Introduction to Quantum Computer

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Introduction to Quantum Computer
Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn, created 20181227, updated 20190316
Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn
NSTDA Research Fellow
Fellow of OSA and SPIE
National Electronics and Computer Technology Center
National Science and Technology Development Agency
Ministry of Science and Technology, Thailand
Email: sarun.sumriddetchkajorn@nectec.or.th

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Outlines
• Qubit vs Bit
• Brief history of quantum computer
• Trend
• What happening now…

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Qubit vs Bit
1
0
or
Bit can have one of two states
ON
OFF
Qubithas many more possible states at the same time
|0>
|1>



=cos(/2)|0>+exp(i)sin(/2)|1>
• Qubit seems to contain an infinite amount of information
• The information can be extracted by a measurement
• When measured, qubit collapses, resulting in |0> or |1> with
probability associated with qubit’s latitude
Superposition Entanglement
Qubit can be in
more than one state
at the same time
Qubits can affect
each other over huge
distances (i.e., a type
of correlation)
  
,
Equivalent to Parallel Computing
particle

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Quantum
Computing Platform
(3-Qubit System)
|000>
|001>
|010>
|011>
|100>
|101>
|110>
|111>
Probabilities

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https://www.nea.com/blog/quantum-computing-time-for-venture-capitalists-to-put-chips-on-the-table

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1900 Max Planck
-- Originator of Quantum Theory
-- Energy quantization
Object cannot be represented as only wave or
particle
1927 Werner Heisenberg
-- Uncertainty principle
Some properties of a quantum object cannot
be known exactly at the same time
1905 Albert Einstein
-- Photoelectric effect
1913 Neils Bohr
-- Atomic model
1924 Louis de Broglie
-- Wave-particle duality
1926 Erwin Schrödinger
-- Wave mechanics
Probabilities for the possible results measured
on the system

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Superposition
Quantum object can be in more
than one state at the same time
Entanglement
Quantum object can affect each
other over a long distance
1935 – Thought experiment “EPR Paradox”
Boris Podolsky Nathan RosenAlbert Einstein
Interaction of particles:
-- Both their position and their momentum can be
measured more accurately than Uncertainty
Principle allows
-- Unless measuring on one particle
instantaneously affects the other to prevent
this accuracy
-- Meaning that information is transmitted faster
than light which opposes the theory of
relativity (“Spooky action at a distance”)
1935 Erwin Schrödinger
-- Thought experiment
“Schrödinger’s Cat”

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1970 Charles Bennett and Stephen Wiesner
-- First use of phrase “Quantum information theory”
-- First suggestion “using entanglement as a communication”
Richard Feynman
“Nature isn't classical, dammit, and if you
want to make a simulation of nature, you'd
better make it quantum mechanical, and by
golly it's a wonderful problem, because it
doesn't look so easy”
1980 Yuri Ivanovitch Manin
Proposed the Idea of a
Quantum Computer in 1980
with his book “Computable
and Uncomputable”

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1985 David Deutsch
Described “Universal quantum computer”
1984 Charles Bennett and Gilles Brassard
-- Proposed cryptography based on quantum mechanics

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1993 Charles Bennett and his team
-- Demonstrated quantum information can be
transmitted under the principle of entanglement
Key knowledge in the starting point of many
quantum algorithms and quantum error corrections
1994 Peter Shor
-- Showed the possibility of factoring a number
into its primitives on a quantum computer
-- Shor’s algorithm was shown that a quantum
computer is fundamentally more powerful than
conventional one.
1996 Lov Grover
-- Created ultra-fast Grover’s database search
algorithm for non-indexed databases
-- Can be used to crack codes
1996 David DiVicenzo
-- Created “Divicenzo” Criteria for the
implementation of a quantum computer
1.A scalable physical system with well characterized qubit
2.The ability to initialize the state of the qubits to a simple
fiducial state
3.Long relevant decoherence times
4.A "universal" set of quantum gates
5.A qubit-specific measurement capability

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2004 Robert Scholkopf and Michel Devoret
-- Invented circuit quantum electrodynamic, laying the foundation for coupling and reading superconducting qubits
https://ocr.yale.edu/featured-innovator/robert-schoelkopf-and-michel-devoret
2007 Robert Scholkopf and his team
-- Invented “Transmon” superconducting circuit, reducing sensitivity to charge noise
-- IBM also adopted this concept, Google later on used this concept
2016 IBM made Quantum Computer available on Cloud
2010 D Wave Systems released commercial quantum computer (annealer)

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Qubit Platform Technology
• Trapped ions
• Neutral atoms
• Quantum dots
• Spins of phosphorous donors in Si (Si:P)
• Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) in Diamond
• Superconducting circuits to trap ions
IBM uses Niobium and Aluminum on Si wafer
based on Josephson Junction
https://phys.org/news/2014-11-qubits-based-ions-
scalable-platform.html
https://jila.colorado.edu/dzanderson/research-area-
description/neutral-atom-quantum-computing
Neutral atoms
Trapped ions

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https://www.asianscientist.com/2017/05/in-the-
lab/single-photon-random-diamond/
http://www.fqt.unsw.edu.au/research/do
nor-spin-qubit-in-silicon
https://www.unibas.ch/en/Research/Uni-Nova/Uni-
Nova-130/Uni-Nova-130-Qubits-the-building-
blocks-of-the-quantum-computer.html
Quantum dots
Gold contact
electron
Quantum dots
Si:P
NV in diamond

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>2023

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>2027

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2023-2033

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European: Quantum Flagship
• 1b€ and 10yr initiative, launches on October 29th
• Involving the quantum community at large, 5000+ European researchers in academia and industry
• Quantum Communication: 10 projects
• Quantum Computing: 11 projects
• Quantum Simulation: 6 projects
• Quantum Metrology and Sensing: 22 projects
• Basic Science: 90 projects
Governance of Quantum Flagship
• Strategic Advisory Board (SAB): monitors the Flagship progress and recommends to the EC appropriate measures.
(Chair -- Prof. Dr. Jürgen Mlynek, former president of the Helmholtz Association of German
Research Centers and chairman of the Falling Walls Foundation)
• Science and Engineering Board (SEB): ensures a steady flow of information between the projects and foster synergies,
such as joint use of fabrication facilities, and exploitation of project results in other
projects. (Representatives from all funded projects)
• Quantum Community Network (QCN): responsible for involving the broader QT community and helps to coordinate
the interaction with national initiatives. (Representatives from the QT community of
each EU member state and associated country)
• Coordination and Support Action (CSA): acts as a support organization and to coordinate all non-scientific
collaboration and public outreach.
Five main areas: (500+ researchers, 132m€, Oct. 18- Sept. 21)

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Technical Milestones
• In 3 years: quantum processors with more than 50 qubits
• In 6 years: quantum processor fitted with robust qubits
• In 10 years: quantum algorithms demonstrating quantum speed-up and
outperforming classical computers
Quantum Computers
8-Qubit superconducting quantum processor
fabricated at ETH Zurich
Quantum Simulators
Atom distribution of an ultracold quantum gas
• In 3 years: experimental devices with quantum advantage on the scale of more
than 50 (processor) or 500 (lattices) individual coupled quantum systems
• In 6 years: quantum advantage in solving important problems in science (e.g.,
quantum magnetism) and demonstration of quantum optimisation (e.g., quantum
annealing)
• In 10 years: prototype quantum simulators solving problems beyond
supercomputer capability (e.g., quantum chemistry, the design of new materials,
and optimisation problems related to AI)

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• In 3 years: development and certification of QRNG and QKD devices and systems
(high-speed, high-TRL, low deployment costs, new protocols, network operation),
development of systems and protocols for quantum repeaters, quantum
memories and long distance communication
• In 6 years: cost-effective and scalable devices and systems for inter-city and intra-
city networks
• In 10 years: development of autonomous metro-area, long distance (> 1000km)
and entanglement-based networks “quantum Internet”
Univ. Geneva’s prototype QKD system capable of
autonomous operation and key distribution over
more than 300km
Quantum Communication
Quantum Sensors/Metrology
A spin based quantum sensor for unravelling
structure of single biomolecules.
• In 3 years: quantum sensors, imaging systems and quantum standards
demonstrated in laboratory environment;
• In 6 years: integrated quantum sensors, imaging systems and metrology
standards at the prototype level, with first commercial products brought to the
market, as well as laboratory demonstrations of entanglement enhanced
technologies in sensing
• In 10 years: transition from prototypes to commercially devices.

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• Established in 2018 in Paris, a Venture Fund dedicated to Deep Physics startups
• Focuses on the emerging and disruptive field of Quantum Technologies
$3.3 M

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QKD and RNG Devices based
on Integrated Photonics
optics.org
• Spin-out from the UK’s University of Bristol (Quantum Engineering Technology Laboratories)
• Founded in 2016 by Chris Erven and raised £1 million from venture backers, and
• Supported by £1 million from Innovate UK and the UK’s National Quantum Technologies Programme
• Partners with Airbus and “AQuaSec” (Agile Quantum Safe Communication) project that recently
received backing via the UK’s Industrial Strategy Challenge Fund
• Aimed to deliver a miniature QKD prototype within two years

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• Spinoff company from Spanish photonics research center
ICFO with photonic integration technology
• Plan to develop the fastest and smallest quantum entropy
source for secure random number generation

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• President Xi Jinping emphasized the strategic importance of quantum technology in 2018
• Set national research programs related to quantum technology
• Estimated national funding in the range of billions of dollars
China
• Launched the world’s first quantum satellite [Quantum
Experiments at Space Scale (QUESS)] as a test platform for
quantum communications links between space and Earth
2016
2017 • Demonstrated several steps in using the satellite to test quantum encryption and
setting a distance record for entanglement between qubits
Quantum satellite at the Chinese Academy of Sciences'
Shanghai Engineering Center for Microsatellites
• Completed a 2,000-kilometer fiber optic
backbone between Beijing and Shanghai
for a ground-based quantum network
• Reported a new record in developing
quantum radar with improved accuracy in
detecting targets up to 100 kilometers
away

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Atomic fabrication facility
Nanofabrication facility
Magnet Lab
Materials & device fabrication facilities
Ion beam facilities
Advanced measurement facilities
Solid-state spectroscopy facilities
Quantum measurement lab
Quantum communication lab(host ANU
quantum random number generator sever)
Ultra precision lathe lab
Quantum technology lab
Laser lab
Quantum optics & information lab
http://www.cqc2t.org/
Funded in 2000 by ARC, it is an international collaboration between seven
Australian universities and more than 25 partners to form one of the largest
combined efforts in quantum computation and communication research
Australia
Si-based Quantum Computing based on UNSW technology
Quantum Communication based on ANU technology
Microsoft quantum computing research
Quantum science research group
Spin off

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Milestone: 10-qubit Si integrated quantum computing in 2020

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National Quantum Initiative (NQI) Act
• Establish the goals and priorities for a 10-year plan to accelerate the development of quantum information
science and technology applications
• “Quantum information science (QIS)” is defined as the storage, transmission, manipulation, or
measurement of information that is encoded in systems that can only be described by the laws of quantum
physics
• 13 Dec 2018: US Senates passed the bill
• 21 Dec 2018: Presented to and signed by the President of United States
 NIST shall carry out specified quantum science activities and convene a
workshop to discuss the development of a quantum information science
and technology industry
 The National Science Foundation shall:
o carry out a basic research and education program on quantum
information science and engineering, and
o award grants for the establishment of Multidisciplinary Centers for
Quantum Research and Education
 The Department of Energy (DOE) shall carry out a basic research program
on quantum information science
 The Office of Science of DOE shall establish and operate National
Quantum Information Science Research Centers to conduct basic
research to accelerate scientific breakthroughs in quantum information
science and technology Ref: aip.org
Effort through: National Photonics Initiative (NPI)
USA

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NQI “Action Plan” -- Goals --
• Development of a world-leading industrial quantum technology workforce, advancing quantum research and
technology, and developing quantum software and intellectual property.
Governance of National Quantum Initiative
• National Science and Technology Council: Representatives from
NIST, NSF, DOE, NASA, the Department of Defense, Office of the Director
of National Intelligence, White House Office of Management and
Budget, and White House Office of Science and Technology Policy
• National Quantum Initiative Advisory Committee:
Representatives from industry, universities, and federal laboratories who
will be selected based on recommendations from “Congress, industry,
the scientific community (including the National Academy of Sciences,
scientific professional societies, and universities), the defense
community, and other appropriate organizations”
• National Quantum Coordination Office
 Coordinates QIS R&D programs and budgets
across federal agencies
 Assesses R&D infrastructure requirements
and the state of the QIS workforce
 Establish goals and priorities.
 Provides external input on the progress and
management of the initiative and on trends
in QIS-related science and technology more
broadly.
 Serves as a point of contact for NQI
 Promotes funding opportunities
 Conducts public outreach

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• 2004 Idea conceived
• 2005 First publication
• 2008 Research began at Samsung (Korea) and stop due to economic issue
• 2011 Research began again at Dartmouth supported by Rambus Inc. (USA)
• Single-photon avalanche detectors (SPADs)
• Photon counting devices
• Low light imaging devices
• Cryptography
Quanta Image Sensor (QIS): Single photon sensitivity at room temp, sub-diffraction limit pixel
Dartmouth’s QIS chip fabricated by TSMC
https://www.laserfocusworld.com/articles/print/volume-54/issue-
12/features/advances-in-detectors-the-quanta-image-sensor-qis-
making-every-photon-count.html
Possible Applications:

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Superconducting circuit
Josephson Junction
for microwave signal
founded in 2014 by Delft
University of Technology

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https://cen.acs.org/articles/95/i37/Quantum-computing-goes-beyond-hydrogen-and-helium.html

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https://quantumexperience.ng.bluemix.net/qx/community/question?questionId=5ae975
690f020500399ed3bb&channel=videos
Shape and frequency of
microwave signals
https://quantumexperience.ng.bluemix.net/qx/community/question?questionId=5ae97569
0f020500399ed3a1&channel=videos

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Physics Today, March 2019

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IBM Q System One

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50-Qubit in the
development

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Feb. 21, 2019

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from qiskit import QuantumRegister, ClassicalRegister
from qiskit import QuantumCircuit, Aer, execute
q = QuantumRegister(2)
c = ClassicalRegister(2)
qc = QuantumCircuit(q, c)
qc.h(q[0])
qc.cx(q[0], q[1])
qc.measure(q, c)
backend = Aer.get_backend('qasm_simulator')
job_sim = execute(qc, backend)
sim_result = job_sim.result()
print(sim_result.get_counts(qc))
• Provides tool for composing quantum
programs at the level of circuits and
pulses
• Provide high performance simulator framework
• Contains optimized C++ simulator backends
from qiskit import QuantumRegister, ClassicalRegister
from qiskit import QuantumCircuit, execute, Aer, IBMQ
from qiskit.providers.aer import noise
# Choose a real device to simulate
IBMQ.load_accounts()
device = IBMQ.get_backend('ibmq_16_melbourne')
properties = device.properties()
coupling_map = device.configuration().coupling_map
# Generate an Aer noise model for device
noise_model = noise.device.basic_device_noise_model(properties)
basis_gates = noise_model.basis_gates
# Generate a quantum circuit
q = QuantumRegister(2)
c = ClassicalRegister(2)
qc = QuantumCircuit(q, c)
qc.h(q[0])
qc.cx(q[0], q[1])
qc.measure(q, c)
# Perform noisy simulation
job_sim = execute(qc, backend,
coupling_map=coupling_map,
noise_model=noise_model,
basis_gates=basis_gates)
sim_result = job_sim.result()
print(sim_result.get_counts(qc))
• Contains a library of cross-domain
quantum algorithms upon which
applications for near-term quantum
computing can be built.
• Currently allows the user to experiment
on chemistry, AI, optimization and
finance applications for near-term
quantum computers.
from qiskit import Aer
from qiskit_aqua.components.oracles import SAT
from qiskit_aqua.algorithms import Grover
sat_cnf = """
c Example DIMACS 3-sat
p cnf 3 5
-1 -2 -3 0
1 -2 3 0
1 2 -3 0
1 -2 -3 0
-1 2 3 0
"""
oracle = SAT(sat_cnf)
algorithm = Grover(oracle)
result = algorithm.run(backend)
print(result["result"])
https://qiskit.org/

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Being used by Lockheed Martin, Google, NASA,
USC, USRA, Los Alamos National Laboratory,
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and Volkswagen

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D-Wave Technology
• Based on quantum annealing
• 2010 Released the first commercial system 128-qubit “D-Wave One™”
• 2013 Released 512-qubit D-Wave Two™ system
• 2015 Released 1000+ qubit D-Wave 2X™ system
• 2017 Released 2000-qubit D-Wave 2000Q™ system
A study published in Science in June 2014, found that the D-
Wave chip "produced no quantum speedup" and did not rule
out the possibility in future tests.

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Access: D-Wave 2000Q quantum computer
Software: Ocean SDK
Hands-on coding
Learning resources
Community support
Real-Time QPU Access
• Free: get a minute of QPU access time, enough to run between 400 and 4000 problems
• Earn additional time by providing your GitHub credentials
• Solutions are returned in seconds
• Upgrade for additional blocks of time starting at $2000/hr (discounts for longer
engagements, and for users from university and government sectors)

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https://ai.googleblog.com/2018/03/a-preview-of-bristlecone-googles-new.html
http://meetings.aps.org/Meeting/MAR18/Session/A33.1
https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/semiconductors/design/google-team-builds-
circuit-to-solve-one-of-quantum-computings-biggest-problems
• Codename “Bristlecone”
• 72 qubits
• 2D array of coupled “Transmon” qubits developed from
previous 9-qubit 1D array
• 168 coaxial cables connecting between the chamber of
quantum processor and the control unit
• In the process of developing CMOS based pulse
modulator and readout units working at 4K, hoping to
reduce number of coaxial cables and system dimensions
9-qubit linear array
-- readout error: 1%, gate error: 0.1%
qubit

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Q# with Visual Studio extension

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Photonic Chips
• Generate photons
• Control photons
• Measure photons

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Quantum
programming in
Python
• Founded in 2013 by Chad Rigetti
• Raised over $119 million from investors
(Andreessen Horowitz and Vy Capital)
• Hold over 50 U.S. Patent Applications

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• Founded in 2016 by Chris Monroe and
Jungsang Kim
• Licensed core tech from University of
Maryland and Duke University
• Raised $2 million in seed funding from
New Enterprise Associates
• 2017 Raised an additional $20 million
from GV, Amazon Web Services, and NEA

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Scientific founders:
Michel Devoret, Luigi Frunzio, and Robert Schoelkopf
Yale University

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https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/13/technology/quantum-computing-research.html

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Will it practically work?
exploits instantaneously many
possible quantum states
Number of qubits
Error rates
Goal
Concerns

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Chance of gate errors
• Classical Computer: 10-22 %
• Quantum Computer: 0.1%

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NISQ: Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum
FT: Fault Tolerance
Vol. 107, No. 1, January 2019 | PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE
1,000-100,000
Logical Qubits for a
Practical Quantum
Computer

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Many more works related to hardware,
software, and algorithms plus funding
supports are still needed to make a
“Useful Quantum Computer”

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