La présentation introduira les principes de fonctionnement des ordinateurs quantiques, la conception de portes logiques et d'algorithmes quantiques simples puis leur exécution sur une véritable puce quantique optoélectronique de l'université de Bristol. Les premiers ordinateurs quantiques sont donc une réalité. Plusieurs attaques et leurs impacts sur les cryptosystèmes symétriques et asymétriques actuels sont analysés et différentes alternatives sont proposées pour être utilisées dans le futur. Les participants sont encouragés à participer avec leur ordinateur portable pour mettre en pratique les exemples abordés.
Quantum computing is a new approach to computation based on quantum theory that explains energy and matter at the atomic and subatomic level. Quantum computers use quantum bits (qubits) that can represent both 1s and 0s simultaneously, allowing them to solve certain problems like algorithms much faster than classical computers. Techniques for quantum computing include ion traps, resonant cavities, and quantum dots. While digital computers use transistors and binary digits, quantum computers use quantum mechanical phenomena and qubits. Developing quantum computing may help solve problems in areas like national security, business, and the environment. Researchers are working to build functional quantum computers and networks that could power new technologies like artificial intelligence.
Quantum computing - A Compilation of ConceptsGokul Alex
Excerpts of the Talk Delivered at the 'Bio-Inspired Computing' Workshop conducted by Department of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Kerala.
Quantum computers are incredibly powerful machines that take a new approach to processing information. Built on the principles of quantum mechanics, they exploit complex and fascinating laws of nature that are always there, but usually remain hidden from view. By harnessing such natural behavior, quantum computing can run new types of algorithms to process information more holistically. They may one day lead to revolutionary breakthroughs in materials and drug discovery, the optimization of complex manmade systems, and artificial intelligence. We expect them to open doors that we once thought would remain locked indefinitely. Acquaint yourself with the strange and exciting world of quantum computing.
Quantum computing, non-determinism, probabilistic systems... and the logic be...Alejandro Díaz-Caro
This document provides an introduction to quantum computing, λ-calculus, and typed λ-calculus. It discusses how these topics relate to intuitionistic logic through the Curry-Howard correspondence. The author is working on algebraic calculi and vectorial typing for non-determinism and probabilistic systems, and how this can be extended from non-determinism to probabilities. An example of Deutsch's algorithm for quantum computing is also presented.
Quantum computing provides an alternative computational model based on quantum mechanics. It utilizes quantum phenomena such as superposition and entanglement to perform computations using quantum logic gates on qubits. This allows quantum computers to potentially solve certain problems exponentially faster than classical computers. However, building large-scale quantum computers remains a challenge. In the meantime, smaller quantum systems are being developed and quantum algorithms are being experimentally tested on these devices. Researchers are also working on methods to efficiently simulate quantum computations on classical computers.
Quantum computing uses quantum mechanics phenomena like superposition and entanglement to perform operations on quantum bits (qubits) and solve certain problems much faster than classical computers. One such problem is integer factorization, for which Peter Shor devised an algorithm in 1994 that a quantum computer could solve much more efficiently than classical computers. While quantum computing is still in development, it has the potential to break popular encryption systems like RSA and simulate quantum systems. Practical implementations of quantum computing include ion traps, NMR, optical photons, and solid-state approaches. Quantum computing could enable applications in encryption-breaking, simulation, and cryptography, among other areas.
Quantum computing is a new paradigm that utilizes quantum mechanics phenomena like superposition and entanglement. It has the potential to solve certain problems exponentially faster than classical computers by using qubits that can be in superposition of states. Some key applications are factoring, simulation, and optimization problems. However, building large-scale quantum computers faces challenges like preventing decoherence of qubits and developing error correction techniques. While still in development, quantum computing could revolutionize fields like encryption, communication, and material science in the future through a hybrid model combining classical and quantum processing.
Quantum computing is a new approach to computation based on quantum theory that explains energy and matter at the atomic and subatomic level. Quantum computers use quantum bits (qubits) that can represent both 1s and 0s simultaneously, allowing them to solve certain problems like algorithms much faster than classical computers. Techniques for quantum computing include ion traps, resonant cavities, and quantum dots. While digital computers use transistors and binary digits, quantum computers use quantum mechanical phenomena and qubits. Developing quantum computing may help solve problems in areas like national security, business, and the environment. Researchers are working to build functional quantum computers and networks that could power new technologies like artificial intelligence.
Quantum computing - A Compilation of ConceptsGokul Alex
Excerpts of the Talk Delivered at the 'Bio-Inspired Computing' Workshop conducted by Department of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Kerala.
Quantum computers are incredibly powerful machines that take a new approach to processing information. Built on the principles of quantum mechanics, they exploit complex and fascinating laws of nature that are always there, but usually remain hidden from view. By harnessing such natural behavior, quantum computing can run new types of algorithms to process information more holistically. They may one day lead to revolutionary breakthroughs in materials and drug discovery, the optimization of complex manmade systems, and artificial intelligence. We expect them to open doors that we once thought would remain locked indefinitely. Acquaint yourself with the strange and exciting world of quantum computing.
Quantum computing, non-determinism, probabilistic systems... and the logic be...Alejandro Díaz-Caro
This document provides an introduction to quantum computing, λ-calculus, and typed λ-calculus. It discusses how these topics relate to intuitionistic logic through the Curry-Howard correspondence. The author is working on algebraic calculi and vectorial typing for non-determinism and probabilistic systems, and how this can be extended from non-determinism to probabilities. An example of Deutsch's algorithm for quantum computing is also presented.
Quantum computing provides an alternative computational model based on quantum mechanics. It utilizes quantum phenomena such as superposition and entanglement to perform computations using quantum logic gates on qubits. This allows quantum computers to potentially solve certain problems exponentially faster than classical computers. However, building large-scale quantum computers remains a challenge. In the meantime, smaller quantum systems are being developed and quantum algorithms are being experimentally tested on these devices. Researchers are also working on methods to efficiently simulate quantum computations on classical computers.
Quantum computing uses quantum mechanics phenomena like superposition and entanglement to perform operations on quantum bits (qubits) and solve certain problems much faster than classical computers. One such problem is integer factorization, for which Peter Shor devised an algorithm in 1994 that a quantum computer could solve much more efficiently than classical computers. While quantum computing is still in development, it has the potential to break popular encryption systems like RSA and simulate quantum systems. Practical implementations of quantum computing include ion traps, NMR, optical photons, and solid-state approaches. Quantum computing could enable applications in encryption-breaking, simulation, and cryptography, among other areas.
Quantum computing is a new paradigm that utilizes quantum mechanics phenomena like superposition and entanglement. It has the potential to solve certain problems exponentially faster than classical computers by using qubits that can be in superposition of states. Some key applications are factoring, simulation, and optimization problems. However, building large-scale quantum computers faces challenges like preventing decoherence of qubits and developing error correction techniques. While still in development, quantum computing could revolutionize fields like encryption, communication, and material science in the future through a hybrid model combining classical and quantum processing.
The Extraordinary World of Quantum ComputingTim Ellison
Originally presented at QCon London - 6 March-2018.
The classical computer on your lap or housed in your data centre manipulates data represented with a binary encoding -- quantum computers are different. They use atomic level mechanics to represent multiple data states simultaneously, leading to a phenomenal exponential increase in the representable state of data, and new solutions to problems that are infeasible using today's classical computers. This session assumes no prior knowledge of quantum technology and presents a introduction to the field of quantum computing, including an introduction to the quantum bit, the types of problem suited to quantum computing, a demo of running algorithms on IBM's quantum machines, and a peek into the future of quantum computers.
This document provides an overview of quantum computing, including its history, basic concepts, applications, advantages, difficulties, and future directions. It discusses how quantum computing originated in the 1980s with the goal of building a computer that is millions of times faster than classical computers and theoretically uses no energy. The basic concepts covered include quantum mechanics, superpositioning, qubits, quantum gates, and how quantum computers could perform calculations that are intractable on classical computers, such as factoring large numbers. The document also outlines some of the challenges facing quantum computing as well as potential future advances in the field.
This document provides an overview of quantum computing trends and directions. It introduces Francisco Gálvez as the presenter and covers the following topics: IBM's quantum computers including the IBM Quantum Experience platform, basic concepts in quantum computing, quantum architecture focusing on superconducting qubits, quantum algorithms like Shor's and Grover's algorithms, applications of quantum computing, and the IBM Quantum Experience platform which allows users to design and run quantum circuits on real quantum processors.
The document discusses quantum computing and quantum theory. It provides an overview of quantum mechanics and experiments like the two slit experiment. It then discusses applications of quantum mechanics like transistors and lasers. The rest of the document focuses on quantum computing, including the history and principles, basic quantum computation using qubits, quantum gates like Hadamard and controlled NOT gates, and how these gates can be combined for applications like multiplication by 2.
The document provides an overview of fundamental concepts in quantum computing, including quantum properties like superposition, entanglement, and uncertainty principle. It discusses how quantum bits can represent more than classical bits by being in superpositions of states. Basic quantum gates like Hadamard, Pauli X, and phase shift gates are also introduced, along with pioneers in the field like Feynman, Deutsch, Shor, and Grover. Potential applications of quantum computing are listed.
The Quantum computing has become a buzzword now a days, however it has not been the favorite of the researchers until recent times.
Let's follow about
What's Quantum Computing?
It's Evolution
Primary Focus
Future
I will explain why quantum computing is interesting, how it works and what you actually need to build a working quantum computer. I will use the superconducting two-qubit quantum processor I built during my PhD as an example to explain its basic building blocks. I will show how we used this processor to achieve so-called quantum speed-up for a search algorithm that we ran on it. Finally, I will give a short overview of the current state of superconducting quantum computing and Google's recently announced effort to build a working quantum computer in cooperation with one of the leading research groups in this field.
Quantum Computing and Blockchain: Facts and Myths Ahmed Banafa
The biggest danger to Blockchain networks from quantum computing is its ability to break traditional encryption . Google sent shock waves around the internet when it was claimed, had built a quantum computer able to solve formerly impossible mathematical calculations–with some fearing crypto industry could be at risk . Google states that its experiment is the first experimental challenge against the extended Church-Turing thesis — also known as computability thesis — which claims that traditional computers can effectively carry out any “reasonable” model of computation
This document provides an introduction to quantum computing. It discusses how quantum computers work using quantum bits (qubits) that can exist in superpositions of states unlike classical bits. Qubits can become entangled so that operations on one qubit affect others. Implementing qubits requires isolating quantum systems to avoid decoherence. Challenges include controlling decoherence, but research continues on algorithms, hardware, and bringing theoretical quantum computers to practical use. Quantum computers may solve problems intractable for classical computers.
The document discusses quantum computing concepts including qubits, quantum logic gates, quantum algorithms like Deutsch's algorithm and Grover's algorithm, and challenges with quantum hardware. It provides explanations of key mathematical and physics concepts like complex numbers, linear algebra, photon polarization, and the Bloch sphere that are relevant to quantum computing. Examples are given of how quantum algorithms offer speedups over classical algorithms by exploiting superposition and interference.
A file on Quantum Computing for people with least knowledge about physics, electronics, computers and programming. Perfect for people with management backgrounds. Covers understandable details about the topic.
Quantum Computers are the future and this manual explains the topic in the best possible way.
Quantum computing uses principles of quantum mechanics like superposition and entanglement to perform computations. It uses quantum bits or qubits that can exist in superpositions of states allowing for massive parallelism. Some advantages include potential increases in processing speed and secure communication. However, there are also challenges like qubit decoherence, error correction, and output observability. Current quantum computers have tens of qubits and researchers are working to develop them further to tackle problems classical computers cannot by taking advantage of quantum properties.
This document discusses the history and future of quantum computing. It explains how quantum computers work using principles of quantum mechanics like superposition and entanglement. Quantum computers can perform multiple computations simultaneously by exploiting the ability of qubits to exist in superposition. Current research involves building larger quantum registers with more qubits and performing calculations with 2 qubits. The future of quantum computing may enable solving certain problems much faster than classical computers, with desktop quantum computers potentially arriving within 10 years.
Presents an overview of quantum computing including its history, key concepts like qubits and superposition, applications like factoring large numbers and solving optimization problems, and advantages like speed and security compared to classical computers. Some challenges to building quantum computers are maintaining stability due to sensitivity to interference and requiring very cold temperatures.
This document discusses quantum computing, including:
- Quantum computers use quantum phenomena like entanglement and superposition to perform calculations based on quantum mechanics.
- A qubit can represent a 1, 0, or superposition of both, allowing quantum computers to exponentially increase their processing power compared to classical computers.
- Researchers have made progress developing quantum computers, entangling up to 14 qubits and performing calculations with two qubits, but large-scale quantum computers able to solve important problems much faster than classical computers are still a future goal expected to be achieved within 10 years.
This slide starts from a basic explanation between Bit and Qubit. It then follows with a brief history behind Quantum Computer, current trends, and update with concerns to make the quantum computer practically useful.
1) Quantum computers operate using quantum bits (qubits) that can exist in superpositions of states rather than just 1s and 0s like classical bits.
2) Keeping qubits coherent and isolated from the external environment is extremely challenging as interaction causes decoherence within nanoseconds to seconds.
3) While prototypes of 5-7 qubit quantum computers exist, scaling them up to practical sizes of 50-100 qubits or more to outperform classical computers remains an outstanding challenge due to decoherence issues.
A Shore Introduction to Quantum Computer and the computation of ( Quantum Mechanics),
Nowadays we work on classical computer that work with bits which is either 0s or 1s, but Quantum Computer work with qubits which is either 0s or 1s or 0 and 1 in the same time.
This is a seminar on Quantum Computing given on 9th march 2017 at CIME, Bhubaneswar by me(2nd year MCA).
Video at - https://youtu.be/vguxg0RYg7M
PDF at - http://www.slideshare.net/deepankarsandhibigraha/quantum-computing-73031375
Introduction to Quantum Computing & Quantum Information TheoryRahul Mee
This document provides an introduction to quantum computing and quantum information theory. It discusses how technological limitations of conventional computing motivate the development of quantum computing. The key laws of quantum mechanics that enable quantum computing are introduced, including superposition, entanglement, and the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. The document explains how quantum bits (qubits) can represent more than the two states of classical bits, and how quantum gates operate on qubits. It provides examples of one-qubit gates like the Hadamard gate. The potential for quantum computers to massively scale parallelism through quantum effects like entanglement is also summarized.
Quantum Computing: Welcome to the FutureVernBrownell
Vern Brownell, CEO at D-Wave Systems, shares his thoughts on Quantum Computing in this presentation, which he delivered at Compute Midwest in November 2014. He addresses big questions that include: What is a quantum computer? How do you build one? Why does it matter? What does the future hold for quantum computing?
The Extraordinary World of Quantum ComputingTim Ellison
Originally presented at QCon London - 6 March-2018.
The classical computer on your lap or housed in your data centre manipulates data represented with a binary encoding -- quantum computers are different. They use atomic level mechanics to represent multiple data states simultaneously, leading to a phenomenal exponential increase in the representable state of data, and new solutions to problems that are infeasible using today's classical computers. This session assumes no prior knowledge of quantum technology and presents a introduction to the field of quantum computing, including an introduction to the quantum bit, the types of problem suited to quantum computing, a demo of running algorithms on IBM's quantum machines, and a peek into the future of quantum computers.
This document provides an overview of quantum computing, including its history, basic concepts, applications, advantages, difficulties, and future directions. It discusses how quantum computing originated in the 1980s with the goal of building a computer that is millions of times faster than classical computers and theoretically uses no energy. The basic concepts covered include quantum mechanics, superpositioning, qubits, quantum gates, and how quantum computers could perform calculations that are intractable on classical computers, such as factoring large numbers. The document also outlines some of the challenges facing quantum computing as well as potential future advances in the field.
This document provides an overview of quantum computing trends and directions. It introduces Francisco Gálvez as the presenter and covers the following topics: IBM's quantum computers including the IBM Quantum Experience platform, basic concepts in quantum computing, quantum architecture focusing on superconducting qubits, quantum algorithms like Shor's and Grover's algorithms, applications of quantum computing, and the IBM Quantum Experience platform which allows users to design and run quantum circuits on real quantum processors.
The document discusses quantum computing and quantum theory. It provides an overview of quantum mechanics and experiments like the two slit experiment. It then discusses applications of quantum mechanics like transistors and lasers. The rest of the document focuses on quantum computing, including the history and principles, basic quantum computation using qubits, quantum gates like Hadamard and controlled NOT gates, and how these gates can be combined for applications like multiplication by 2.
The document provides an overview of fundamental concepts in quantum computing, including quantum properties like superposition, entanglement, and uncertainty principle. It discusses how quantum bits can represent more than classical bits by being in superpositions of states. Basic quantum gates like Hadamard, Pauli X, and phase shift gates are also introduced, along with pioneers in the field like Feynman, Deutsch, Shor, and Grover. Potential applications of quantum computing are listed.
The Quantum computing has become a buzzword now a days, however it has not been the favorite of the researchers until recent times.
Let's follow about
What's Quantum Computing?
It's Evolution
Primary Focus
Future
I will explain why quantum computing is interesting, how it works and what you actually need to build a working quantum computer. I will use the superconducting two-qubit quantum processor I built during my PhD as an example to explain its basic building blocks. I will show how we used this processor to achieve so-called quantum speed-up for a search algorithm that we ran on it. Finally, I will give a short overview of the current state of superconducting quantum computing and Google's recently announced effort to build a working quantum computer in cooperation with one of the leading research groups in this field.
Quantum Computing and Blockchain: Facts and Myths Ahmed Banafa
The biggest danger to Blockchain networks from quantum computing is its ability to break traditional encryption . Google sent shock waves around the internet when it was claimed, had built a quantum computer able to solve formerly impossible mathematical calculations–with some fearing crypto industry could be at risk . Google states that its experiment is the first experimental challenge against the extended Church-Turing thesis — also known as computability thesis — which claims that traditional computers can effectively carry out any “reasonable” model of computation
This document provides an introduction to quantum computing. It discusses how quantum computers work using quantum bits (qubits) that can exist in superpositions of states unlike classical bits. Qubits can become entangled so that operations on one qubit affect others. Implementing qubits requires isolating quantum systems to avoid decoherence. Challenges include controlling decoherence, but research continues on algorithms, hardware, and bringing theoretical quantum computers to practical use. Quantum computers may solve problems intractable for classical computers.
The document discusses quantum computing concepts including qubits, quantum logic gates, quantum algorithms like Deutsch's algorithm and Grover's algorithm, and challenges with quantum hardware. It provides explanations of key mathematical and physics concepts like complex numbers, linear algebra, photon polarization, and the Bloch sphere that are relevant to quantum computing. Examples are given of how quantum algorithms offer speedups over classical algorithms by exploiting superposition and interference.
A file on Quantum Computing for people with least knowledge about physics, electronics, computers and programming. Perfect for people with management backgrounds. Covers understandable details about the topic.
Quantum Computers are the future and this manual explains the topic in the best possible way.
Quantum computing uses principles of quantum mechanics like superposition and entanglement to perform computations. It uses quantum bits or qubits that can exist in superpositions of states allowing for massive parallelism. Some advantages include potential increases in processing speed and secure communication. However, there are also challenges like qubit decoherence, error correction, and output observability. Current quantum computers have tens of qubits and researchers are working to develop them further to tackle problems classical computers cannot by taking advantage of quantum properties.
This document discusses the history and future of quantum computing. It explains how quantum computers work using principles of quantum mechanics like superposition and entanglement. Quantum computers can perform multiple computations simultaneously by exploiting the ability of qubits to exist in superposition. Current research involves building larger quantum registers with more qubits and performing calculations with 2 qubits. The future of quantum computing may enable solving certain problems much faster than classical computers, with desktop quantum computers potentially arriving within 10 years.
Presents an overview of quantum computing including its history, key concepts like qubits and superposition, applications like factoring large numbers and solving optimization problems, and advantages like speed and security compared to classical computers. Some challenges to building quantum computers are maintaining stability due to sensitivity to interference and requiring very cold temperatures.
This document discusses quantum computing, including:
- Quantum computers use quantum phenomena like entanglement and superposition to perform calculations based on quantum mechanics.
- A qubit can represent a 1, 0, or superposition of both, allowing quantum computers to exponentially increase their processing power compared to classical computers.
- Researchers have made progress developing quantum computers, entangling up to 14 qubits and performing calculations with two qubits, but large-scale quantum computers able to solve important problems much faster than classical computers are still a future goal expected to be achieved within 10 years.
This slide starts from a basic explanation between Bit and Qubit. It then follows with a brief history behind Quantum Computer, current trends, and update with concerns to make the quantum computer practically useful.
1) Quantum computers operate using quantum bits (qubits) that can exist in superpositions of states rather than just 1s and 0s like classical bits.
2) Keeping qubits coherent and isolated from the external environment is extremely challenging as interaction causes decoherence within nanoseconds to seconds.
3) While prototypes of 5-7 qubit quantum computers exist, scaling them up to practical sizes of 50-100 qubits or more to outperform classical computers remains an outstanding challenge due to decoherence issues.
A Shore Introduction to Quantum Computer and the computation of ( Quantum Mechanics),
Nowadays we work on classical computer that work with bits which is either 0s or 1s, but Quantum Computer work with qubits which is either 0s or 1s or 0 and 1 in the same time.
This is a seminar on Quantum Computing given on 9th march 2017 at CIME, Bhubaneswar by me(2nd year MCA).
Video at - https://youtu.be/vguxg0RYg7M
PDF at - http://www.slideshare.net/deepankarsandhibigraha/quantum-computing-73031375
Introduction to Quantum Computing & Quantum Information TheoryRahul Mee
This document provides an introduction to quantum computing and quantum information theory. It discusses how technological limitations of conventional computing motivate the development of quantum computing. The key laws of quantum mechanics that enable quantum computing are introduced, including superposition, entanglement, and the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. The document explains how quantum bits (qubits) can represent more than the two states of classical bits, and how quantum gates operate on qubits. It provides examples of one-qubit gates like the Hadamard gate. The potential for quantum computers to massively scale parallelism through quantum effects like entanglement is also summarized.
Quantum Computing: Welcome to the FutureVernBrownell
Vern Brownell, CEO at D-Wave Systems, shares his thoughts on Quantum Computing in this presentation, which he delivered at Compute Midwest in November 2014. He addresses big questions that include: What is a quantum computer? How do you build one? Why does it matter? What does the future hold for quantum computing?
This is a seminar on Quantum Computing given on 9th march 2017 at CIME, Bhubaneswar by me(2nd year MCA).
Video at - https://youtu.be/vguxg0RYg7M
ppt at - http://www.slideshare.net/deepankarsandhibigraha/quantum-computing-73031661
The document discusses quantum computing and D-Wave Systems' first commercial quantum computer. It provides photos of quantum phenomena like light interference and polarization. It explains that while classical computers use binary digits, quantum computers can use superposition to represent multiple possibilities simultaneously. It also introduces Shor's algorithm for integer factorization that a quantum computer could perform much faster than a classical one.
2013.09.13 quantum computing has arrived s.nechuiviterSergii Nechuiviter
This document provides an overview of the current state of quantum computing. It discusses how quantum computing works and some of its potential applications. Key developments include D-Wave creating the first commercial quantum computers with up to 512 qubits. While quantum computing is still in its early stages, algorithms show speedups for certain problems and applications in optimization, machine learning, simulation and chemistry are being explored. However, questions still remain about how fully quantum effects are being utilized in existing devices.
The document provides an overview of quantum computing concepts and the IBM Quantum Experience platform. It begins with a short history of quantum computing developments from the 1930s to present. It then explains basic quantum concepts like qubits, superposition, entanglement, and quantum gates. The document outlines requirements for building a quantum computer, including well-defined qubits, initialization, gates, coherence times, and measurement. It describes the IBM Quantum Experience as a platform that provides access to an actual quantum processor via the cloud, along with simulation and tutorial capabilities. Users can design circuits using a graphical Quantum Composer interface and run algorithms on real quantum hardware or simulation.
With the introduction of quantum computing on the horizon, computer security organizations are stepping up research and development to defend against a new kind of computer power. Quantum computers pose a very real threat to the global information technology infrastructure of today. Many security implementations in use based on the difficulty for modern-day computers to perform large integer factorization. Utilizing a specialized algorithm such as mathematician Peter Shor’s, a quantum computer can compute large integer factoring in polynomial time versus classical computing’s sub-exponential time. This theoretical exponential increase in computing speed has prompted computer security experts around the world to begin preparing by devising new and improved cryptography methods. If the proper measures are not in place by the time full-scale quantum computers produced, the world’s governments and major enterprises could suffer from security breaches and the loss of massive amounts of encrypted data
9.design of high speed area efficient low power vedic multiplier using revers...nareshbk
This document proposes designing a 4x4 Vedic multiplier using reversible logic gates. It discusses how traditional multipliers have high area, latency and power consumption. The Vedic multiplication algorithm called Urdhva Tiryagbhyam can increase speed compared to other techniques. Implementing this algorithm with reversible logic gates can further reduce area and power dissipation. A 4x4 Vedic multiplier is designed using reversible Peres and HNG gates to realize the multiplication, with benefits of constant inputs, low garbage outputs, quantum cost, area and speed compared to other reversible logic multipliers.
The document provides an overview of quantum computing, including its history, data representation using qubits, quantum gates and operations, and Shor's algorithm for integer factorization. Shor's algorithm uses quantum parallelism and the quantum Fourier transform to find the period of a function, from which the factors of a number can be determined. While quantum computing holds promise for certain applications, classical computers will still be needed and future computers may be a hybrid of classical and quantum components.
Quantum dots are semiconductor nanoparticles that confine electrons and holes in all three dimensions. They are made using different methods like lithography, colloidal synthesis, or epitaxy. Quantum dots have discrete energy levels that depend on their size and shape. They have potential applications in solar cells, LEDs, bioimaging, drug delivery, and anti-counterfeiting due to their tunable light emission properties.
A quantum computer harnesses the power of atoms and molecules to perform calculations billions of times faster than silicon-based computers. Unlike classical bits that are either 0 or 1, quantum bits or qubits can be in a superposition of both states simultaneously. While current quantum computers have only manipulated a few qubits, their potential applications include efficiently solving problems like integer factorization that are intractable for classical computers. Significant challenges remain to controlling quantum phenomena necessary for building useful quantum computers.
Sthack 2015 - Aris "@aris_ada" Adamantiadis - DUAL_EC_DRBG : Une histoire de ...StHack
Juin 2006, le NIST publie les spécifications de plusieurs générateurs de nombres pseudo-aléatoires, dont le tristement célèbre Dual_EC_DRBG, dans la norme NIST SP 800-90A, et cela malgré le scepticisme de la communauté crypto. Depuis, il a été démontré que ce générateur peut facilement être détourné pour rendre ses sorties totalement prévisibles, en faisant un cas d'école de kleptographie (ce qui n'a pas empêché qu'il soit utilisé).
Cette présentation technique donnera les bases nécessaires pour comprendre l'utilisation des courbes elliptiques en cryptographie et comment elles ont servi à corrompre ce générateur d'aléa.
Sthack 2015 - David Berard & Vincent Fargues - Attack the cache to get some cashStHack
The NoSuchCon challenge was published in September 2014, for the second edition of the NoSuchCon conference. The last step of this challenge consists in exploiting a remote cryptographic service used to store encrypted messages and keys. To solve this step, a timing attack against the CPU cache was used. The access time for certain memory areas is measured regularly.
The time spent reading those memory areas depends on previous hits, this side-channel information can be used to extract data. This talk will explain the technique commonly called "Cache Attack" based on some existing papers, a demonstration will be conducted showing the extraction of the RSA private key.
This document provides an overview and outline of a talk on quantum computing in practice and applications to cryptography. The talk will introduce quantum physics basics, discuss the state of quantum computing and cryptography, explain how to build quantum circuits, and provide tools and access for practicing quantum computing. It will cover fundamental quantum algorithms, attacks against cryptography, simulations and tools for quantum computing, and the future of post-quantum cryptography.
The document provides an introduction to quantum computing, including:
1) It explains that quantum computing utilizes quantum mechanics and quantum bits (qubits) that can exist in superpositions of states, allowing quantum computers to potentially process exponentially more information than classical computers.
2) The key differences between classical and quantum computers are described, with classical computers using bits in binary states while quantum computers use qubits that can be in superpositions of states.
3) Popular quantum gates like Hadamard, CNOT, and rotation gates are introduced and explained as transformations that can be applied to qubits.
Pulse Compression Sequence (PCS) are widely used in radar to increase the range resolution. Binary sequence has the limitation that the compression ratio is small. Ternary code is suggested as an alternative. The design of ternary sequence with good Discriminating Factor (DF) and merit factor can be considered as a nonlinear multivariable optimization problem which is difficult to solve. In this paper, we proposed a new method for designing ternary sequence by using Modified Simulated Annealing Algorithm (MSAA). The general features such as global convergence and robustness of the statistical algorithm are revealed.
A Survey Paper on Different Encoding Techniques Based on Quantum ComputingIRJET Journal
This document provides an overview of different encoding techniques for quantum computing. It discusses key concepts in quantum computing including quantum bits (qubits), quantum gates, the no-cloning theorem, and the Bloch sphere. It also summarizes several commonly used quantum gates like CNOT, Toffoli, Fredkin, and Hadamard gates. Finally, it discusses some important data encoding protocols in quantum computing like BB84 and six-state protocols.
The basics of quantum computing, associated mathematics, DJ algorithms and coding details are covered.
These slides are used in my videos https://youtu.be/6o2jh25lrmI, https://youtu.be/Wj73E4pObRk, https://youtu.be/OkFkSXfGawQ and https://youtu.be/OkFkSXfGawQ
This document discusses quantum computation and its advantages over classical computation. Quantum computation uses quantum bits (qubits) that can exist in superpositions of states rather than just 1s and 0s. This allows quantum processors to perform multiple computations simultaneously. While challenging to implement physically, quantum algorithms like Shor's algorithm could solve certain problems like integer factorization vastly faster than any classical computer. Nanotechnology is needed to build qubits that can maintain coherent superpositions, potentially enabling the construction of a functional quantum computer.
Quantum computing uses quantum mechanics phenomena like superposition and entanglement to perform operations on data. It has potential advantages over classical computing. A qubit, the basic unit of quantum information, can exist in superposition of states |0> and |1>. Logical gates like Hadamard and CNOT are used to manipulate qubits. Optical quantum computing uses photons as qubits encoded in properties like path or polarization. Shor's algorithm showed quantum computing could factorize large numbers faster. Companies are investing in quantum computing for applications in optimization, simulation, and machine learning.
The document discusses applications of superconductor materials and devices in quantum information science. It covers 5 topics: 1) an overview of the quantum information landscape, 2) macroscopic quantum phenomena in superconductor devices and superconductor qubits, 3) the transmon qubit which is a leading qubit platform, 4) topological superconducting qubits based on Majorana fermion states, and 5) S-TI-S Josephson junctions which are a compelling qubit platform. Superconductivity is expected to play a major role in developing qubit devices and quantum circuits.
Quantum computing uses principles of quantum mechanics such as superposition, entanglement, and tunneling to perform operations on quantum bits (qubits) that allow for greater processing power than classical computers. A qubit can represent a 1, 0, or both values simultaneously, enabling quantum computers to evaluate all possible solutions to problems simultaneously. While challenges remain in building large-scale quantum computers, they have applications in optimization, simulation, machine learning, and potentially breaking current encryption methods. Quantum cryptography also provides solutions for secure communication using quantum principles.
Criptografía cuántica - fundamentos, productos y empresasSoftware Guru
La criptografía cuántica es una de las joyas de la corona del cómputo cuántico. Además de conocerse a detalle el fundamento teórico de los protocolos de esta disciplina, se ha hecho investigación experimental por más de dos décadas y, como resultado, existen ya equipos de criptografía cuántica que se pueden comprar e instalar bajo la lógica de cualquier producto comercial.
En esta plática, titulada “Criptografía cuántica - fundamentos, productos y empresas”, el Dr Venegas Andraca dará una introducción concisa a los protocolos de criptografía cuántica BB84 y EK91, describirá las ventajas que estos protocolos tienen respecto de protocolos populares de criptografía convencional, expondrá las restricciones tecnológicas de BB84 y EK91, presentará los equipos de criptografía cuántica disponibles en el mercado y dará un análisis sucinto de las estimaciones de crecimiento comercial de esta disciplina.
1. The document discusses entanglement generation and state transfer in a Heisenberg spin-1/2 chain under an external magnetic field.
2. It analyzes the fidelity and concurrence of the system over time and temperature using the density matrix and Hamiltonian equations for a 2-qubit system.
3. The results show that maximally entangled states are difficult to achieve but desirable for quantum computation applications like quantum teleportation.
Report-Implementation of Quantum Gates using VerilogShashank Kumar
It was a project-based work in which I was guided to implement the quantum-based gates which would be equivalent to classical gates So, the project name was "FPGA Implementation of Digital Logic Design using Quantum Computing". Actually, it is to mitigate the problem, since in quantum any NAND based circuit is not shown universal as in the classical it was so tried by using the "IBM Quantum Composer" to make such circuit which would behave as the NAND gate and also reversible in nature as per the quantum physics says and simulated the circuitry using the "Verilog".
This presentation is about quantum computing.which going to be new technological concept for computer operating system.In this subject the research is going on.
Quantum Computing and its security implicationsInnoTech
Quantum computers work with qubits that can exist in superposition and be entangled. They have enormous computational power compared to digital computers and could solve problems like prime factorization rapidly. This poses risks to current encryption methods and allows for perfectly secure quantum communication. Several types of quantum computers are being developed, from quantum annealers to analog and universal models, with the latter offering exponential speedups but being the hardest to build. Significant progress is being made, with quantum computers in the tens of qubits now and the need to transition encryption to post-quantum algorithms within the next decade.
Quantum computing uses quantum mechanical phenomena like superposition and entanglement to perform computations. It has the potential to solve certain problems like factoring large numbers and simulating quantum systems much faster than classical computers. The basic unit of quantum information is the qubit, which can exist in superpositions of states. Quantum algorithms like Deutsch's algorithm and Shor's algorithm demonstrate quantum speedups using techniques like interference and parallelism. Physical implementations of quantum computers face challenges like controlling and measuring qubits while preventing decoherence. Significant progress has been made in developing algorithms and implementing small qubit systems, but scaling to larger, fully functional quantum computers remains an ongoing challenge.
This presentation provides an overview of quantum computers including:
- What they are and how they use quantum phenomena like superposition and entanglement to perform operations.
- Common algorithms like Shor's algorithm, Grover's algorithm, and Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm.
- Key concepts like qubits, quantum gates, entanglement, and bra-ket notation.
- Challenges like errors, decoherence, and difficulty verifying results against classical computers.
- Recent advances in building larger quantum computers with more qubits by companies like Intel, Google, and IBM.
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Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold Method
Sthack 2015 - Renaud "@nono2357" Lifchitz - Quantum computing in practice
1. Quantum computing in practice
Quantum computing in practice
& applications to cryptography
Renaud Lifchitz
OPPIDA
Sthack, March 27, 2015
Renaud Lifchitz Sthack, March 27, 2015 1 / 67
2. Quantum computing in practice
Speaker’s bio
French senior security engineer working at Oppida
(http://www.oppida.fr), France
Main activities:
Penetration testing & security audits
Security research
Security trainings
Main interests:
Security of protocols (authentication, cryptography,
information leakage, zero-knowledge proofs...)
Number theory (integer factorization, primality
testing, elliptic curves...)
Renaud Lifchitz Sthack, March 27, 2015 2 / 67
3. Quantum computing in practice
Goals of this talk
Introduce quantum physics basics to newcomers
Give “state-of-the-art” results in quantum computing &
cryptography
Explain principles and basic blocks to build quantum circuits
Give people ideas, tools and hardware access to practice
quantum computing
Renaud Lifchitz Sthack, March 27, 2015 3 / 67
4. Quantum computing in practice
Outline
1 Basics of quantum computing
2 Quantum gates and circuits
3 Fundamental quantum algorithms
4 Attacks against cryptography
5 Quantum computing simulations & tools
6 Computing on adiabatic quantum computers
7 Computing on real quantum computers
8 The future of cryptography: post-quantum cryptography
9 Conclusion
Renaud Lifchitz Sthack, March 27, 2015 4 / 67
5. Quantum computing in practice
Basics of quantum computing
Section 1
Basics of quantum computing
Renaud Lifchitz Sthack, March 27, 2015 5 / 67
6. Quantum computing in practice
Basics of quantum computing
Quantum principles
1. Small-scale physical objects (atom, molecule, photon, electron, ...) both
behave as particles and as waves during experiments (quantum duality
principle)
2. Main characteristics of these objects (position, spin, polarization, ...) are
not determined, have multiple values according to a probabilistic
distribution (quantum superposition principle / Heisenberg’s uncertainty
principle)
3. Further interaction or measurement will collapse this probability
distribution into a single, steady state (quantum decoherence principle)
4. Consequently, copying a quantum state is not possible (no-cloning
theorem)
We can take advantage of the first 3 principles to do powerful
non-classical computations
Renaud Lifchitz Sthack, March 27, 2015 6 / 67
7. Quantum computing in practice
Basics of quantum computing
Quantum principles
Figure : Position of an atom under quantum conditions across time,
sometimes it is 100% determined, sometimes 50% - Image created by
Thomas Fogarty, graduate student from University College Cork in Ireland
Renaud Lifchitz Sthack, March 27, 2015 7 / 67
8. Quantum computing in practice
Basics of quantum computing
Recent quantum experiments
Instant interaction of entangled qubits - EPR Paradox: Summer
2008, University of Geneva, Nicolas Gisin and his colleagues
determined that the speed of the quantum interaction is at least
10000 times the speed of light using correlated photons at a
18-km distance (http://arxiv.org/abs/0808.3316)
Quantum teleportation: September 2014, same team of scientists
successfully achieved a 25-km quantum teleportation
Renaud Lifchitz Sthack, March 27, 2015 8 / 67
9. Quantum computing in practice
Basics of quantum computing
Schr¨odinger’s cat though experiment
Paradox, though experiment, designed by Austrian
physicist Erwin Schr¨odinger in 1935
A cat, a bottle of poison, a radioactive source, and
a radioactivity detector are placed in a sealed box
If the detector detects radioactivity, the bottle is
broken, killing the cat
Until we open the box, the cat may be both alive
AND dead!
Renaud Lifchitz Sthack, March 27, 2015 9 / 67
10. Quantum computing in practice
Basics of quantum computing
Current freely available quantum systems
Quantum number generator:
Commercial ID Quantique “Quantis” provides 4 Mbits/s to 16 MBits/s of true quantum
randomness:
Online “Quantum Random Bit Generator” (QRBG121) service: http://random.irb.hr/
Quantum encryption system:
Commercial ID Quantique “Cerberis” & “Centauris” allow Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) and
encryption up to 100 Gbps and 100 km:
Renaud Lifchitz Sthack, March 27, 2015 10 / 67
11. Quantum computing in practice
Basics of quantum computing
Quantum cryptography
Unbreakable cryptography, even with a quantum computer
Doesn’t rely on math problems we don’t know how to solve, but on laws
of physics we can’t get around
Uses QKD (Quantum Key Distribution) to exchange a symmetric key of
the same size as the message (one-time pad) over a quantum channel
(optical fiber for instance)
The encrypted message is sent classically
Interception is useless: the attacker will alter half of the key bits on
average, and the receiver will detect the snooping thanks to quantum
error correction codes
Quantum Key Distribution networks exist in Geneva (Switzerland),
Vienna (Austria), Massachusetts (USA), Tokyo (Japan) for banking or
academic purposes
Max distance is about 100 kms
Renaud Lifchitz Sthack, March 27, 2015 11 / 67
12. Quantum computing in practice
Basics of quantum computing
Current coherence times of qubits
Qubit type Coherence time
Silicon nuclear spin 25 s.
Trapped ion 15 s.
Trapped neutral atom 10 s.
Phosphorus in silicon 10 s.
NMR molecule nuclear spin 2 s.
Photon (infrared photon in optical fibre) 0.1 ms.
Superconducting qubit 4 µs.
Quantum dot 3 µs.
Figure : Current sorted coherence times of qubits (source: Institute Of
Physics Publishing 2011, U.K.)
Renaud Lifchitz Sthack, March 27, 2015 12 / 67
13. Quantum computing in practice
Quantum gates and circuits
Section 2
Quantum gates and circuits
Renaud Lifchitz Sthack, March 27, 2015 13 / 67
14. Quantum computing in practice
Quantum gates and circuits
Qubit representations
Constant qubits 0 and 1 are represented as |0 and |1
They form a 2-dimension basis, e.g. |0 =
1
0 and |1 =
0
1
An arbitrary qubit q is a linear superposition of the basis states: |q = α|0 +β|1 =
α
β
where α ∈ C, β ∈ C
When q is measured, the real probability that its state is measured as |0 is |α|2 so
|α|2 +|β|2 = 1
Combination of qubits forms a quantum register and can be done using the tensor
product: |10 = |1 ⊗|0 =
0
0
1
0
First qubit of a combination is usually the most significant qubit of the quantum register
A qubit can also be viewed as a unit vector within a sphere (Bloch sphere)
Renaud Lifchitz Sthack, March 27, 2015 14 / 67
15. Quantum computing in practice
Quantum gates and circuits
Basics of quantum gates
For thermodynamic reasons, a quantum gate must be reversible
It follows that quantum gates have the same number of inputs
and outputs
A n-qubit quantum gate can be represented by a 2nx2n unitary
matrix
Applying a quantum gate to a qubit can be computed by
multiplying the qubit vector by the operator matrix on the left
Combination of quantum gates can be computed using the matrix
product of their operator matrix
In theory, quantum gates don’t use any energy nor give off any
heat
Renaud Lifchitz Sthack, March 27, 2015 15 / 67
16. Quantum computing in practice
Quantum gates and circuits
Pauli-X gate
Pauli-X gate Number of qubits: 1
Symbol:
Description: Quantum equivalent of a NOT gate. Rotates qubit around
the X-axis by Π radians. X.X = I.
Operator matrix: X =
0 1
1 0
Renaud Lifchitz Sthack, March 27, 2015 16 / 67
17. Quantum computing in practice
Quantum gates and circuits
Pauli-Y gate
Pauli-Y gate Number of qubits: 1
Symbol:
Description: Rotates qubit around the Y-axis by Π radians. Y.Y = I.
Operator matrix: Y =
0 −i
i 0
Renaud Lifchitz Sthack, March 27, 2015 17 / 67
18. Quantum computing in practice
Quantum gates and circuits
Pauli-Z gate
Pauli-Z gate Number of qubits: 1
Symbol:
Description: Rotates qubit around the Z-axis by Π radians. Z.Z = I.
Operator matrix: Z =
1 0
0 −1
Renaud Lifchitz Sthack, March 27, 2015 18 / 67
19. Quantum computing in practice
Quantum gates and circuits
Hadamard gate
Hadamard gate Number of qubits: 1
Symbol:
Description: Mixes qubit into an equal superposition of |0 and |1 .
Operator matrix: H = 1√
2
1 1
1 −1
Renaud Lifchitz Sthack, March 27, 2015 19 / 67
20. Quantum computing in practice
Quantum gates and circuits
Hadamard gate
The Hadamard gate is a special transform mapping the
qubit-basis states |0 and |1 to two superposition states with
“50/50” weight of the computational basis states |0 and |1 :
H.|0 = 1√
2
|0 + 1√
2
|1
H.|1 = 1√
2
|0 − 1√
2
|1
For this reason, it is widely used for the first step of a quantum
algorithm to work on all possible input values in parallel
Renaud Lifchitz Sthack, March 27, 2015 20 / 67
21. Quantum computing in practice
Quantum gates and circuits
CNOT gate
CNOT gate Number of qubits: 2
Symbol:
Description: Controlled NOT gate. First qubit is control qubit, second is
target qubit. Leaves control qubit unchanged and flips target qubit if control
qubit is true.
Operator matrix: CNOT =
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0
Renaud Lifchitz Sthack, March 27, 2015 21 / 67
22. Quantum computing in practice
Quantum gates and circuits
SWAP gate
SWAP gate Number of qubits: 2
Symbol:
Description: Swaps the 2 input qubits.
Operator matrix: SWAP =
1 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0
0 0 0 1
Renaud Lifchitz Sthack, March 27, 2015 22 / 67
23. Quantum computing in practice
Quantum gates and circuits
Phase shift gate
Phase shift gate Number of qubits: 1
Symbol:
Description: Family of gates that leave the basis state |0 unchanged and
map |1 to eiθ|1 .
Operator matrix: Rθ =
1 0
0 eiθ
Renaud Lifchitz Sthack, March 27, 2015 23 / 67
24. Quantum computing in practice
Quantum gates and circuits
Toffoli gate
Toffoli gate Number of qubits: 3
Symbol:
Description: Controlled-Controlled-NOT gate. First 2 qubits are control
qubits, third one is target qubit. Leaves control qubits unchanged and flips
target qubit if both control qubits are true.
Operator matrix: CCNOT =
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
Renaud Lifchitz Sthack, March 27, 2015 24 / 67
25. Quantum computing in practice
Quantum gates and circuits
Universal gates
A set of quantum gates is called universal if any classical logic
operation can be made with only this set of gates. Examples of
universal sets of gates:
Hadamard gate, Phase shift gate (with θ = Π
4 and θ = Π
2 ) and
Controlled NOT gate
Toffoli gate only
Renaud Lifchitz Sthack, March 27, 2015 25 / 67
26. Quantum computing in practice
Quantum gates and circuits
Circuit designing challenges
Qubits and qubit registers cannot be copied in any way
In simulation like in reality, number of used qubits must be limited
(qubit reuse wherever possible)
Qubit registers shifts are costly, moving gates “reading heads” is
somehow easier
In reality, quantum error codes should be used to avoid partial
decoherence during computation
Renaud Lifchitz Sthack, March 27, 2015 26 / 67
27. Quantum computing in practice
Fundamental quantum algorithms
Section 3
Fundamental quantum algorithms
Renaud Lifchitz Sthack, March 27, 2015 27 / 67
28. Quantum computing in practice
Fundamental quantum algorithms
Grover’s algorithm
Pure quantum algorithm for searching among N unsorted values
Complexity: O(
√
N) operations and O(logN) storage place
Probabilistic, iterating and optimal algorithm
Renaud Lifchitz Sthack, March 27, 2015 28 / 67
29. Quantum computing in practice
Fundamental quantum algorithms
Quantum Fourier Transform (QFT) algorithm
Quantum equivalent to the classical discrete Fourier Transform
algorithm
Finds periods in the input superposition
Only requires O(n2) Hadamard gates and controlled phase shift
gates, where n is the number of qubits
Renaud Lifchitz Sthack, March 27, 2015 29 / 67
30. Quantum computing in practice
Fundamental quantum algorithms
Shor’s algorithm
Pure quantum algorithm for integer factorization that runs in
polynomial time formulated in 1994
Complexity: O((logN)3) operations and storage place
Probabilistic algorithm that basically finds the period of the
sequence ak mod N and non-trivial square roots of unity
mod N
Uses QFT
Some steps are performed on a classical computer
Renaud Lifchitz Sthack, March 27, 2015 30 / 67
31. Quantum computing in practice
Attacks against cryptography
Section 4
Attacks against cryptography
Renaud Lifchitz Sthack, March 27, 2015 31 / 67
32. Quantum computing in practice
Attacks against cryptography
Breaking asymmetric cryptography
Most asymmetric cryptosystems rely on the integer factorization
difficulty
Shor’s algorithm is able to factor integers efficiently and similar
algorithms exist for solving discrete logarithms
RSA and Diffie–Hellman key exchange are quite easily broken
HTTPS, SSL, SSH, VPNs and certificates security will be
seriously threatened
Current records are RSA factorization of 21 in October 2012 (real
quantum computation), and factorization of 143 in April 2012
(adiabatic quantum computation).
Renaud Lifchitz Sthack, March 27, 2015 32 / 67
33. Quantum computing in practice
Attacks against cryptography
Breaking symmetric cryptography
It is possible to test multiple symmetric keys in parallel with a
quantum algorithm
More precisely, using Grover’s algorithm, we can test N keys in√
N steps
This divides at least all current keylength strengths by 2
Renaud Lifchitz Sthack, March 27, 2015 33 / 67
34. Quantum computing in practice
Attacks against cryptography
The new RSA-2048 challenge
Renaud Lifchitz Sthack, March 27, 2015 34 / 67
35. Quantum computing in practice
Quantum computing simulations & tools
Section 5
Quantum computing simulations & tools
Renaud Lifchitz Sthack, March 27, 2015 35 / 67
36. Quantum computing in practice
Quantum computing simulations & tools
Quantum Circuit Simulator (Android)
Figure : Design and simulation of a qubit entanglement circuit. Those 2 qubits
can interact instantly at any distance according to the nonlocality principle.
Renaud Lifchitz Sthack, March 27, 2015 36 / 67
37. Quantum computing in practice
Quantum computing simulations & tools
QCL
Figure : Shor’s algorithm running in QCL
(http://tph.tuwien.ac.at/˜oemer/qcl.html)
Renaud Lifchitz Sthack, March 27, 2015 37 / 67
38. Quantum computing in practice
Quantum computing simulations & tools
Python & Sympy
Figure : Simple 1-qubit adder with Sympy
(http://docs.sympy.org/dev/modules/physics/quantum/)
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39. Quantum computing in practice
Quantum computing simulations & tools
Python & Sympy
Figure : A quantum CRC-8 circuit with only CNOT gates
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40. Quantum computing in practice
Quantum computing simulations & tools
Quantum Computing Playground (Web)
Figure : QFT on http://www.quantumplayground.net/
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41. Quantum computing in practice
Quantum computing simulations & tools
Quantum Circuit Simulator (Web) by Davy Wybiral
Figure : Simple 1-qubit adder on http://www.davyw.com/quantum/
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42. Quantum computing in practice
Computing on adiabatic quantum computers
Section 6
Computing on adiabatic quantum computers
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43. Quantum computing in practice
Computing on adiabatic quantum computers
D-Wave adiabatic computers
D-Wave is a Canadian quantum computing company
They have built some controversial quantum computers, D-Wave One &
D-Wave Two
D-Wave computers have been sold to Lockeed Martin and Google (shared with
Nasa) for 10-15 million US dollars
They plan to double their qubit capacity every year in the next decade
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44. Quantum computing in practice
Computing on adiabatic quantum computers
Figure : Latest D-Wave “Washington” 2048-qubit chip
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45. Quantum computing in practice
Computing on adiabatic quantum computers
How do they work?
Probabilistic, iterating & convergent system
A quantum state represents the solutions to the problem
An ordinary computer will measure and rank a solution with the problem
generating function G and influences the quantum state
The quantum state will converge to a pretty good solution thanks to its
thermal equilibrium and the Boltzmann probability distribution:
P(x1,x2,...,xN) =
1
Z
e−G(x1,x2,...,xN)/kT
with Z =
N
∑
k=1
∑
xk=0,1
e−G(x1,x2,...,xN)/kT
I was able to factor the RSA integer 1609337 (21 bits) in 1 minute
using a home-made simulation model framework (no noise).
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46. Quantum computing in practice
Computing on adiabatic quantum computers
Current limitations
Limited to optimization problems
Limited to problems with solutions you can rank
Personal opinion: better when generating function is everywhere
continuous and differentiable (not the case with discrete problems
like factorization)
In conclusion, adiabatic computers are specific and need to be more
peer-reviewed and extensively tested to prove their real advantage.
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47. Quantum computing in practice
Computing on real quantum computers
Section 7
Computing on real quantum computers
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48. Quantum computing in practice
Computing on real quantum computers
“Quantum in the Cloud” project
Project of the University of Bristol (U.K.), Centre for Quantum Photonics
Full, universal, quantum computer
Remote access (JSON/HTTP) to a 2-qubit photonic chip available upon request, 4-qubit
chip available for local researchers
Online chip simulator available for training
Homepage: http://www.bristol.ac.uk/physics/research/quantum/qcloud/
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49. Quantum computing in practice
Computing on real quantum computers
“Quantum in the Cloud” project
Figure : An optoelectronic quantum chip from Bristol Centre for Quantum
Photonics
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50. Quantum computing in practice
Computing on real quantum computers
“Quantum in the Cloud” project
Parts of the chips
Representation Description
Photon input path: The beginning of a fiber path
where you can inject photons
Photon output path: The end of a fiber path where
you can detect photons
Photon beam splitter: A device which lets a certain
fraction of light pass through it, while the rest of the
light is reflected from the surface. All of the beam
splitters on the CNOT-MZ chip are “50/50” beam
splitters, apart from the three down the middle, which
let 2/3 of the light pass through them
Photon phase changer: A variable phase changer
in Π radians varying from 0 to 2. In reality, a little
heater that changes speed of photons.
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51. Quantum computing in practice
Computing on real quantum computers
“Quantum in the Cloud” project
Classical vs. Quantum Interference (1/3)
Figure : 1 input photon - classical & quantum interference: the photon will
be detected on any detector with a “50/50” probability
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52. Quantum computing in practice
Computing on real quantum computers
“Quantum in the Cloud” project
Classical vs. Quantum Interference (2/3)
Figure : 2 input photons - classical interference: half of the time, each
detector clicks once. The other half of the time, one of the detectors clicks
twice (split equally between this happening at detector 1 and detector 0)
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53. Quantum computing in practice
Computing on real quantum computers
“Quantum in the Cloud” project
Classical vs. Quantum Interference (3/3)
Figure : 2 input photons - quantum interference: Both photons will
“cooperate” and will always end up in the same path, causing one of the
detectors to click twice. This is a purely quantum mechanical effect.
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54. Quantum computing in practice
Computing on real quantum computers
“Quantum in the Cloud” project
The CNOT-MZ chip
6 injection paths for a maximum of 4 photons
13 beam splitters
8 variable phase shifters
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55. Quantum computing in practice
Computing on real quantum computers
“Quantum in the Cloud” project
Postselection step
After each experiment, some outcomes must be cancelled as
their probability is not real
Postselection is the act of restricting outcomes of a process or
experiment, based on certain conditions being satisfied
As each input qubit is coded with 2 input paths, output paths must
correspond
Outcomes with non-corresponding output paths are cancelled
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56. Quantum computing in practice
Computing on real quantum computers
“Quantum in the Cloud” project
Designing reversible logic gates with the CNOT-MZ chip
I have computed a set of possibilities for possible paths for some
1-qubit and 2-qubit gates:
q1
f 0 1
id 0 1
NOT 3 4
Figure : 1-qubit gates
q1 q2
f 0 1 0 1
id 0 1 2 5
SWAP 0 3 2 4
CNOT 1 2 3 4
CMP 0 1 3 4
Figure : 2-qubit gates
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57. Quantum computing in practice
Computing on real quantum computers
“Quantum in the Cloud” project
Demo on real hardware
NOT gate
SWAP gate
Quantum adder with a mixed qubit
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58. Quantum computing in practice
Computing on real quantum computers
“Quantum in the Cloud” project
Demo on real hardware - NOT gate
Figure : A 1-qubit NOT gate can be designed using the qubit mapping
|0 → 3 and |1 → 4 . After postselection, outcomes 1 and 5 are
cancelled and we can measure that NOT(|1 ) = |0 at any time.
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59. Quantum computing in practice
Computing on real quantum computers
“Quantum in the Cloud” project
Demo on real hardware - SWAP gate
Figure : A 2-qubit SWAP gate can be designed using the qubit mapping
|0 → 0 and |1 → 3 for the first qubit and |0 → 2 and |1 → 4 for
the second. After postselection, we can measure that SWAP(|01 ) = |10 .
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60. Quantum computing in practice
Computing on real quantum computers
“Quantum in the Cloud” project
Demo on real hardware - Quantum adder with a mixed qubit
Figure : A 1-qubit+1-qubit adder can be designed using the CNOT gate and
its qubit mapping |0 → 1 and |1 → 2 for the first qubit (control qubit)
and |0 → 3 and |1 → 4 for the second (target qubit). A Π
2 -phase shifter
is used to mix the control qubit. After postselection, we can measure that
0+1 = 1 and 1+1 = 0 (outcomes 1,4 and 2,3 ), carry bit is dropped.
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61. Quantum computing in practice
Computing on real quantum computers
“
If quantum mechanics hasn’t profoundly shocked you,
you haven’t understood it yet.
”
Niels Bohr, Atomic Physics and Human Knowledge, 1958
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62. Quantum computing in practice
The future of cryptography: post-quantum cryptography
Section 8
The future of cryptography: post-quantum
cryptography
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63. Quantum computing in practice
The future of cryptography: post-quantum cryptography
Quantum Resistant Cryptography
Currently there are 6 main different approaches:
Lattice-based cryptography
Multivariate cryptography
Hash-based cryptography
Code-based cryptography
Supersingular Elliptic Curve Isogeny cryptography
Symmetric Key Quantum Resistance
Annual event about PQC: PQCrypto conference (6th edition this year)
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64. Quantum computing in practice
Conclusion
Section 9
Conclusion
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65. Quantum computing in practice
Conclusion
Results & challenges
Quantum computing provides a new approach to thinking &
computing
Main surprising results of the quantum mechanics theory have
been verified experimentally for decades now
A lot of progress has been made in building quantum systems
suitable for computations
Efforts are now focused on finding better qubits candidates
(decoherence time), enhancing scalability of quantum chips and
improving quantum error correction codes
Absolutely nothing prevents us to increase scalabity of quantum
computers
Current asymmetric cryptosystems will probably be broken in 10
to 25 years
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66. Quantum computing in practice
Conclusion
Bibliography
The age of the qubit - A new era of quantum information in
science and technology, IOP Institute of Physics, 2011.
Jonathan P. Dowling, Schr¨odinger’s Killer App - Race to Build the
World’s First Quantum Computer, CRC Press, 2013.
Noson S. Yanofsky & Mirco A. Mannucci, Quantum computing for
computer scientists, Cambridge University Press, 2008.
Tzvetan S. Metodi & Arvin I. Faruque & Frederic T. Chong,
Quantum computing for Computer Architects, Mark D. Hill - Series
Editor, Second Edition 2011.
Michael A. Nielsen & Isaac L. Chuang, Quantum Computation
and Quantum Information, Cambridge University Press, 10th
Anniversary Edition 2010.
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67. Quantum computing in practice
Conclusion
Thanks for your attention!
Any questions?
renaud.lifchitz@oppida.fr
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