The document describes the development and testing of a two-row groundnut planter. Key details include: - The planter was designed to be low-cost and suitable for small-scale farmers. It utilizes a hopper, metering chamber, furrow opener, and other components. - Testing evaluated the planter's field efficiency and metering efficiency at various speeds. The highest metering efficiency of 92% occurred at a speed of 0.7 m/s. - Statistical analysis found the planter's speed had a significant effect on its metering efficiency, with faster speeds generally resulting in lower efficiency.

1. ANAN
ORAL EXAMINATIONORAL EXAMINATION
ONON
DEVELOPMENT AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF ADEVELOPMENT AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A
GROUNDNUT PLANTERGROUNDNUT PLANTER
BYBY
LANWO, ROSELINE ABIODUNLANWO, ROSELINE ABIODUN
(AGE/12/1588)(AGE/12/1588)
SUPERVISORSUPERVISOR
PROF. S. I. MANUWAPROF. S. I. MANUWA

2. INTRODUCTION
• The use of machines for agricultural operations has been one of the
outstanding developments in the global agriculture during the last
decade (Abdalla, 2007).
• Proper selection of planting machine that suits available power,
crop type and soil condition is important to reduce energy required
(Hunt, 1995).
• Planters can give different types of precision and distribution
pattern, depending on the machine that is being used (Abdalla,
2007).
• Groundnut (Arachis hypogea) is a species in the legume or beans
family

3. INTRODUCTION contd.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
•As our population continues to increase, it is
necessary that we must produce more food, but
this can only be achieved through some level of
mechanization.
Aim of the Project
•The aim of this study is to develop a low-cost
two-row groundnut planter for small holder
farmers.

4. Objectives of the Project
The specific objectives of this research are to:
•design and fabricate the groundnut planter; and
•evaluate the performance of the planter on the field.
INTRODUCTION contd.

5. LITERATURE REVIEW
The Groundnut Crop
Origin, Distribution and Statistics
•Utilisation
•Crop establishment
• Plant Spacing
•Land Preparation
•Physical Properties of groundnut

6. Beds Flat
Figure 1: Various landforms used for planting peanut.Figure 1:VARIOUS LANDFORMS USED FOR PLANTING GROUNDNUT
LITERATURE REVIEW Contd.

7. TRADITIONAL METHOD OF PLANTING
GROUNDNUT
•use of the hoe,
• cutlass or the dibber
Plate 1: MANUAL PLANTING
LITERATURE REVIEW Contd.

8. • Soil requirements
• Planting depth
The correct planting depth of 50-75 mm ensures that the
plant develops and produces optimally (Karayel, 2009).
•Spacing
Intra row spacing -The ideal spacing is between 50-75 cm
for all available cultivars
intra-row spacing- 30 and 45 cm (Robinson et al., 1981).
LITERATURE REVIEW Contd.

9. Brief History of Planter
•Planting has been known for long time even before the
advent of machine.
•The early manual planters comprised of hoe with small
container for seed mounted near the head of the hoe.
•The development of this planting equipment was as a
result of the great important attached to the planting of
crops.
•This was evidenced by the rate at which simple planting
equipment was later developed (Kepner et al., 1978).
LITERATURE REVIEW Contd.

10. FUNCTION OF PLANTER
Crop planting involves:
•placement of seeds in the soil at required depth.
•Housing the seed and Opening of furrow
There are two types of furrow opener
• Curved shoe or runner opener (Fixed Type).
• Single or double disc opener (Rotating Type).
LITERATURE REVIEW Contd.

11. Top row shows common coulter
styles and
bottom shows various types of
press wheels.
Diagram of typical seeding
mechanism :A.single-disk opener
B. single-disk with add-on coulter unit
C.offset double-disk openers with
fertilizer
opener mouted midway between seed
openers,
D) gauge wheel mounted beside the
seed-opener disk to maintain depth
control ,
E) press wheel mounted on the furrow-
opener
frame to maintain depth control.
LITERATURE REVIEW Contd.
Figure 2: Coulter styles and press wheels.

12. Figure 3: Tool option for No-tillage (Source: Morrison and Abram, 1914)
LITERATURE REVIEW Contd.

13. The two general types of tine type
of furrow opener
Diagrammatic representation of the bioblade type furrow opener
General types of mass flow seed metering
devices
LITERATURE REVIEW Contd.

14. A diagrammatic representation of a powered type furrow opener
General types of dedicated soil covering devices
LITERATURE REVIEW Contd.

15. FACTORS AFFECTING
PERFORMANCE OF A PLANTING
DEVICE
• Soil type,
• Moisture content of the soil,
• Speed of the planting
machine,
• Mechanism of dropping
PROBLEMS OF PLANTERS AND ITS
LIMITATION
•Failure in dropping
•Planting more seeds than
necessary
•Uneven depth of planting
•source of power
•Operation
•weight
• cost of purchasing of
materials.
LITERATURE REVIEW Contd.

16. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Design Considerations
•The ease of fabrication of component parts.
•The safety of the operator
•The operation of the machine should be simple for small
scale or rural farmers.
•Material selection
•Low-cost planter
•Properties of seed
•Power requirement
•Field capacity

17. Mechanical Factors That affect seed germination
•Uniformity of depth of placement of seed.
•Uniformity of distribution of seed along rows.
•Transverse displacement of seed from the row.
•Prevention of loose soil getting under the seed.
•Uniformity of soil covers over the seed.
MATERIALS AND METHODS Contd.

18. MATERIALS AND METHODS Contd.
Description of Components
• Seed metering mechanism
• Seed chute
• Furrow opener
• Furrow closer
• The frame
• The handle
• Hopper design
Design Principle
The planter is a double row push type.
To operate it, seeds are poured into the
hopper; the planter is then positioned at the
desired starting point, and pushed along the
row.
Three seeds are picked up by the metering
plate and introduced into the chute.
The furrow opener continuously opens the soil
and the seeds metered into the chute fall into
the opened furrow which are simultaneously
closed by the furrow coverer.
As the planter is pushed along the row, it
plants continuously at 30 cm intra row
spacing, until the seeds in the hopper will
finish to a level requiring refilling the hopper.

19. TITLE
NAME/MATRIC NO
SCALE DIM :
EXPLODED VIEW OF GROUNDNUT PLANTER
THE FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, AKURE
1:2 cm SHEET NO : 1 of 11
LANWO, ROSELINE ABIODUN (AGE/12/1588)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 11 12
Items DESCRIPTION QTY Items DESCRIPTION QTY
1 HOPPER 2 7 BEARING 4
2 METERING CHAMBER 2 8 METERING DEVICE 2
3 HANDLE 2 9 COULTER DISC 2
4 ROLLER 2 10 COULTER DISC HOLDER 2
5 WHEEL 2 11 FRAME 1
6 SHAFT 1 12 DISCHARGE CHUTE 2
13 FURROW OPENER 2
13
CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF TWO-ROW GROUNDNUT PLANTER

20. TITLE
NAME/MATRIC NO
SCALE DIM :
ISOMETRIC VIEW OF GROUNDNUT PLANTER
THE FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, AKURE
1:2 cm SHEET NO : 2 of 11
LANWO, ROSELINE ABIODUN (AGE/12/1588)

21. TITLE
NAME/MATRIC NO
SCALE DIM :
ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEW OF GROUNDNUT PLANTER
THE FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, AKURE
1:2 cm SHEET NO : 3 of 11
LANWO, ROSELINE ABIODUN (AGE/12/1588)
Third angle projection
All dimensions in cm
30 120
20
25
32
13
14
60
45
30
100
35
60

22. TITLE
NAME/MATRIC NO
SCALE DIM :
HOPPER VIEW OF GROUNDNUT PLANTER
THE FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, AKURE
1:2 cm SHEET NO : 4 of 11
LANWO, ROSELINE ABIODUN (AGE/12/1588)
25
1.5
PLAN VIEW
FRONT VIEW
SIDE VIEW
ISOMETRIC VIEW
Third angle projection
All dimensions in cm
ORTHOGRAHIC VIEW
ф25
45

23. TITLE
NAME/MATRIC NO
SCALE DIM :
METERING CHAMBER OF GROUNDNUT PLANTER
THE FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, AKURE
1:2 cm SHEET NO : 5 of 11
LANWO, ROSELINE ABIODUN (AGE/12/1588)
12
10
10
5
BEARING
Third angle projection
20
3
28
PLAN VIEW
ISOMETRIC VIEW
FRONT VIEW SIDE VIEW
All dimensions in cm
ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEW
ф
ф20

24. TITLE
NAME/MATRIC NO
SCALE DIM :
WHEEL OF GROUNDNUT PLANTER
THE FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, AKURE
1:2 cm SHEET NO : 6 of 11
LANWO, ROSELINE ABIODUN (AGE/12/1588)
30
ISOMETRIC VIEW
SHAFT
Third angle projection
110
110
30
PLAN VIEW
FRONT VIEW SIDE VIEW
All dimensions in cm
ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEW
ф

25. TITLE
NAME/MATRIC NO
SCALE DIM :
FRAME OF GROUNDNUT PLANTER
THE FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, AKURE
1:2 cm SHEET NO : 7 of 11
LANWO, ROSELINE ABIODUN (AGE/12/1588)
120
100
100
100
30
20
40
Third angle projection
PLAN VIEW
FRONT VIEW SIDE VIEW
All dimensions in cm
ISOMETRIC VIEW
ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEW
60
60
20
Ѳ 30

26. TITLE
NAME/MATRIC NO
SCALE DIM :
FURROW COVERER OF GROUNDNUT PLANTER
THE FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, AKURE
1:2 cm SHEET NO : 8 of 11
All dimensions in cm
LANWO, ROSELINE ABIODUN (AGE/12/1588)
1
4
20
25
20
Third angle projection
25
PLAN VIEW
FRONT VIEW SIDE VIEW
ISOMETRIC VIEW
ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEW

27. TITLE
NAME/MATRIC NO
SCALE DIM :
COULTER
THE FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, AKURE
1:2 cm SHEET NO : 9 of 11
LANWO, ROSELINE ABIODUN (AGE/12/1588)
25
14
ISOMETRIC VIEW
Third angle projection
All dimensions in cm
14
PLAN VIEW
FRONT VIEW SIDE VIEW
ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEW
10

28. TITLE
NAME/MATRIC NO
SCALE DIM :
FURROW OPENER
THE FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, AKURE
1:2 cm SHEET NO : 10 of 11
LANWO, ROSELINE ABIODUN (AGE/12/1588)
10
32
10
10
Third angle projection
All dimensions in cm
PLAN VIEW
FRONT VIEW SIDE VIEW
32
ISOMETRIC VIEW
ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEW

29. TITLE
NAME/MATRIC NO
SCALE DIM :
METERING AUGER
THE FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, AKURE
1:2 cm SHEET NO : 11 of 11
LANWO, ROSELINE ABIODUN (AGE/12/1588)
24
20
ISOMETRIC VIEW
All dimensions in cm
Third angle projection
ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEW
PLAN VIEW
FRONT VIEW SIDE VIEW
ф
ф
ф
20
2.5
2.5

30. According to Ani et al. (2016) equation the field efficiency of the planter was
determined:
(1)
where, Ta is the time taken for actual planting operation; Tt is the total time taken
According to Ani et al. (2016) equation the metering efficiency of the planter was
determined
(2)
ME is the metering efficiency of the planter, Ts
is the total number of stands on the
tested plot while To
is the total number of stands with no seed in the tested plot
100×=
t
a
f
T
T
η
100×
−
=
s
os
T
TT
ME
MATERIALS AND METHODS Contd.
Data Analysis
The data obtained on metering efficiency was subjected to analysis of variance
(ANOVA) to test the effect of speed on the metering efficiency of the two metering
device at p < 0.05 using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) and Microsoft
Excel was used to plot graphs.

31. Fabrication of the two-row planter Calibration of the two-row planter
Preparation of the Plot for Testing of the two-row planter

32. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Description of machine components
•Hopper design: The material used for the hopper design was 2 mm
thick mild steel sheet metal. The volume of the hopper was
determined as 237221 mm3
.
•Furrow opener: The material used for the furrow opener design
was mild steel angle iron with dimension 10 mm x 32 mm x 5 mm
thickness while the angle of curvature was 350
.
•Furrow closer: The material used for the design was mild
galvanized flat plate of 20 mm x 3 mm thickness, fabricated like a
packer positioned at the back of the chute.
•Seed metering mechanism: The diameter is 20 cm and 28 cm in
length; the metering device was machined with a 9 mm drill-hole on
it with 12 cm in between the three (3) holes.

33. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Contd.
• Seed chute: The material used for the design is a cylindrical funnel
made of mild steel pipe with a dimension of 22 mm x10 mm x 12
mm.
• Wheel: The diameter of the wheel is 30 mm with 110 mm
connecting rod which cut across the two row planter. It has edges
for effective gripping on the ground surface. The wheel provides
drive for the metering mechanism through rotation of the wheel.
• Metering Chamber: The thickness was 3 mm, 32 cm in length and
22 cm in diameter.
• The Handle: The 30 cm x 100 cm x 3 mm dimension was selected
because of weight considerations to enable ease of operation.

34. S/N Time (s) Speed(m/s) Number Of Holes
with seeds
(3)Dropped
Numbers Of Holes
Without seed
Dropped
Metering
Efficiency (%)
1 15 0.7 13 1 92
2 20 0.45 14 2 86
3 25 0.4 17 2 88
4 30 0.28 21 3 84
5 35 0.29 25 2 90
6 40 0.25 28 3 86
7 45 0.22 32 3 87
Table 1: Result on the Metering Efficiency of the two-row planter
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Contd.

35. The highest metering efficiency of the planter was 92% with machine speed of 0.7 m/secs.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Contd.

36. Anova: Single Factor
SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
Speed(M/Secs) 7 2.59 0.37 0.027933
Metering Efficiency (%) 7 613.788 87.68399 7.543948
ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between Groups 26683.07 1 26683.07 7047.936 5.44E-18 4.747225
Within Groups 45.43129 12 3.785941
Total 26728.5 13
Table 2: ANOVA Table for the Effect of Speed on Metering Efficiency of the
Machine
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Contd.

37. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Contd.
S/N
Parameter
Manual
Tractor
Seed sowing
machine
1 Man power More Moderate Less
2 Time required More Less Less
3 Sowing technique Manually Automatically Automatically
4 Distance between
seed
Not Fixed Fixed Fixed
5 Wastage of seed Moderate More Less
6 Required Energy High Very high Less
9 Cost of machine Less Very high Very less
Table 3: Comparable table for manual planter, tractor and seed
sowing machine

38. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Contd.• Table 3 shows the advantage of manual two-row groundnut seed planter
machine over tractor and seed sowing machine.
• The planter has more improvement in planting efficiency with field
efficiency of 82% which corresponds to the research of Abhijit et al., 2016.
• This means that there would be increase in crop yield, cropping reliability
and cropping frequency.
• The machine was made of durable and cheap material affordable for the
small scale peasant farmers with lesser maintenance cost.
• The seeds can be placed at any required depth because the furrow opener
is adjustable; with this plant germination can be improved. Requirement
of labor also decreased.
• It consume less time for sowing. Seed can be placed uniformly in a row
with required distance between plants as reported by kyada et al., 2014.
• The furrow coverer covers the soil properly and provide proper
compaction over the seed.

39. Different Views of the Groundnut Planter
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Contd.

40. Groundnut Plant (3) weeks after planting
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Contd.

41. CONCLUSIONS
• A low cost two-row groundnut planter has been designed,
fabricated with locally sourced materials and tested.
• It is simple, low cost and the ergonomics considerations of the
machine make it easy to operate.
• The field test results showed that the two-row planter has a
metering efficiency of 92% at 0.7 m/s forward speed while the
field capacity efficiency of the planter was 82%.
The ANOVA (analysis of variance) shows that speed as
significant effect on metering efficiency with p-value of 5.44E-
18.
• This planter is economical and can be adopted for planting

42. Recommendation
From the observations made during the study the following
are recommended for consideration;
•the machine can be automated to make it work better;
•the planter can be improved to three row;
•the planter can also be tested using tractor drive as the
power source; and
•more parameters should be used to improve the
performance of the machine

43. Contribution to Knowledge
This research work on completion contributes to
knowledge in :-
a. developing and evaluating a low cost seed
planter affordable to small holder farmers; and
b. generating field data on testing and
performance characteristics of the planter for
improved agricultural productivity.

44. THANK YOU FOR LISTENING