attach to the rear end of the body. The handle
is straight up to 76mm and lower side of the handle is bending 130° and then length of
the handle is 910 mm and then upper side handle is bending 130° and remaining length
of handle is 155 mm. The 20 mm diameter GI pipe is attached at the bend of between
two handle the distance is 460 mm. the pipe is attached upper side and lower side
square bar is attached side of the bar is 10 mm and length is 460mm.
Fig no 6.6.Handle
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6.4 Supporting plate:
The supporting plate is consisting of MS plate. The length of plate is 170 mm and width
is 120 mm. thickness of the plate 6mm. Making the four drills is 12 mm at corner of
the plate. The successive distance between the two drills is 90 mm and the remaining
corner distance is 15 mm from both sides away from the drill. At the middle of the plate
making two slots length is 38 mm and width is 12mm. the two successive distances
between two slots is 90 mm and remaining corner distance is 15 mm.
Fig no 6.7.Supporting plate of cutter assembly
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6.5 Cover
We cut sheet metal in required size. Then we cut M.S. plate in 8 inch of 4 pieces &
drill each corner of an all end of the body. And cut M.S. plate in 6 inch of 2 pieces. 1st
4 pieces is welded vertically at outer periphery of body & remaining 2 pieces is welded
vertically to front end of body & covered total assembly by sheet metal plate and fixed
by nut & bolt. And we should open this bonnet with the help of hinges.
Fig no 6.8. Cover
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7. EXPERIMENTAL SET-UPS:
It consists of the following component.
Component:
7.1 Body:
The frame of a consist of following components suitably mounted:
1) Engine.
2) Transmission system.
3) Road wheel.
4) Handling system.
5) Cutter assembly.
All the components listed above are mounted in either of two ways, viz., the conventional
construction, in which a separate frame is used and the frameless or unitary construction
in which no separate frame is employed. Out of these, the conventional type of
construction is being used presently only for heavy vehicle whereas for car the same has
been replaced by the frameless type or the monologue chassis is manufactures, which still
find it economical to use frame.
Fig no 7.1.Body
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7.2 Engine:
It is the model of MK20HSPP of the mode hand pump. It is the type of 4 stroke air
cooled engine net power is 3600 rpm (3HP).
Fig no 7.2.Engine
Actually this engine used in agricultural purpose for taking the water from the bore but
we does not required water pump so that this water pump remove from engine.
The engine is the petrol +kerosene. When it has start it required petrol means beginning
of the engine. Stop the petrol chock because we have required whole the work with the
help of kerosene through the work running on kerosene so that when engine start Engine
we can start with the help of starter the arrangement of starter by the rope the rope is a
rounded on the starter pulley which is mount engine shaft. When rope is pulled outward
than engine will start at high speed up to the 3600 rpm but we required only 900 rpm for
drive the cutter
Multiple applications of this engine because it has ability to carried high speed so we can
used cultivator, absorber by using its speed.
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7.3 V-Belt:
V-belt is mostly used in factories and workshops where a great amount of power
is to be transmitted from one pulley to another when the two pulleys are very each near to
other. It made of fabric and cords moulded in rubber and covered with fabric and rubber.
V-belt are trapezoidal in shape are made endless. These belt are particularly suitable for
short drive i.e. shaft are small distance apart from each other. The included angle for v
belt is 30 degree to 40 degree. In the v belt drives the rim of the pulley is grooved in
which the v belt run. the effect of the groove is to increase the frictional grip of v belt on
the pulley and thus to reduce the tendency of slipping .in order to have a good grip on
pulley the v belts is in contact with side faces of the grooves and not on bottom the power
is transmitted by the wedging action between the belts and v grooves in the pulley.
Fig no 7.3.v-belt
A belt is a loop of flexible material used to mechanically link two or more rotating
shafts. Belts may be used as a source of motion, to transmit power efficiently, or to track
relative movement. Belts are looped over pulleys. Belts are the cheapest utility for power
transmission between shafts that may not be axially aligned. Power transmission is
achieved by specially designed belts and pulleys. The demands on a belt drive
transmission system are large and this has led to many variations on the theme. They run
smoothly and with little noise v- belts have mainly replaced flat-belts for short-distance
power transmission; and longer-distance power transmission is typically no longer done
with belts at all. For example, factory machines now tend to have individual electric
motors.
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V- Belts (also known as V-belt or wedge rope) solved the slippage and alignment
problem. It is now the basic belt for power transmission. They provide the best
combination of traction,
speed of movement, load of the bearings, and long service life. They are generally
endless, and their general cross-section shape is trapezoidal (hence the name "V"). The
"V" shape of the belt tracks in a mating groove in the pulley (or sheave), with the result
that the belt cannot slip off. The belt also tends to wedge into the groove as the load
increases—the greater the load, the greater the wedging action—improving torque
transmission and making the V-belt an effective solution, needing less width and tension
than flat belts. V-belts trump flat belts with their small center distances and high
reduction ration. The preferred center distance is larger than the largest pulley diameter,
but less than three times the sum of both pulleys. Optimal speed range is 1000–7000
ft/min. V-belts need larger pulleys for their larger thickness than flat belts.
For high-power requirements, two or more v- belts can be joined side-by-side in an
arrangement called a multi-V, running on matching multi-groove sheaves. This is known
as a multiple-V-belt drive (or sometimes a "classical V-belt drive").
Advantages of v belt:-
The v-belt gives more compactness due to the small distance between the centre
Drive is positive as there is negligible slip between pulley groove and belt
The belt have the ability to cushion the shocks when machine are started
The high velocity ratio may be obtained
Central line may be vertical, horizontal and inclined.
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Ration of driving tension for v belt:-
Let
R1 = normal reaction between belt and side of the grooves
R= Total reaction in the plane of grooves
2β= angle of grooves
µ= coefficient of friction between belts and side of the grooves
Fig no 7.4.Cross section of v-belt
In this project is required three v-belt .one is B-section (B 31/830) and other two is A-
section (A 1204 LP/A46).
Power transmitted between a belt and a pulley is expressed as the product of difference of
tension and belt velocity:[1]
where, T1 and T2 are tensions in the tight side and slack side of the belt respectively.
They are related as:
Where, μ is the coefficient of friction, and α is the angle subtended by contact surface at
the centre of the pulley.
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7.4 Shaft:
A shaft is a rotating machine element which is used to transmit power from one place to
another. The power is delivered to the shaft by some tangential force and the resultant
torque (or twisting moment) set up within the shaft permits the power to be transferred to
various machines linked up to the shaft to another, the various members such as pulleys,
gears etc., are mounted on it. These members along with the forces exerted upon them
causes the shaft to bending. In other words, we may say that a shaft is used for the
transmission of torque and bending moment. The various members are mounted on the
shaft by means of keys or splines.
Two shafts is required of this project,
1) Intermediate shaft
Fig no 7.5.Intermediate shaft
2) Cutter shaft
Fig no 7.6.Cutter shaft
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7.5 Plumber block or pedestal bearing:
It is used for proper fixing of shaft and shaft is easily assemble or dissemble from the
plumber block. six plumber block is used in this machine. It is a split type of bearing.
This type of bearing is used for higher speeds, heavy loads and large sizes. The
component of the bearing Cast iron pedestal or block with a sole
Brass or gun-metal or phosphorus-bronze “Brasses”, bushes or steps made in two halves.
Cast iron cap.
This bearing facilitates the placements and removal of the of the shaft from the bearing.
Unlike the solid bearing which are to be inserted end-wise and hence are kept near the
ends of the shaft, these can be placed anywhere. This bearing ensures a perfect
adjustment for wear in the brasses by screwing the cap.
Fig no 7.7.Pedesteal bearing
7.6 Lever sleeves:
It is simple and easy to fit, perfect for providing improved grip. Their open-ended design
simply pulls over levers, increasing finger grip and giving you greater control. Available
in many different colors there is sure to be one suitable for you.
Fig no 7.8.Lever sleeves
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7.7 Pulleys:
A pulley is a wheel on an axle that is designed to support movement of a cable or belt
along its circumference. Pulleys are used in a variety of ways to lift loads, apply forces,
and to transmit power.
A pulley is also called a sheave or drum and may have a groove between
two flanges around its circumference. The drive element of a pulley system can be
a rope, cable, belt, or chain that runs over the pulley inside the groove.
Pulleys are assembled to form a block and tackle in order to provide mechanical
advantage to apply large forces. Pulleys are also assembled as part of belt and chain
drives in order to transmit power from one rotating shaft to another.
Fig no 7.9.Pulley
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7.8 Wheel:
Frame is mounted on the four wheels and these wheels are made up of wood. For smooth
running we have designed a rubber grip and it is attached or fixed on the periphery of the
wheel.
Fig no 7.10.Wheel
7.9 Cutter:
Cutter is made up of high speed steel it has high hardness and stiffness it have great
ability to cut the crop. The cutting edge is providing as angle for giving to dynamics
shape for easily cutting the crop.
Fig no 7.11 .Cutter
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It consists of body structure which is made up of M.S.angle bar which is in 30 inch
length and 21 inch width and in 2.5 inch height.
It consists of four wheels which is made up of wood and cover by rubber grip.
It consists of MK20 3Hp single cylinder four stroke petrol engine.
Mechanism inside body structure is simple and consists of engine shaft, intermediate
shaft and cutter shaft.
Engine shaft which will get the power from engine with the help of pulley and v belt
drive. Over this engine shaft one small driving pulley 63.5 mm in diameter (single
groove B section) will be mounted. This pulley will transmit the power to the
intermediate shaft which is parallel to engine shaft.
Over this intermediate shaft three aluminum pulleys are mounted one of which is a
driven pulley of 127mm in diameter for engine shaft and which is fixed at near centre.
And remaining two small pulleys which is in 63.5mm in diameter (A section) is fixed
on this intermediate shaft .one at right side and other at left side from the big pulley.
We mounted the v belt over the pulley. And this intermediate shaft is supported in a
two pedestal bearing by means of which the cutter shaft will able to rotate inside the
bearing.
The again this two small driving pulley will transmit the power to cutter shaft which is
perpendicular to the intermediate shaft. At top end of two different cutter shaft we fixed
two aluminum pulleys (driven) and at lower end of this shaft we fixed two cutters. One
cutter shaft is supported in two pedestal bearing and similarly another cutter shaft is
supported in two pedestal bearing by means of which the cutter shaft will able to rotate
inside bearing. And these pedestal bearing is supported on M.S. plate. And these M.S.
plates fastened with the help of nut and bolt to the front end of body structure.
To the lower end of this shaft blade is fixed which will perform the harvesting
operation.
This blade will be light in weight and made up of high speed steel. So as to resist
abrasion due to cutting.
We provide handle for the pushing the harvester in the farm. And we also provide the
power switch for stop the engine which is at right corner of right hand side of the
handle.
It consists of guiding cover for protecting the whole mechanism.
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8. WORKING:
Firstly the MK 20 3 HP single cylinder four stroke petrol engine
having a speed of 3600 rpm is started by manually. The engine shaft which will get the
power from engine. Then fixed a small cast iron driving pulley on these engine shafts.
At this stage the speed of engine is 3600 rpm, but we required a speed of 900rpm for
the operation of harvesting . For these purpose we use pulley and v belt drive on
intermediate shaft for reducing the speed. Then we fixed 3 (A section) aluminum pulley
and v belt on intermediate shaft. From these engine shafts power will be transmitted to
the intermediate shaft with the help of pulley and v-belt drive.
The motion of power transmission from engine shaft to intermediate shaft is
horizontal. And at this stage speed of intermediate shaft become 1800 rpm. And again
for the purpose of harvesting operation we use two cutter shaft. At top end of these
cutter shafts we fixed a 127mm aluminum driven pulley and at lower end of shaft cutter
is fixed, similarly for other cutter shaft. The 2 driving pulley which is mounted on
intermediate shaft will transmit the Power to the cutter shaft and at this stage we got the
required speed of 900 rpm. By this ultimately a power will be transmitted to the both
cutter and it’s start to rotating whose half portion will be outside the length of casing.
This half portion of cutter will comes in a contact with crops and perform harvesting
operation without shattering of grain. These cutter revolve 15 times per second.
Fig no 8.1.Working of crop harvester (Side view)
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It cuts the crops simultaneously in two rows crops like Jowar, Tuar, Bajara, and Maize
etc. When the operator needs to stop the engine they can use the stop switch.
Fig no 8.2.Working of crop harvester (Front view)
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9. ADVANTAGES
1. Reduce the human effort:-crop harvester mostly designs for reduce the human
efforts in which only one operator can be operate or handle the machine. While the
machine will begin there is not required more than one or two worker.
2. Reduce the cost: - in the agriculture for cropping the soya bin, javar and tuvar. It can
cut cheapest prices because it saves the worker cost.
3. Reduce the time: - when worker is cutting the crop they have more time for cutting
but when the use of the crop cutter harvester they increase the capacity of the working
and cutting & it can possible the maximum crop cutting within minimum time.
4. Easy to handle: - crop cutter machine is easy for handling we can easily start the
machine.
5. Unskilled worker can operate: - no skill person required for operating the machine.
6. Safety to use: - during the working if any problem occurs in the machine we can
easily find it.
7. Simple in construction: - it is construct is very simple in way we can easily
dissemble and assemble.
8. Less fuel cost: - it is start on petrol but whole work on kerosene & kerosene is
available at chipset cost.
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10. LIMITATIONS
1 Light weight crops it can’t’s cut e.g. .Wheat, Rice, Soybean
2 Cost is increase when petrol is use.
3 Noise pollution.
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11. APPLICATIONS:
The harvesting of different crops is carried out at present only by manual
labors and the tools are used are only ordinary sickle, the cutting edge of which is
specially serrated for this purpose. They vary slightly in shapes different part of country,
but they are all adopted for cutting only one handful of stems or stalks of the grain crop at
each cut. This kind of harvesting needs of large labour force and as the harvesting has to
be carried out quickly and almost simultaneously in each tract, the demand for labour is
very more, the work become very expensive and labour to very difficult to get even at
high wages therefore “CROP HARVESTER IN AGRICULTURAL APPROACH” has
brought into existence which carry out this process easily and fastly.
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12. FUTURE SCOPES
12.1 Cultivators
A cultivator is any of several types of farm implement used for secondary tillage.
One sense of the name refers to frames with teeth (also called shanks) that pierce the
soil as they are dragged through it linearly. Another sense refers to machines that
use rotary motion of disks or teeth to accomplish a similar result. The rotary tiller is a
principal example.
12.2 Floors cleaner
A floor cleaner machine to use cleaning of a floor in home, mall, offices, etc. so
in this machine remove the cutter & fix floor cleaning brush. This process is easy to
clean floor as compare to the human effort.
12.3 Agricultural spryer
In agriculture, a sprayer is a piece of equipment that spray nozzles to
apply herbicides, pesticides, and fertilizers to agricultural crops. Sprayers range in size
from man-portable units (typically backpacks with spray guns) to trailed sprayers that
are connected to this machine.
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13. CONCLUSIONS
In this way we made a demo model “CROP HARVESTER IN AGRICULTURAL
APPROACH” for the use of crop cutting in the farm. In this project the following
conclusions were drawn from the study & observation:
1) For Machine:
Machine is working in 1 acre area the fuel consumption is = 1.5 liter /-
Fuel cost is Rs.115 + labour cost is Rs.35 + M/C cost is Rs.50 = Rs.200 /-
2) For Labour
Labour working in 1 acre area the associated cost is = Rs.400 /-
Cutting time for 2 labour in 1 acre area of farm = 6 hr
Hence in above comparison it is clear that the cost of working by machine in the farm
for said application is less as compared to labour cost.
Future scope
Total cost of the project is Rs.14000, in futures launch of this project in the market the
cost of this project will be near about Rs 8000 to 10000.Hence its can easily affordable
by farmer.
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14. REFRENCE
en.wikipedia.org/.../Science_and_inventions_of_Leonardo_da_Vinci
Yuming Guo, Hongmei Yuan, Yan Yin, Li Liang. Biomechanical evaluation and grey
relational analysis of lodging resistance of stalk crops. Transactions of the CSAE, 2007,
2007, vol. 23, no. 7, pp. 14-18.
Kronbergs et al. Cutting Properties of Arranged Stalk Biomass
http://www.faracresfarm.com
http://www.AllCropHarvester.com
http://www.indiamart.com/krishna-agricultural.
A text book of .Theory of machine by Khurmi & Gupta (Chap no.11,page no 329-338)