Streptococcus pneumoniae is a gram-positive bacterium that is a major cause of pneumonia. It was first isolated in the late 19th century by Sternberg and Pasteur. It is facultatively anaerobic and causes diseases like pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis. Virulence factors like its polysaccharide capsule and pneumolysin toxin allow it to evade the immune system and cause lung damage. It is transmitted through respiratory droplets. Pneumonia is most common in young children and the elderly. Prevention methods include vaccination and treatment with antibiotics like penicillin for susceptible strains.

1. Streptococcus pneumoniae
Presented by-
Md. Masud Rana

2. Characteristics
 First isolated simultaneously and independently by the U.S.
Army physician George Sternberg and the French chemist Louis Pasteur.
 Gram-positive, alpha-hemolytic, facultative anaerobic member of
the genus Streptococcus.
 Major cause of pneumonia in the late 19th century.
Incubation period of pneumococcal pneumonia is short about 1 to 3 days.
 Rapidly diagnosed by collecting sputum specimens.
Catalase test negative.

3. Diagnosis and Identification

4. QUELLUNG REACTION

6. Virulence factor
 Pneumolysin
• Binds cholesterol
• Forms pores
• Impair phagocytes
• Contribute to lung damage
PspA- function unknown
SpsA- binds secretory chain of sIgA
PsaA- adherence to pneumocytes
CbpA- binds choline

7. Virulence factor

8. Virulence factor
 Capsule
• Complex polysaccharide
• Anti phagocytic
 Cell wall components
• Inflammation
• Peptidoglycan fragments
• Interaction with meninges

9. Pathogenesis & Disease

10. Pneumonia

11. Sign and Symptoms
 Symptoms of pneumococcal disease depend on the part of the body
that is infected. They can include-
• fever
• cough
• shortness of breath
• chest pain
• stiff neck
• confusion and disorientation
• sensitivity to light
• joint pain, chills, ear pain, sleeplessness, and irritability.
• In severe cases cause hearing loss, brain damage, and death.

12. Epidemiology
• The African Region has the highest burden of global child mortality
• About 45% of global under-5 deaths
• 50% of worldwide deaths from pneumonia in this age group
• Less than 2% of these deaths take place in the European Region
• Less than 3% in the Region of the Americas
• More than 90% of all deaths due to pneumonia in children aged less
than 5 years take place in 40 countries
• According to the official estimates from WHO for the year 2000, two-
thirds of all these deaths are concentrated in just 10 countries.

14. Estimated Number Of Deaths

15.  Burden of Pneumococcal infections among under five children
Result-
• Around 30% of the sample respondents had Pneumonia
• 17% had Severe Pneumonia
• 26% had been affected by Meningitis
• The rest had been suffering from Sepsis
• Mother’s higher education level had been linked up with the reduction of
Pneumonia
• Mean difference of Nature of fuel used for cooking, weight and weight for age
were significantly differ among children with pneumococcal and non-
Pneumococcal infection groups.
Epidemiology In Bangladesh

16. Risk Factors
 Risk factors related to the host and the environment that affect incidence of
childhood clinical pneumonia in the community in developing countries
zz
Definite risk factors
Malnutrition
Low birth weight (≤ 2500 g)
Non-exclusive breastfeeding (during the first 4 months of life)
Indoor air pollution
Crowding
Likely risk factors
smoking
Zinc deficiency
Concomitant diseases (e.g. diarrhoea, heart disease, asthma)
Possible risk factors
Mother’s education
Rainfall (humidity)
Vitamin A deficiency
Outdoor air pollution

17. Transmission
 Pneumococcal bacteria spread from-
o-person-to-person by direct contact with respiratory secretions
o-sneezing
o-coughing
o-Many people have the bacteria in their nose or throat without being
ill. When immune system is impaired the symptoms of infection will
manifest.

18. Prevention and Treatment
 Antibiotics
• Penicillin only for susceptible pneumonia
• Some strain multidrug-resistant
 Vaccine
• Capsular vaccine-poorly immunogenic in elder
 New vaccine-protein conjugated to capsular serotypes
 Future vaccine-
-mixture of surface protein
-pneumolysin
-pspA DNA vaccine
Passive immunization-injection of anti-capsular antibodies from
Another source

19. SHOW IS OVER
Summary-
Please keep your environment clean ,
make your generation healthy & wealthy