The document provides details about a manually and power operated reaper machine. It discusses the working and construction of the machine. The key points are:
1. The machine consists of a frame, ground wheels, bearings, pulleys, sprockets, belts, chains, and a cutter bar to cut crops.
2. It can be operated manually or with a power source. The power source turns the rear wheels which uses sprockets and chains to power the cutter bar.
3. The cut crops are conveyed to the side by a star wheel and lugged belt conveyor for easy collection and bundling.
4. The document discusses the target market for small rice farmers and provides
Design, development and fabrication of agricultural pesticides sprayerLaukik Raut
In order to meet the food requirements of the
growing population and rapid industrialization,
modernization of agriculture is inescapable. Mechanization
enables the conservation of inputs through precision in
metering ensuring better distribution, reducing quantity
needed for better response and prevention of losses or
wastage of inputs applied. Mechanization reduces unit cost
of production through higher productivity and input
conservation.
Farmers are using the same methods and equipment
for the ages. In our country farming is done by traditional
way, besides that there is large development of industrial and
service sector as compared to that of agriculture. The
spraying is traditionally done by labor carrying backpack
type sprayer which requires more human effort. The
weeding is the generally done with the help of Bulls which
becomes costly for farmers having small farming land. So to
overcome these above two problems a machine is developed
which will be beneficial to the farmer for the spraying and
weeding operations.
Project on Brush Cutter (Grass Cutter PPT)Gopal Saw
This ppt based on project of grass cutter. If you want to make project on it and want to submit your ppt. than you can use it.
Complete Project Details will be available soon on my website.
Profile Links:
Known as: Technocrat Sawji
Share, Support, Subscribe!!!
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Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/GopalSawji
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India is said to be an agricultural base country directly or indirectly 75% of the people are dependent on farming in this agriculture sector there is a lot of fieldwork such as weeding, reaping, sowing, etc. Apart from these operations, spraying is also an important operation to be performed by the farmer to protect the cultivated crops from insects, pests fungi, and diseases for which various pesticides, fungicides, and nutrients are sprayed on crop protection.
In today's world, one uses many different spraying technologies using energies like electrical energies, solar energies, and chemical energy of fuels. This fact makes one know that how a large amount of energy is getting used at such a place where mechanical energy can be used instead of direct energy sources farmers are facing enormous problems while spraying the pesticide like tank capacity is very small, high cost and spraying time taken more. In order to reduce the problems, different type of sprayers has been introduced in the market, but these devices do not meet the specified problems of farmers. To solve these difficulties new equipment that is mechanically operated wheel driven sprayer, it is a portable device and does not need any fuel to operate, which is easy to move and spray the pesticide by moving the wheel is to be developed. This wheel-operated pesticide spray equipment consumes less time and achieves uniform nozzle pressure; a crank mechanism with a piston pump which is driven by a wheel is also used. The main aim of the paper is to be developing a low-cost mechanically operated sprayer pump for Indian middle-class farmers. In our project we use a slider-crank mechanism to convert rotary motion into reciprocating motion to operate the pump, thus the pesticide is spread through the nozzle. This work gives a continuous flow of pesticide at required pressure and height. A special arrangement is implemented in this project to adjust the pressure as high or low.
We also use a weed cuter in our model for removing unwanted plants. By using an agricultural sprayer, spraying time, and weeding time, human efforts reduce and results in cost reduction.
Design, development and fabrication of a low cost corn deseeding machineeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Design, development and fabrication of agricultural pesticides sprayerLaukik Raut
In order to meet the food requirements of the
growing population and rapid industrialization,
modernization of agriculture is inescapable. Mechanization
enables the conservation of inputs through precision in
metering ensuring better distribution, reducing quantity
needed for better response and prevention of losses or
wastage of inputs applied. Mechanization reduces unit cost
of production through higher productivity and input
conservation.
Farmers are using the same methods and equipment
for the ages. In our country farming is done by traditional
way, besides that there is large development of industrial and
service sector as compared to that of agriculture. The
spraying is traditionally done by labor carrying backpack
type sprayer which requires more human effort. The
weeding is the generally done with the help of Bulls which
becomes costly for farmers having small farming land. So to
overcome these above two problems a machine is developed
which will be beneficial to the farmer for the spraying and
weeding operations.
Project on Brush Cutter (Grass Cutter PPT)Gopal Saw
This ppt based on project of grass cutter. If you want to make project on it and want to submit your ppt. than you can use it.
Complete Project Details will be available soon on my website.
Profile Links:
Known as: Technocrat Sawji
Share, Support, Subscribe!!!
Subscribe: https://goo.gl/wD36yk
Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/TechnocratSawji
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/TechnocratSawji
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/TechnocratSawji
Telegram: https://telegram.me/TechnocratSawji
Twitter: https://twitter.com/TechnocratSawji
Stay Connect With Gopal Saw:
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/GopalSawji
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/GopalSawji
Twitter: https://twitter.com/GopalSawji
India is said to be an agricultural base country directly or indirectly 75% of the people are dependent on farming in this agriculture sector there is a lot of fieldwork such as weeding, reaping, sowing, etc. Apart from these operations, spraying is also an important operation to be performed by the farmer to protect the cultivated crops from insects, pests fungi, and diseases for which various pesticides, fungicides, and nutrients are sprayed on crop protection.
In today's world, one uses many different spraying technologies using energies like electrical energies, solar energies, and chemical energy of fuels. This fact makes one know that how a large amount of energy is getting used at such a place where mechanical energy can be used instead of direct energy sources farmers are facing enormous problems while spraying the pesticide like tank capacity is very small, high cost and spraying time taken more. In order to reduce the problems, different type of sprayers has been introduced in the market, but these devices do not meet the specified problems of farmers. To solve these difficulties new equipment that is mechanically operated wheel driven sprayer, it is a portable device and does not need any fuel to operate, which is easy to move and spray the pesticide by moving the wheel is to be developed. This wheel-operated pesticide spray equipment consumes less time and achieves uniform nozzle pressure; a crank mechanism with a piston pump which is driven by a wheel is also used. The main aim of the paper is to be developing a low-cost mechanically operated sprayer pump for Indian middle-class farmers. In our project we use a slider-crank mechanism to convert rotary motion into reciprocating motion to operate the pump, thus the pesticide is spread through the nozzle. This work gives a continuous flow of pesticide at required pressure and height. A special arrangement is implemented in this project to adjust the pressure as high or low.
We also use a weed cuter in our model for removing unwanted plants. By using an agricultural sprayer, spraying time, and weeding time, human efforts reduce and results in cost reduction.
Design, development and fabrication of a low cost corn deseeding machineeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The aim of this project is to design and develop a solar operated seed sowing machine. The seed sewing machine is a key component of agricultural field. The various technique used in India for seed sowing and fertilizer placement are manual, ox and tractor operator. But we wanted lowest cost but efficient also, so we made this remotely operated seed sawing machine
Design and Fabrication of Multi-Purpose Farming Tools Equipped Mobility CycleAM Publications
As until now most of implemented ideas for cultivation were found out of reach or unaffordable for poor farmers or small scale cultivation. But now a days Indian government is focussing more on new techniques and technologies to boost up agricultural activities in cheaper way basically up till now for any type of fast cultivation techniques farmers had to depend on tractors or any other fuel consumable devices or vehicles, which by the side increases air pollution, just to speed up the process. We found a cheapest and easy way for poor farmers and cultivation on small land. The design of multi-purpose farming tool equipped mobility cycle was done after consider some major factors i.e. decreasing cost of cultivation, making cultivation pollution free.
A rice transplanter is a specialized machine fitted with a transplanter mechanism (usually having some form of reciprocating motion) driven by the power from the live axle, in order to the transplant rice seedlings onto paddy field. Rice is a major food grain crop of world. Unlike upland row crops, cultivation of low land rice crop is a labour intensive process. In spite of the common belief of availability of surplus agricultural labour in India, there actually exists a scarcity of skilled agricultural workers during the peak transplanting seasons. If this operation is not done in time the yield goes down. In view of this, there is an urgent need to mechanize this operation. The rice translation process is generally manual which involves number of labour. The process of manual rice transplantation is not so efficient as compared to the mechanical rice transplantation. Machine transplanting using rice transplanter requires considerably less time and labour than manual transplanting. It increases the approximate area that a person can plant. The distribution of food grain production which shows the rice production is major in India
Whirling of shafts occurs due to rotational imbalance of a shaft, even in the absence of external loads, which causes resonance to occur at certain speeds, known as critical speeds.
A brief explanation of both two stroke diesel engine and two stroke petrol engine with appropriate figures. It can also submitted to professor at the time of submission.
DESIGN & ANALYSIS OF FARM TILLER EQUIPMENTALENVARGHESE13
The project is implemented for an improvement will be making in the existing rigid one-piece design into a modular design to which variants of tools can be attached.
Unit-6: Gyroscope, of Dynamics of machines of VTU Syllabus prepared by Hareesha N Gowda, Asst. Prof, Dayananda Sagar College of Engg, Blore. Please write to hareeshang@gmail.com for suggestions and criticisms.
The aim of this project is to design and develop a solar operated seed sowing machine. The seed sewing machine is a key component of agricultural field. The various technique used in India for seed sowing and fertilizer placement are manual, ox and tractor operator. But we wanted lowest cost but efficient also, so we made this remotely operated seed sawing machine
Design and Fabrication of Multi-Purpose Farming Tools Equipped Mobility CycleAM Publications
As until now most of implemented ideas for cultivation were found out of reach or unaffordable for poor farmers or small scale cultivation. But now a days Indian government is focussing more on new techniques and technologies to boost up agricultural activities in cheaper way basically up till now for any type of fast cultivation techniques farmers had to depend on tractors or any other fuel consumable devices or vehicles, which by the side increases air pollution, just to speed up the process. We found a cheapest and easy way for poor farmers and cultivation on small land. The design of multi-purpose farming tool equipped mobility cycle was done after consider some major factors i.e. decreasing cost of cultivation, making cultivation pollution free.
A rice transplanter is a specialized machine fitted with a transplanter mechanism (usually having some form of reciprocating motion) driven by the power from the live axle, in order to the transplant rice seedlings onto paddy field. Rice is a major food grain crop of world. Unlike upland row crops, cultivation of low land rice crop is a labour intensive process. In spite of the common belief of availability of surplus agricultural labour in India, there actually exists a scarcity of skilled agricultural workers during the peak transplanting seasons. If this operation is not done in time the yield goes down. In view of this, there is an urgent need to mechanize this operation. The rice translation process is generally manual which involves number of labour. The process of manual rice transplantation is not so efficient as compared to the mechanical rice transplantation. Machine transplanting using rice transplanter requires considerably less time and labour than manual transplanting. It increases the approximate area that a person can plant. The distribution of food grain production which shows the rice production is major in India
Whirling of shafts occurs due to rotational imbalance of a shaft, even in the absence of external loads, which causes resonance to occur at certain speeds, known as critical speeds.
A brief explanation of both two stroke diesel engine and two stroke petrol engine with appropriate figures. It can also submitted to professor at the time of submission.
DESIGN & ANALYSIS OF FARM TILLER EQUIPMENTALENVARGHESE13
The project is implemented for an improvement will be making in the existing rigid one-piece design into a modular design to which variants of tools can be attached.
Unit-6: Gyroscope, of Dynamics of machines of VTU Syllabus prepared by Hareesha N Gowda, Asst. Prof, Dayananda Sagar College of Engg, Blore. Please write to hareeshang@gmail.com for suggestions and criticisms.
Design and fabrication of prototype of multipurpose machine for sheet metal o...eSAT Journals
Abstract Sheet metal is basically a thin sheet of metal by using several operations. Nowadays it has become one of the most
important and fundamental forms in metalworking.[10] the advantage of sheet metal is that it can be bent into variety of
desired shapes. Lots of everyday objects are being manufactured using sheet metal. Sheet metal is mainly used for various
aerodynamically shaped car bodies, airplane wings, architecture and many other applications.[9] dent removing/rolling, cutting
and v-grooving are the most widely used operations in the fabrication industry. The conventional machines could only carry out
any of the above operations simultaneously. If these operations can be done on a single machine, it would not only make work quite
easy and less tedious but also increases profitability .moreover, conventional machines are often hand operated for small scale industry
applications. Also the time taken on these separate machines that is the overall lead time decreases by making them power
operated, resulting in lower cost and higher productivity. Our project is to encompass these operations onto a single machine
successfully. Keywords: Sheet Metal, Rolling, Cutting, V-Grooving
New Age Cleaning Solutions, Kolkata, Cleaning Machine and Garden Equipmentindiamartsupplier
We bring to our clients a range of super grade Cleaning Machines and Gardening Equipment which eases the task of clean the garden and therefore we have been involved in the manufacturing, supplying, trading and wholesaling of these products. Our product range comprises of Professional Vacuum Cleaner, Single Disc Machine and Auto Scrubber Drier Floor Cleaners. Being used widely in hotels, hospitals, club and other places, we are capable of meeting the demand.
Concept Design and Analysis of Multipurpose Farm EquipmentAM Publications
All trades of village artisanship in black-smith carpentry, stone etc. contributed to the design of development of farm tools through artisan’s ingenuity. Carpentry made the counterpoise to lift the water from wells to irrigate crops. Big size of earthenware was made by potters to store grains for month to be safe from insects and pest’s cobblers used whole skins of animals to carry water to irrigate horticultural crops besides entering dust roads. Farming is the backbone of Indian economy. In this agriculture sector there is a lot of field work, such as weeding, reaping, sowing etc. Apart from these operations, spraying is also an important operation to be performed by the farmer to protect the cultivated crops from insects, pests, funguses and diseases for which various insecticides, pesticides, fungicides and nutrients are sprayed on crops for protection. As agriculture was the mainstay of the population, farmer required hand tools to do work, improve labor productivity and quality of work, therefore the results in poor productivity and obtain low yield MAE( Multipurpose Agriculture Equipment) was developed. We have developed agriculture needs to find new ways to improve efficiency. One approach is to utilize available information technologies in the form of more intelligent machines to reduce and target energy inputs in more effective ways than in the past. The advent of new concept gives the opportunity to develop a complete new range of agricultural equipment based on small smart machines that can do the right thing, in the right place, at the right time in the right way.
Agriculture is demographically the broadest economic sector and plays a significant role in the overall economy of India. For the growth of Indian economy, mechanization is necessary. The main purpose of mechanization in agriculture is to improve the overall productivity and production. Planting is conventionally done manually which involves both animate (humans and draught animals), this result in higher cost of cultivation and delay in planting.
Floor cleaning robot report vatsal shah_ec_7th semVatsal N Shah
Households of today are becoming smarter and more automated. Home automation delivers convenience and creates more time for people. Domestic robots are entering the homes and people’s daily lives, but it is yet a relatively new and immature market. However, a growth is predicted and the adoption of domestic robots is evolving. Several robotic vacuum cleaners are available on the market but only few ones implement wet cleaning of floors. The purpose of this project is to design and implement a Vacuum Robot Autonomous and Manual via Phone Application. Vacuum Cleaner Robot is designed to make cleaning process become easier rather than by using manual vacuum. The main objective of this project is to design and implement a vacuum robot prototype by using Arduino Mega, Arduino Shield, LDR Sensor, Real Time Clock, Motor Shield L293D, Ultrasonic Sensor, and IR Sensor and to achieve the goal of this project. Vacuum Robot will have several criteria that are user-friendly.
Presentation on different types of machine,spur gear making, single point cut...Reshad Ibn Momin
Different types of machines,such as
#Lathe Machine
#Milling Machine
#Grinding Machine
#Drilling Machine
#Shaper&Planer
and Spur Gear Making ,making of single point cutting tool.
Presented By the RESHAD,BAPPY,RAJIB,SAORAV,Kadery. (13 batch) Mechanical Engineering Dept of Chittagong University of Engineering & technology.
To improve the quality of agriculture, we have developed a mechanism for cutting of different crops, so that harvesting can be done easily in minimum period of time.
To overcome all issues a new manually handled and engine operated cutter is fabricated for cutting of multiple types of crop like paddy, wheat, oil seeds, and pulses etc. named as “Multiple Crop Cutting Machine”. There is two types of blades are used according to need of crops. First is rotary blades, those crops needs high torque i.e. paddy, wheat this blades used. And another is reciprocating which is used for pulses and oil seeds.
Design and Prototype Development of Hybrid Ploughing, Seeding and Fertilizing...ijceronline
This research work mainly focuses on design and prototype development of hybrid ploughing, seeding and fertilizing machine for typical Ethiopian farmers. In Ethiopia, the major tasks of farming include; ploughing, seeding and fertilizing. Since thousands of years until now the farming is dependent on oxen drawn plough plow. But, this system is labor intensive, time consuming and its depth of ploughing is shallow. These draw backs of existing agricultural system result in insufficient productivity. Now a day’s modern agricultural machines are being imported into the country. But they are used by few organizations, small agriculture investors and few rich farmers. In collaboration with the Ethiopian Agricultural Transformation Agency, relevant data was collected on the gap of existing trial mechanisms and the need of farmers. To analyze the collected data and arrive at final output, methodology procedures followed by the researchers were; organizing the special design needs of end user, analyzing six alternative design concepts, selection of one optimal concept, detail dimensional design of selected concept, force analysis using the mechanics, dynamics and kinematics, preparing 2D and 3D drawings using Auto CAD and CATIA then finally prototype development. For the case of its economical applicability for poor Ethiopian farmers, the researchers assured that, it is low cost by conducting cost analysis. Unique features of this new design include; simultaneous ploughing, seeding, and fertilizing of multi lines, its mechanism for seeding variable size grains and for specifying their spacing, its control system relationship with the wheel rotation, its easiness to operate and maintain, its minimal damage to the seed during the process, its high level of operational reliability and its suitableness for modification based on capacity of the user. Therefore, using this machine will result in considerable improvements in productivity of the majority of Ethiopian farmers at lower cost.
Tamil Nadu, Agricultural Engineering Department,Agricultural Engineering Training Centre, Tiruchirapalli, Training on Newly developed Agricultural Machinery and Equipments, Past and present,1, Minor Irrigation Schemes.
Agriculture and allied sectors are the most crucial sectors of the Kerala Economy. In that paddy cultivation plays an important role, being the staple food of Kerala. With the drop in production of paddy due to various reasons, the state of Kerala has to depend heavily on the neighbouring states for the same. Reduction in cultivated land, labour shortage, unscientific and out-dated methods is some of the causes for this situation in paddy cultivation. Based on the interaction with farmers, various agricultural officers and NGOs, it was identified that the farmers are facing a huge problem of labour scarcity. One key area which results in huge losses in terms of money and paddy seeds is sowing. Hence a remote controlled device was developed, which can do the sowing of seeds with correct spacing (thus avoiding transplanting), weeding and spraying fertilizers while being controlled by a single person. Thereby no additional workers are required to perform these tasks. By changing the type of container used, or by using a weeding attachment, the device can be used for sowing, weeding and spraying fertilizers, thereby greatly reducing the time taken and the cost involved in paddy field cultivation.
Design and Development of Animal Drawn Ground Metered Axle Mechanism Boom Spr...IJERA Editor
A spraying technology was developed for use by rural farmers in Northern Nigeria. The farming systems in these areas are put into consideration and in keeping with appropriate technology initiative. The technology was designed to offer the farmers an equitable sprayer that shall be drawn by animal farm power and that is effective and affordable. The equipment was constructed using the parameters obtained from design and tested at a farmland within the University premises of Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, in Nigeria. The equipment consists of a boom with multiple Controlled Droplet Applicator (CDA) atomizer nozzles, a gear pump, a chemical tank, and chair for an operator; all attached to a framework bolted to a rear axle. It was observed that the Dynamic Wheel Load assuming even distribution of load was found to be 1575N and a net pull of 820N. The net pull offers convenient task and shall easily swallow energy requirement for spraying uphill terrains.
That specializes in farming related services, Krishna's agriculture A to Z offer selling Agri -machinery ,seeds ,feed, farm product.
creating farm plans and budgets to renting and selling agricultural machinery, and even selling seeds, feeds, and other farm products. The best thing is that they’re super passionate about delivering excellent service and have some pretty impressive work to show for it! If you’re looking to work with them on your next web project, they’ve even provided a link for you to contact them. So, let’s get started on creating something awesome together!
Modern farmers have different equipment options for various annual activities. From high-tech combine harvesters to simple tractors, the different farm equipment can meet the needs of small-scale homesteaders and industrial-size farming operations. However, it can be challenging to keep track of all the options. New farmers especially may wonder what the different types of farming machinery are for. For small- and mid-size farms, determining the types of farming machinery you may need to make your operations more efficient can be frustrating.
While all the equipment available may seem confusing, knowing about the basic farm equipment options can be an enormous help. If you're looking into purchasing new or used farm equipment, take a look at this guide. We'll review the different types of agricultural machines, their uses and some options for small, mid-size and large-scale farming operations.
Design, development and fabrication of a compact harvesterLaukik Raut
This machine targets the small scale farmers
who have land area of less than 2 acres. This machine is
compact and can cut up to two rows of soybean plant. It has
cutting blades which cut the crop in a scissoring type of
motion. It runs on diesel engine of 3HP, this power from
engine, is provided through pulley and gear box
arrangement to the cutter. A collecting mechanism is
provided for the collection of crops to one side after cutting.
This mechanism is also powered by pulley arrangement.
This compact harvester is manufactured using locally
available spare parts and thus, it is easily maintainable. This
harvester might be the solution to the problems faced by a
small scale farmer regarding cost and labour
implementation. After testing this machine in farm it is
found that the cost of harvesting using this harvester is
considerably less as compare to manual harvesting.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
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CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
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Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptx
6 th sem project report
1. MANUALLY AND POWER OPERATED REAPER MACHINE
GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, AHEMEDABAD, 2016 Page 1
Chapter: - 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction :
Mechanized agriculture is the process of using agricultural machinery to mechanize
the work of agriculture, greatly increasing farm worker productivity. In modern times,
powered machinery has replaced many jobs formerly carried out by manual labour or by
working animals such as oxen, horses and mules. The history of agriculture contains
many examples of tool use, such as the plough. Mechanization involves the use of an
intermediate device between the power source and the work.
This intermediate device usually transforms motion, such as rotary to linear, or
provides some sort of mechanical advantage, such as speed increase or decrease or
leverage. Current mechanized agriculture includes the use of tractors, trucks, combine
harvesters, airplanes (crop dusters), helicopters, and other vehicles. Modern farms even
sometimes use computers in conjunction with satellite imagery and GPS guidance to
increase yields.
Rice is one of the most important crop and staple food of millions of people which is
grown in many countries of the world. The total area planted under rice crop in India is
42.20 million hectares.
Improved weeper reduces weeding cost by 79-90%. Walking type vertical conveyer
reaper, power tiller and tractor front mounted reaper save 50-60% labour and harvesting
cost by 60-70% as compared to manual harvesting. Combine harvesting save 40-50%
cost as compared to manual harvesting and threshing by power thresher. Use of pedal
operated thresher, motorized hold on thresher reduce time, labour, cost of threshing to a
great extent.
Reapers are used for harvesting of crops mostly at ground level. Reapers are
classified on the basis of conveying of crops. It avoids fuel consumption, labour
requirement. As the population of India increases day by day, there is increment of food,
vegetables so need of farm mechanization also increases, machineries provides more
operations in less time, but the machineries are very costly for the common man, it is not
affordable for them ,so manually and power operated machineries, equipment’s are also
the most important factor.
Reaper harvesters on the other hand are other alternative harvesting equipment,
provided straw is considered as economic by-product for animal feed and/or industrial
applications. Keeping these in view, a feasibility study was undertaken to reduce the cost
of harvesting in paddy crop through mechanization of harvesting and manually and power
operated reaper is more important for it, this type of reaper can easily be operated by
single person, only the pushing efforts are required in less economy, easily affordable for
farmers for keeping the better farming.
2. MANUALLY AND POWER OPERATED REAPER MACHINE
GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, AHEMEDABAD, 2016 Page 2
Mechanization refers to interjection of machinery between men and materials
handled by them. In agriculture materials are soil, water, environment, seed, fertilizer,
pesticides, growth regulators, irrigation, agricultural produce and by-products such as food
grains, oilseeds, fruits and vegetables, cotton, sugarcane, jute & kenaf and other cash
crops, milk, meat, eggs and fish etc. There is scope of mechanization in every unit
operation of production agriculture, post-harvest and agro-processing, and rural living.
Mechanization has varied connotations. While in the developed world it tends to be
synonymous to automation but in developing countries, like India, mechanization means
any improved tool, implement, machinery or structure that assists in enhancement of
workers’ output, multiplies the human effort, supplements or substitutes human labour that
is enabling and removing, avoids drudgery or stresses that adversely affect human mental
faculties leading to errors, imprecision and hazards and eventually loss of efficiency. It
also means automation and controls that assure quality, hygiene. Agricultural
mechanization in a limited sense relates to production agriculture.
Wheat is preferred food amongst all the cereals in the world. Concerted efforts are
needed to enhance food grain production in the world and to investigate problems that
stand in the way of meeting food needs of humanity so as to avoid peace upsetting and
famine occurrence in the world.
Wheat is the leading food grain of Pakistan, and being the staple diet of the people,
it occupies a central position on agricultural policies. It is the largest grown crop over an
area of 8666 thousand hectares in 2011-12, showing a decrease of 2.6 percent over last
year’s area of 8901 thousand hectares.
Wheat contributes 12.5 percent to the value added in agriculture and 2.6 percent to
GDP (Anonymous 2011-12). Despite the introduction of improved varieties of wheat,
better chemical and hydrological inputs, the production is still not enough to feed the
present population. Pakistan’s present problem is the augmentation of food supplies to
masses in order to meet the country’s needs. It could be accomplished either by bringing
more area under wheat cultivation or by increasing yield per unit area. Acreage increase
has limitations like scarcity of water and precariously established balance in land
allocation between equally important cash crops.
Any disturbance in this balance may cause another crisis, more or less of equal
severity. Hence, productivity enhancement along with pre and post harvest losses
management are the only alternative because of the existing differences between the
national average and the potential.
The wheat grain losses are classified as i) pre-harvest grain loss due to the birds,
rodents and environmental; ii) harvest grain loss during harvesting of the crop; and iii)
postharvest grain loss due to bundling, transporting, threshing and winnowing.
3. MANUALLY AND POWER OPERATED REAPER MACHINE
GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, AHEMEDABAD, 2016 Page 3
1.2 Problem Statement :
The intricate steps involved in planting, cultivating, harvesting, and preparing rice
requires an immense labor force. However, recently farmers have seen a shortage of
skilled labour available for agriculture. Due to high literacy rate and an urbanized life style,
a majority of the younger generation villagers have migrated to urban & other countries in
search of better jobs. The laborious nature of work, low-wage structure, low self-esteem
and lack of social status are some of the other reasons that lead to occupational mobility
of the paddy field laborers to other lucrative fields. Because of this shortage the farmers
have transitioned to using combine harvesters.
These harvesters are available for purchase but because of their high costs, they
are not affordable. However, agriculture groups make these available for rent on an hourly
basis. But the small holding farm owners generally do not require the full featured combine
harvesters. Also, these combine harvesters are not available in all parts of rural area due
to financial or transportation reasons. Thus, there is a need for a smaller and efficient
combine harvester which would be more accessible and also considerably cheaper.
1.3 Target Market:
Our target market includes both male and female small rice paddy cultivators with
land holdings of one or less acres, to about ten acres, in the states of India. Our manual
and power operated reaper would be available for both purchasing and renting.
For purchase
Areas with no access to renting full featured harvesters and where manual labor is
not easily available.
For renting
Small farms that do not need the complete harvest their crops. These would rent
our product on per hour basis.
4. MANUALLY AND POWER OPERATED REAPER MACHINE
GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, AHEMEDABAD, 2016 Page 4
1.4 Review of Literature:
This chapter deals with research work done in past by various investigation on the
performance,
Hadidi et.al (1984) stated that, the height of crop stubbles increasing as stalks
moisture content increased and decreased with increasing of knife velocity. He added that
the percentage of wheat and rice grain losses increasing as the machine forward speed
increased. Increasing cutter bar speed leads to decrease the percentage of grain losses.
Also, increasing forward speed leads to increase the number of uncut stalks.
Sahar (1988), reported that, the use of a large scale machine is inappropriate for
the following reasons:- it needs high technical experience for operation and maintenance,
high capital requirements. Low field efficiency is in small holding and losses of straw are
high on irregular furrowed soils. The use of small machines is appropriate for small
holdings, low capital requirements and low technical operations and maintenance
experience.
El-Sahrigi et.al. (1992) developed a front mounted repear. The design features
included a flat belt mechanism conveying the crop to the side of machine, improve cutter
bar star wheel assembly to minimize clogging, a bevel gear drive for power transmission,
a robust frame, a header provide design that will not dig in to the soil and provision to
covert the flat belt conveyor drivers to chain without frame modification.
Habib et.al (2002) stated that the parameters affecting cutting process are related
to the cutting tool, machine specifications and plant materials properties. They added that,
the cutting energy consumed in harvesting process.
Badr (2005) compared the performance of three different combines in terms of
harvesting time, grain losses, fuel consumption, energy required and total cost. He found
that the highest field capacity of 3.02 acre/h and the lowest field efficiency of 70.5 % were
obtained at forward speed about 4.0 km/h and grain moisture content of 22 %. D. N.
Sharma and S. Mukesh, they studied on the designing of handle and in that study
approximate 100 cm height is sufficient for pushing of any machinery. Er. Prabhakar Dutt,
Principal Scientist, studied star wheel, crop divider and conveyor design of reaper. Er.
Beds Prasad A., Er. Dalvi Devdatta N., Er. Virkar Amol D. (2013) developed manually
operated reaper and evaluated performance as well as its uses and drawbacks.
5. MANUALLY AND POWER OPERATED REAPER MACHINE
GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, AHEMEDABAD, 2016 Page 5
1.5 Present Design of Power Reaper:
4GL-120A power reaper was described to save time constraints and reduce the
cost of harvesting operation of rice by mechanization. This reaper was studied to
recommend the appropriate system for rice harvesting. The system was evaluated
according to the technical parameters: knife speed, operating speed, actual field capacity,
and theoretical field capacity, field efficiency, cutting efficiency, cost economics and
percentage of grain losses. The actual cutting width of the reaper was 1.2 m. In this study,
performance of power reaper used for rice harvesting was assessed and compared with
manual harvesting using sickle. The results showed that the actual field capacity of the
reaper was 0.24 ha/h compared to 0.05 ha/h for manual harvesting. Labor requirements
for reaper and manual harvesting were 4 and 28 man/ha, respectively. The fuel
consumption, knife speed, field efficiency and cutting efficiency were 1.89 l/h, 1.223 m/s,
92% and 98% respectively. The cutting cost of power reaper was 67% less as compared
with manual harvesting. The grain loss was less than 0.5% and was admissible. The
overall performance of power reaper for rice harvesting was found satisfactory.
Figure No.1 Present Design of Reaper
6. MANUALLY AND POWER OPERATED REAPER MACHINE
GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, AHEMEDABAD, 2016 Page 6
Chapter: - 2
Construction and working of reaper machine parts
Figure No. 2 Construction and working parts
Frame:-The frame is use for supporting the part member use in this project.
Frame’s specification is in above the table.
Ground Wheel:- Ground wheel is use for the travelling like one field to another
field. Specification of ground wheel is in above the table.
Bearing: - A bearing is a machine element that constrains relative motion to only
the desired motion, and reduces friction between moving parts.
Pulley: - A pulley is a wheel on an axle or shaft that is design to support
movement and change of direction of a taught cable, rope or belt along its
circumference.
Sprocket: - A wheel that has row teeth around their edges which fit into the holes
of something and cause it to turn when the wheel turns also any one of the teeth on
such a wheel.
7. MANUALLY AND POWER OPERATED REAPER MACHINE
GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, AHEMEDABAD, 2016 Page 7
Belt: - A belt is a looped strip of flexible material used to mechanically link two or
more rotating shafts. A belt drive offers smooth transmission of power between
shafts at a considerable distance.
Chain: - Chain drive is way of transmitting mechanical power from one place to
another. It is often use to convey power to the wheels of a vehicle, particularly
bicycles and motorcycles. It is also used in a wide variety of machines besides
vehicle.
Cutter Bar: - Made up of the knife sections and hold-down clips. The cutter bar
is positioned along the front part of the reaper. It will cut the crop by shearing
action.
8. MANUALLY AND POWER OPERATED REAPER MACHINE
GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, AHEMEDABAD, 2016 Page 8
Chapter: - 3
Reaper Selection
Reaper is generally selected on the land holding of the farmer, greater the land
holding, tractor operated vertical conveyer reaper is choose, for medium land holding
power tiller mounted vertical conveyer reapers are preferred. When we started with the
project manually operated reaper, we came across some problems. Due to those
problems the machine was not working properly. The design of the machine was
technically perfect, but due to some fabrication, material used and conveying mechanism
problem, it was not giving satisfactory results. We observed and came to the conclusion
that there are major problem of clogging and power requirement. We solved the problem
and got satisfactory result. We hope harvesting practices made easy by our some
developments provide in this machine. There are some different parameters which decide
the selection and performance of reaper, they are as follows;
i. Should have the proper cutting speed of cutter bar.
ii. Should require proper crop spacing.
iii. Should require proper power.
iv. Continuous power transmission.
v. Proper registration and alignment of cutter bar.
vi. Should require less effort.
Objectives
1. To modify the manually and power operated Reaper.
2. To evaluate the performance of modified manually and power operated Reaper.
9. MANUALLY AND POWER OPERATED REAPER MACHINE
GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, AHEMEDABAD, 2016 Page 9
Chapter: - 4
Sr.
No.
Description Dist-
ance
Time Qty Remarks
1 Material lifted to shop . 5 labour
2 Welding of frame . 1 labour
3 Inspection of welding frame .
4 A wait for the next operation .
5 Sprockets mount on the shafts .
6 Bearing mount on frame and
shaft fitted on the shaft
.
7 Inspection of all .
8 Ground wheel fitted on the
shaft
.
9 Inspection of ground wheel . 1 labour
10 Connect chain on sprocket 1 to
2 and 3 to 4
. 1 labour
11 Motor fitted on the shaft . 3 labour
12 Inspection of motor joint on the
frame completely fitted or not
.
13 Motor pulley connected with
second shaft
.
14 Disc connected on third shaft . 1 labour
15 Disc connected to connecting
rod
.
16 Connecting rod connecting
with iron strip
. 1 labour
17 Strip connected to cutter . 1 labour
18 Inspection of disc, connecting
rod and iron strip joint
.
19 Cross belt drive mounted on
vertical shaft
.
20 Strip connected to frame in
front side star wheel & crop
divider mount on
. 2 labour
21 One strip mount on frame just
front of second shaft and iron
wheel. Join the use of bolt
.
22 The handle joint on the frame
at besides with the use of nut &
bolt
.
23 Inspection of reaper machine .
24 Reaper machine store in store
room
. 2 labour
Total 15 6 1 1 1
Flow process chart of manually and power operated reaper machine
10. MANUALLY AND POWER OPERATED REAPER MACHINE
GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, AHEMEDABAD, 2016 Page 10
Chapter: - 5
Manually and Power Operated Reaper
5.1 Working Principle:
When machine is push by the operator at the designed speed in the field, rear
wheel rotation leads to reciprocate cutter bar with the help of sprocket and chain. The crop
lifter guides the crop to the cutter bar and the crop is cut by the cutter. The cut crop is
conveyed with the help of star wheel at one side by the lugged belt conveyer for easy
collection and bundling.
5.2 Parts used in manually and Power Operated Reaper:
Sr. No. Component Material Used
1 Frame Mild Steel
2 Ground Wheel Mild Steel
3 Rotating Disk Mild Steel
4
Shafts :
1.Ground wheel shaft
2.Idle shaft (v-belt pulley)
3.Rotating disc shaft
4.Rotating pulley shafts
High Carbon Steel
5 Crop Divider G. I. Sheet
6 Star Wheel Wood
7 Cutter Bar High carbon steel
8 Handles Mild Steel
9 Chain High carbon steel
10 Belt Rubber
11 Shaft Pulley Cast iron & Alluminium
12 Sprockets Gun metal & Mild steel
Table No. 1 Part Used
11. MANUALLY AND POWER OPERATED REAPER MACHINE
GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, AHEMEDABAD, 2016 Page 11
5.3 Specifications of Each Part:
5.3.1 Specifications of Frame:
1 Number of Square Pipes 4
2 Number of Bearing 8 (Dia. 20)
3 Length 1200mm
4 Width 550mm
5 Height 50mm
Table No. 2 Specification of Frame
The frame is use for supporting the part member use in this project. Frame’s
specification is in above the table.
Figure No. 3 Frame
12. MANUALLY AND POWER OPERATED REAPER MACHINE
GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, AHEMEDABAD, 2016 Page 12
5.3.2 Specifications of Ground wheel:
Sr. No. Details Size
1 Diameter 500mm
2 Width 40mm
3 Thickness 3mm
4 Shaft diameter 20mm
5 Length of shaft 700mm
6 Distance between two
wheel
650mm
Table No. 3 Specification of Ground Wheel
Ground wheel is use for the travelling like one field to another field. Specification of
ground wheel is in above the table.
Figure No. 4 Ground Wheel
13. MANUALLY AND POWER OPERATED REAPER MACHINE
GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, AHEMEDABAD, 2016 Page 13
5.3.3 Specifications of Idler shaft, Sprockets, Pulley, Bearing
&disk:
1 Diameter of shaft 20mm
2 Number of sprocket 4
3 Number of pulley 2
4 Number of teeth on two
larger sprockets
42
5 Number of teeth on smaller
sprockets
14
6 Diameter of pulley 90mm
7 Number of bearing 8
8 Diameter of disc 90mm
Table No. 4 Specification of Idler shaft, Sprocket, Pulley,
Bearing& Disc
5.3.4 Shaft:
Figure No. 5 Shaft
14. MANUALLY AND POWER OPERATED REAPER MACHINE
GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, AHEMEDABAD, 2016 Page 14
5.3.5 Sprockets:
Figure No. 6 Sprockets
A wheel that has a row teeth around its edge which fit into the holes of something
and cause it to turn when the wheel turns also any one of the teeth on such a wheel.
A cylinder with teeth around the circumference at either ends that project through
perforations in something to move it through a mechanism.
Sprocket is fitted on shaft and rotate to chain for cutting operation.
A chain drive is also rotated with the help of Sprockets.
15. MANUALLY AND POWER OPERATED REAPER MACHINE
GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, AHEMEDABAD, 2016 Page 15
5.3.6 Pulley:
Figure No. 7 Pulley
A pulley is a wheel on an axle or shaft that is design to support movement and
change of direction of a taught cable, rope or belt along its circumference. Pulleys are
used in a variety of ways to lift loads, apply forces, and to transmit power. In nautical
contexts, the assembly of wheel, axle, and supporting shell is referred to as a “block.”
A pulley may also be called a sheave or drum and may have a groove or grooves
between two flanges around its circumference. The drive element of a pulley system can
be a rope, cable, belt or chain that runs over the pulley inside the groove or grooves.
Hero of Alexandria identified the pulleys as one of six simple machines used to lift
weights.
16. MANUALLY AND POWER OPERATED REAPER MACHINE
GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, AHEMEDABAD, 2016 Page 16
Pulleys are assembling to form a block and tackle in order to provide mechanical
advantage to apply large forces. Pulleys are also assembled as part of belt and chain
drives in order to transmit power from one rotating shaft to another.
Figure No. 8 Flat belt on Pulley
A belt and pulley system is characterized by two or more pulleys in common to a
belt. This allows for mechanical power, torque and speed to be transmitted across axle. If
the pulleys are of differing diameters, a mechanical advantage is realized.
A belt drive is analogous to that of a chain drive, however a belt sheave may be
smooth so that the mechanical advantage is approximately given by the ratio of the pitch
diameter of the sheaves only, not fixed exactly by the ratio of teeth as with gears and
sprockets.
In the case of drum-style pulley, without a groove or flanges, the pulley often is
slightly convex to keep the flat belt centre. It is sometimes referred to as a crowned pulley.
Agriculture tractors built up to the early 1950s generally had a belt pulley for a flat belt. It
has been replaced by other mechanisms with more flexibility in methods of use such as
power take-off and hydraulics.
17. MANUALLY AND POWER OPERATED REAPER MACHINE
GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, AHEMEDABAD, 2016 Page 17
5.3.7 Bearing:
Figure No. 9 Bearing
A bearing is a machine element that constrains relative motion to only the desired
motion, and reduces friction between moving parts. The design of bearing may, for
example, provides for free linear movement of the moving part or for free rotating around a
fixed axis or, it may prevent motion by controlling the vectors of normal forces that bear on
the moving parts.
Many bearings also facilitate the desired motion as much as possible, such as by
minimizing friction. Bearings are classified broadly according to the type of operation, the
motion allowed, or to the directions of the loads applied to the parts.
18. MANUALLY AND POWER OPERATED REAPER MACHINE
GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, AHEMEDABAD, 2016 Page 18
Plain bearing, also known by the specific styles: bushing, journal bearing, sleeve
bearing, rifle bearing, composite bearing.
Rolling element bearing such as ball bearings and roller bearings.
Jewel bearing, in which the load is carried by rolling the axle slightly off-centre.
Fluid bearing, in which the load is carried by a gas or liquid.
Magnetic bearing, in which the load is carried by a magnetic field.
Flexure bearing, in which the motion is supported by a load element which bends.
In simple terms, roller bearings locate rotating components such as shafts or axles
within mechanical systems, and transfer axial and radial loads from the source of the load
to the structure supporting it.
To minimize friction, heat, power loss and wear, rolling elements such known as
rollers or balls with a circular cross-section are located between the races or journals of
the bearing assembly.
A wide variety of bearing designs exits to allow the demands of the application to be
correctly met for maximum efficiency, reliability, durability and performance.
The term “bearing” is derived from the verb “to bear”, a bearing being a machine
elements that allows one part to bear another. The simplest bearing are bearing surfaces,
cut or formed into a part, with varying degrees of control over the form, size, roughness
and location of the surface.
Other bearings are separate devices installed into a machine or machine part. The
most sophisticated bearings for the most demanding applications are very precise
devices; their manufacture requires some of the highest standards of current technology.
19. MANUALLY AND POWER OPERATED REAPER MACHINE
GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, AHEMEDABAD, 2016 Page 19
History:-
Figure No. 10 Tapered Roller Bearing
Figure No. 11 Drawing of Leonardo da Vinci
20. MANUALLY AND POWER OPERATED REAPER MACHINE
GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, AHEMEDABAD, 2016 Page 20
The invention of the rolling bearing, in the form of wooden rollers supporting, or
bearing, an object being moved is of great antiquity, and may predate the invention of the
wheel.
Though it is often claimed that the Egyptians used roller bearing in the form of tree
trunks under sleds, this is modern speculation. They are depicted in their own drawings in
the tomb of as moving massive stone blocks on sledges with liquid-lubricated runners
which would constitute a plain bearing.
There are also Egyptian drawings of bearings used with hand drills.
5.3.8 Disk:
Rotating disk is use to covert rotary motion of ground wheel to the reciprocating
motion of cutter blade.
Figure No. 12 Rotating Disk
21. MANUALLY AND POWER OPERATED REAPER MACHINE
GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, AHEMEDABAD, 2016 Page 21
5.3.9 Specifications of Handle:
1 Shape Hollow pipe
2 Diameter of Pipe 15mm
3 Length 900mm
4 Width 550mm
Table No. 5 Specification of Handle
5.3.10 Crop divider:
Figure No. 13 Crop Divider
It’s also used for divide crops into two parts.
Crop divider fitted in front of manually and power operated reaper machine.
22. MANUALLY AND POWER OPERATED REAPER MACHINE
GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, AHEMEDABAD, 2016 Page 22
5.3.11 Star wheel:
Conveys the cut grain from the cutter bar to the feeder belt drive. This is located
past the cutter bar.
Figure No. 14 Star Wheel
5.3.12 Specification of Star wheel:
Sr. no. Particulars Specifications
1 Outside diameter(Do) 200 mm
2 Inside diameter(Di) 152 mm
3 Internal diameter of star wheel(d) 25 mm
4 Material of star wheel Wood
Table No. 6 Specification of Star Wheel
5.3.13 Cutter bar:
Made up of the knife sections and hold-down clips. The cutter bar is positioned
along the front part of the reaper. It will cut the crop by shearing action.
23. MANUALLY AND POWER OPERATED REAPER MACHINE
GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, AHEMEDABAD, 2016 Page 23
Figure No. 15 Cutter Blade
5.3.14 Chain:
Chain & belt are used for the Power transmission.
Figure No. 16 Chain
24. MANUALLY AND POWER OPERATED REAPER MACHINE
GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, AHEMEDABAD, 2016 Page 24
Chain drive is way of transmitting mechanical power from one place to another. It is
often use to convey power to the wheels of a vehicle, particularly bicycles and
motorcycles. It is also used in a wide variety of machines besides vehicle.
Most often, the power is conveyed by a roller chain, known as the driver chain or
transmission chain, passing over a sprocket gear, with the teeth of the gear meshing with
the holes in the links of the chain. The gear is turned, and this pulls the chain putting
mechanical force into the system. Another type of drive chain is the Morse chain, invented
by the Morse chain company of Ithaca, New York, United States. This has inverted teeth.
Sometimes the power is output by simply rotating the chain, which can be used to
lift or drag objects. In other situations, a second gear is placed and the power is recovered
by attaching shafts or hubs to this gear. Through drive chains are often simple oval loops,
they can also go around corners by placing more than two gears along the chain; gears
that do not put power into the system or and transmit it out are generally known as idler-
wheels.
By varying the diameter of the input and output gears with respect to each other, the
gear ratio can be altered. For example, when the bicycle pedals gear rotate once, it
causes the gear that drives the wheels to rotate more than one revolution.
Advantages:-
As no slip takes place during chain drive, hence perfect velocity ratio is obtained.
Since the chains are made of metal, therefore they occupy less space in width than
a belt or rope drive.
It may be used for both long as well as short distance.
It gives high transmission efficiency.
It gives fewer loads on the shaft.
It has the ability to transmit motion to several shafts by one chain only.
It transmits more power than belts.
It permits high speed ratio of 8 to 10 in one step.
It can be operated under adverse temperature and atmospheric conditions.
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Dis-advantages:-
The production cost of chains is relatively high.
The chain drive needs accurate mounting and careful maintenance.
Particularly lubrication and slack adjustment.
The chain drive has velocity fluctuations especially when unduly stretched.
5.3.15 Belt:
Fig No. 17 Conveyor Belt
A belt is a looped strip of flexible material used to mechanically link two or more
rotating shafts. A belt drive offers smooth transmission of power between shafts at a
considerable distance.
Belt drives are used as the source of motion to transfer to efficiently transmit power
or to track relative movement.
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Types of belt drives:-
In a two pulley system, depending upon the direction the belt drives the pulley, the
belt drives are divided into two types. They are open belt drive and crossed belt drive. The
two types of belt drives are discussed below in brief.
Open Belt Drives:-
Fig No. 18 Open Belt Drive
An open belt drive is used to rotate the driven pulley in the same direction of driving
pulley. In the motion of belt drive, power transmission results make one side of pulley
more tightened compare to the other side.
In horizontal drives, tightened side is always kept on the lower side of two pulleys
because the sag of the upper side slightly increases the angle of folding of the belt on the
two pulleys.
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Crossed Belt Drives:-
Fig No. 19 Crossed Belt Drive
A crossed belt drive is used to rotate driven pulley in the opposite direction of
driving pulley. Higher the value of wrap enables more power can be transmitted than an
open belt drive.
However, bending and wear of the belt are important concerns.
Advantages:-
Belt drives are simple are economical.
They don’t require parallel shafts.
Belt drives are provided with overload and jam protection.
Noise and vibration are damped out.
Machinery life is increased because load fluctuations are shock-absorbed.
They are lubrication-free.
They require less maintenance cost.
Belt drives are highly efficient in use.
They are very economical when the distance between shafts is very large.
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Dis-advantages:-
In belt drives, angular velocity ratio is not necessarily constant or equal to the ratio
of pulley diameters, because of slipping and stretching.
Heat buildup occurs.
Speed is limited to usually 35 meters per second.
Power transmission is limited to 370 kilowatts.
Operating temperatures are usually restricted to 35 to 850C.
Some adjustment of center distance or use of an idler pulley is necessary for
wearing and stretching of belt drive compensation.
5.3.16 Electric Motor:
Fig. 20 Electric Motor
It is used for transmit the power on shaft.
The electrical motor is an instrument, which converts electrical energy into
mechanical energy. According to faradays laws of electromagnetic induction, when a
current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, I experience a mechanical force
whose direction is given by Fleming’s left hand rule.
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Construction of DC Generator and DC motor are identical. The same DC machine
can be used as a generator or as a motor. When a generator is in operation, it is driven
mechanically and develops a voltage. The voltage is capable of sending current through
the load resistance. While motor action a torque is developed.
The torque can produced mechanical rotation. Motors are classified as Series
Wound and Shunt Wound Motors.
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Chapter: - 6
Specification of Manually and Power Operated
Reaper
1 Type Manually and Power Operated
2 Source of power One person and Electric Motor
3 Machine suitability To harvest cereal crop
4 Machine dimensions
a. Length
b. Width
c. Height
1700 mm
450 mm
900 mm
5 Crop cutting unit
A Type of cutter bar Reciprocating knife section
B Length of cutter bar 300 mm
C Knife section Standard
D Type Trapezoidal
E Blade Serrated
F Length × height 76.2mm×85mm
G Angle between cutting edge
and axis of knife section(α)
31º
H Rake angle 22º
I Thickness of cutting edge 5-3 mm
J Pitch of serration 1-1.2 mm
K Clearance between knife and
twine guard
0.5-1 mm
L Material high carbon steel
6 Finger guard
A Type twine guard with lip
B Overall length 110mm
C Overall width 35mm
D Lip spacing 50mm
E Height of cutter bar above
ground level
75 mm
Table No. 7 Specification of Reaper
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Chapter: - 7
Prototype Design of Manually and Power
Operated Reaper Machine
(A) Isometric View:
Fig. 21 Isometric View of manually and power operated reaper
(B) Front view:
There are two wheels used to maintain the balance, connected to the frame by the
shaft. Bearings are used for rotation of the shaft on which rotating discs are mounted in
fig.
Fig. 22 Front view of Manually and Power Operated Reaper
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(C) Side view:
The shafts are containing larger and smaller sprocket connected with two end
bearing at upper side and lower side respectively. Power is transmitted with the help of
chains. A rotating disc is provided at lower shaft for giving power and speed to the cutter
bar. The main shaft provides the whole power to the cutter bar as shown in fig.
Fig. 23 Side view of Manually and Power Operated Reaper
(D) Top view:
With the help of the two idler shafts whole transmission of power carried out with
help of chain sprockets= mechanism of ratio of 1:9. The upper idler shaft contains the
conveyer belt mechanism for conveying of crop.
Fig. 24 Top view of Manually and Power Operated Reaper
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Chapter: - 8
Modifications
1. Adding a blade on cutter bar:
The available speed of cutter bar is 8 reciprocating movement with one complete
rotation of rear wheel. It works successfully but there was clogging due to less number of
blades in pre design of reaper. Now, the clogging is not occurring as of a new blade is
reciprocating at clogging area where, one guard is already available. Before adding one
blade the extra guard is not included in working.
Fig. 25 Modification of Cutter Bar
The replacement of damaged cutting blades are also done for proper functioning of
cutting of crops without any trouble in movement of cutting bar and it helps to reduce
clogging and cutting losses.
2. Change in position of crop divider:
Angle of approach of divider is important as very high result in dozing of crop and
flatter position of divider is not suitable for a lifting of even partially lodged crop. This angle
has been optimizing at 22o. During pre-design of manually operated reaper, the crop
divider was having some errors. The crop was not divided properly. The crop was striking
to side cutting mechanism. So the position of the crop divider is shifted little towards left
side. Now crops are successfully divided without any damage to it.
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Fig. 26 Modification of Crop Divider
3. Add conveyor mechanism to conveying the crop to the side of
machine:
For every harvesting machine, conveying mechanism is necessary for reducing
losses during harvesting. In pre-design of machine, there was absence of conveying
mechanism and due to this there was maximum harvesting losses occurred.
In new design of reaper, for reducing these losses the flat belt conveying
mechanism is mounted as shown in plate no.3.15. Using rear wheel power, conveyor
works successfully. Four pulleys are used for completing conveying mechanism and
rubber belt is used for transferring the power from one pulley to second pulley. Third
pulley attached to a same shaft of second pulley. The conveying belt is placed on third
pulley and fourth as shown in plate no.3.15. The sheet metal is used for carrying blade as
shown in plate no.3.15.
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Fig. 27 Modification of Conveyor
4. Star wheelspeed and inclination:
The minimum required speed of star wheel based on simple geometry is expressed as
Vs = Vm cosα
Where,
Vs = average speed of star wheel, kmph
Vm= machine working speed, kmph
α = angle of inclination of star wheel.
Optimum value of to give inclination of star wheel to give angle of approach suitable
for lifting of the crop is about 22o for this value above equation can be simplified as
Vs = 1.08 × Vm
= 1.08 × 1.8 = 1.94 kmph
This optimize between shattering at higher speed and choking at lower speed. On
the basis of this, we have design star wheel.
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Chapter: - 9
Field Performance
Sr. No.
1 Time of start 11:00 am
2 Time of finish 11.15 am
3 Actual field operation 15 min.
4 Time lost owing to a. Turning b. Clearing
and clogging
1 min. 4 min.
5 Actual area covered 100 sq. m
6 Effective working width 300 mm
7 Effective field capacity 0.055 ha/hr
8 Field efficiency 66.13 %
9 Speed of machine 0.5 m/s
10 Height of cut 75 mm
11 Labour required 2
12 Length 10 m
13 Width 10 m
14 Area 100 m2
15 Type of soil Black cotton soil
Table No. 8 Field Performance
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Chapter: - 10
Pre-testing Observation
Field selection:
The harvesting is done in well matured crop with maintained row to row distance.
That is at least fine textured, smooth, relatively leveled soil.
Height of crop plant:
For the cutting purpose, the height of crop plant must be more than 10-15cm.
Inclined angle of crop plant:
Inclined angle of crop plant shows inclined angle from vertical line.
i. Moisture content of steam and grain at the time of harvesting
Moisture content of steam and grain at the time of harvesting must be
measured.
ii. Area and shape of test field
iii. Soil moisture
iv. Condition of machine and operator
- Adjustment of working part of machine.
- Operating speed.
- Skill of operator
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Chapter: - 11
Advantages
11.1 Advantages:
Eco- friendly.
No need of any power source at manually operated.
Less cost.
No labour required for cutting.
Mostly suitable for small farm owner.
Easy to handle & operate.
Less maintenance.
Less time required compare to sickle.
Also use for grass cutting.
Easy to afford for poor farmer.
Good field performance.
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Chapter: - 12
Limitations & Application
12.1 Limitation:
Not suitable for large farm.
The force requirement is high due to its weight.
It’s more costly because of electric motor.
12.2 Application:
It is use for rice cutting.
Wheat cutting.
Grass cutting.
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Chapter: - 13
Cost Estimating
Sr No. Component No. of Component Price
1 Frame 1 550
2 Shaft 4 350
3 Disk 1 80
4 Sprockets 4 150
5 Chain 2 80
6 Pulley 4 220
7 Belt 2 200
8 Star Wheel 2 100
9 Crop Divider 2 80
10 Bearing 8 650
11 Handle 1 180
12 Ground Wheel 3 250
13 Electric Motor 1 1500
14 Fabrication Work - 2000
15 Total Cost - 6390
Table No. 9 Cost Estimating
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Chapter: - 14
Importance
This project is to help small-scale farmers to meet an increased demand for local
grains, by designing a reaper machine to harvest grains more efficiently. Our research
work will focusing on ease of harvesting operation to the small land holders for harvesting
varieties of crop in less time and at low cost by considering different factors as power
requirement , cost of equipment , ease of operation , field condition , time of operation and
climatologically conditions. The operating, adjusting and maintaining principle are made
simple for effective handling by unskilled operators.
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Chapter: - 15
Future Scope
This is a manually and power operated reaper. It works on Work energy and
Electrical energy. In this manually and power operated reaper when, electric motor is
failed to start so, we can operated it manually and we use chain drive in this reaper.
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Chapter: - 16
Conclusion
After modification of manually and power operated reaper it work continuously and
gives more efficiency than the machine before modify. Conveying mechanism now helps
to stop clogging and decreases the cutting losses. Continuous working leads to harvest
crop in less time with minimum man power. Based on analysis of results following
conclusion are drawn: The Manually and power operated reaper is high labour saving
equipment requiring only 20 man-hr/ha. The cost of harvesting with this manually and
power operated reaper is 1250.4 Rs/ha and that with traditional method is 2000 Rs/ha.
The cost of reaper is low so it is affordable to small farmers. The field efficiency is
satisfactory which more than 66%, it increases from 59% due to its modifications.
Harvesting mechanization for main crops-an urgent demand of agricultural goods
production. Main achievements: research, design, manufacturing and wide application of
axial-flow threshers, vertical conveyor reapers and corn sellers. The study and
manufacturing of rice combine harvester with one-step harvesting technology has been
carried out by many individuals, mechanical firms as well as scientific institutes.
Models like GLH – 0.2 and GLH – 0.3A finished with relatively perfectiveness, but
haven't been mass-produced. Harvesting mechanization for main crops is a large and
complex field of science and technology, the international cooperation is essential to
satisfy the increasing demand of production.