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Quantum Computing
Quantum computing is a field focused on developing technology based on quantum mechanics principles, using qubits that can represent multiple states simultaneously. This technology has applications in areas such as quantum cryptography and optimizations in complex computational tasks. It has the potential to revolutionize computing capabilities and security, enabling solutions to previously unsolvable problems.
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Quantum Computing
- 1.
- 2. OVERVIEW Introduction HowA Computer Works Quantum Mechanics Superposition Tunnelling Entanglement Quantum Computing Qubit Quantum Computer Building A Qubit Applications Quantum Cryptography Conclusion References
- 3. INTRODUCTION Quantum computing isthe area of study focused on developing computer technology based on the principles of Quantum Mechanics. The power of the quantum computer is that it is based on a logic that is not limited merely to on-or-off, true- or-false scenarios. Quantum computing uses Qubits. It can represent a zero, a one and both, which is known as Superposition. It uses phenomenon such as Quantum Tunnelling, Quantum Entanglement to solve more complex calculations. From optimization problems to simulation, machine learning, weather forecasting all will be possible with accurate outcomes with this technology.
- 4. What Is Computing? The process of utilizing computer technology to complete a task. Swiping a debit card, sending an email, or using a cell phone can all be considered forms of computing
- 5. What Is AComputer ? Computer is an electronic device that is designed to work with Information. Computer cannot do anything without a Program
- 6. How A ComputerWorks ? A classical computer basically works its functions using bits, logical gates, transistors. Information In computer, information, in its most basic form, can be represented as a sequence of bits.
- 7. Numbers can berepresented in binary using decimal to binary conversion. Similarly words using ASCII/UTF-8, graphics using jpeg, png, mpeg, etc. These are all just sequence of bits. What Is A Bit ? It is the basic unit of data in computers. All the data in computers are presented in form of bits. A bit can in one of the two states, i.e. either be zero or one at a time.
- 8. Logic Gates A logicgate is an elementary building block of a digital circuit. Most logic gates have two inputs and one output. At any given moment, every terminal is in one of the two binary conditions low (0) or high (1), represented by different voltage levels.
- 9. Operations Using LogicGates And Bits Using multiple gates in specific order we can achieve any operation on computer.
- 10. Quantization of energy Thisis a function of Analog-to-digital converters It is the branch of mechanics that deals with the mathematical description of the motion and interaction of subatomic particles, incorporating the concepts of quantization of energy, wave–particle duality, the uncertainty principle, and the entanglement, superposition, annealing, tunneling.
- 11. Wave particle duality Wave–particleduality is the concept that every elementary particle or quantic entity may be partly described in terms not only of particles, but also of waves. Superposition it says an object can be in two places at once while not being observed
- 12. However, once a measurementof a particle is made, and for example its energy or position is known, the superposition is lost and now we have a particle in one known state.
- 13. Quantum tunnelling For examplea ball trying to roll over a hill particles can, with a very small probability, tunnel to the other side.
- 14. Quantum entanglement It saystwo objects are related to each other in way that one’s states cannot be described independent of another.
- 15. QUANTUM COMPUTING Qubit A quantumbit is a superposed version of classical bit where it can be a 0, 1 and both 0&1 at the same time.
- 16. Quantum Gates In quantumcomputing and specifically the quantum circuit model of computation, a quantum gate (or quantum logic gate) is a basic quantum circuit operating on a small number of qubits.
- 17. QUANTUM COMPUTER Lets BuildA Qubit Taking a phosphorous atom which contains one electron on outer cell we can build a qubit. The phosphorous atom is embedded into silicon crystal followed by tiny transistors.
- 18. Super conducting magnets Liquidhydrogen
- 19. Specific amount of microwavepulse to change the qubit Since magnetic fields can affect the spin, we need to eliminate all the spin nearby. So we use an isotope of silicon, which is 28Si14 which has no nuclear spin of its own.
- 20.
- 22. Software and Programming Justas the classical computing world needed a software ecosystem to build a broad community of application developers and users, the quantum computing world does as well. The D- Wave 2000Q system provides a standard Internet API, with client libraries available for C/C++, Python, and MATLAB. This interface allows users to access the system either as a cloud resource over a network, or integrated into their high-performance computing environments and data centres. Access is also available through D-Wave’s hosted cloud service. Using D-Wave’s development tools and client libraries, developers can create algorithms and applications within their existing environments using industry- standard tools.
- 23. APPLICATIONS Optimisation Problems In mathematicsand computer science, an optimization problem is the problem of finding the best solution from all feasible solutions.
- 24. Security Threat The currentRSA is based on prime factors of large numbers such as a 2048 bit number. The current classical computer will take nearly 3biilion years to break this using the public key provide with hit and trial method.
- 25. But now withthe use of quantum computers and Shor’s quantum algorithm for factoring numbers using quantum computers it can be factored and break the security of maximum current security on the internet.
- 26. Solution To Threat Quantumcryptography. As qubits can be made of polarized photons, say we transfer photons from sender to receiver using fiber optics cables and the receiver will measure those photons into bits and read the message.
- 27.
- 28. Interference The receiver needsto match the filter using which the sender has sent the key. Because according to quantum mechanics ”if receiver uses a diagonal detector on photon sent in vertical or horizontal photon, it’ll have a 50-50 chance of measuring either vertical or horizontal. i.e. 1 or 0.”
- 29. CONCLUSION The power ofthe quantum computer is that it is based on a logic that is not limited merely to on-or-off, true- or-false scenarios. It will use practical ways to solve practical problems on large scale. It will change how we use computers and secures them now. It can break most of current cyber securities we currently use in just seconds. On the other it will help us solving current unsolvable problems like optimization problems to simulation, machine learning, weather forecasting all will be possible with accurate outcomes with this technology. It also come up with solution to security threat with quantum encryption method. It will be only in our hands whether to use it for good or bad. Recently, on 6th march 2017, IBM has announced world’s first
- 30. REFERENCES http://www.dwavesys.com/d-wave-two-system http://www.dwavesys.com/quantum-computing http://www.dwavesys.com/resources/tutorials http://computer.howstuffworks.com/quantum-computer1.htm https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_information_science Wikipedia – Annealing,Superposition, Qubit, Entanglement. QUANTUM COMPUTING EXPLAINED By David McMahon D-Wave-brochure-Mar2016B Research white paper. https://www.youtube.com/user/minutephysics YouTube - Minute Physics https://www.youtube.com/user/1veritasium YouTube – Veritasium https://www.youtube.com/user/Kurzgesagt YouTube – Kurzgesagt – In a Nutshell https://www.youtube.com/user/frameofessence YouTube – Frame of Essence
- 31.
Editor's Notes
- #5 The process of utilizing computer technology to complete a task. Computing may involve computer hardware and/or software, but must involve some form of a computer system. Most individuals use some form of computing every day whether they realize it or not. Swiping a debit card, sending an email, or using a cell phone can all be considered forms of computing.
- #6 Computer is an electronic device that is designed to work with Information. The term computer is derived from the Latin term ‘Computare’, this means to calculate or programmable machine. Computer cannot do anything without a Program.
- #7 A classical computer basically works its functions using bits, logical gates, transistors and pre-defined algorithms which are programmed into machine codes. All the data from text to graphic files and media files are stored in binary digits. The operations are made using logic gate combinations. It processes information using all these methods.
- #8 Bit refers to binary digit. It is the basic unit of data in computers. Computer understands binary instead of decimal. All the data in computers are presented in form of bits. A bit can in one of the two states, i.e. either be zero or one at a time. Two classical bits can represent four possible states, each state at a time. Numbers can be represented in binary using decimal to binary conversion. Similarly words using ASCII/UTF-8, graphics using jpeg, png, mpeg, etc. These are all just sequence of bits.
- #11 It is the process of converting a continuous range of values into a finite range of discreet values. This is a function of Analog-to-digital converters, which create a series of digital values to represent the original Analog signal.
- #12 It states that, much like waves in classical physics, any two (or more) quantum states can be added together ("superposed") and the result will be another valid quantum state; and conversely, that every quantum state can be represented as a sum of two or more other distinct states. Because quantum mechanics is weird, instead of thinking about a particle being in one state or changing between a varieties of states, particles are thought of as existing across all the possible states at the same time. If you’re thinking in terms of particles, it means a particle can be in two places at once. However, once a measurement of a particle is made, and for example its energy or position is known, the superposition is lost and now we have a particle in one known state. For example a qubit can be 1, 0 or both 0&1 at same time.
- #13 It states that, much like waves in classical physics, any two (or more) quantum states can be added together ("superposed") and the result will be another valid quantum state; and conversely, that every quantum state can be represented as a sum of two or more other distinct states. Because quantum mechanics is weird, instead of thinking about a particle being in one state or changing between a varieties of states, particles are thought of as existing across all the possible states at the same time. If you’re thinking in terms of particles, it means a particle can be in two places at once. However, once a measurement of a particle is made, and for example its energy or position is known, the superposition is lost and now we have a particle in one known state. For example a qubit can be 1, 0 or both 0&1 at same time.
- #14 Quantum tunnelling refers to the quantum mechanical phenomenon where a particle tunnels through a barrier that it classically could not surmount. For example a ball trying to roll over a hill, Classical mechanics predicts that particles that do not have enough energy to classically surmount a barrier will not be able to reach the other side. Thus, a ball without sufficient energy to surmount the hill would roll back down. Or, lacking the energy to penetrate a wall, it would bounce back. In quantum mechanics, these particles can, with a very small probability, tunnel to the other side. This plays an essential role in several physical phenomena, such as the nuclear fusion that occurs in main sequence stars like the Sun. It has important applications to modern devices such as the tunnel diode, quantum computing, and the scanning tunnelling microscope. Tunnelling is often explained using the Heisenberg uncertainty principle and the wave–particle duality of matter.
- #15 Quantum entanglement is a physical phenomenon that occurs when pairs or groups of particles are generated or interact in ways such that the quantum state of each particle cannot be described independently of the others, even when the particles are separated by a large distance (billions of miles)—instead, a quantum state must be described for the system as a whole. Measurements of physical properties such as position, momentum, spin, and polarization, performed on entangled particles are found to be appropriately correlated. For example, if a pair of particles are generated in such a way that their total spin is known to be zero, and one particle is found to have clockwise spin on a certain axis, the spin of the other particle, measured on the same axis, will be found to be counter clockwise, as to be expected due to their entanglement. Einstein referring to it as "spooky action at a distance".
- #16 In quantum computing, a qubit or quantum bit (sometimes qbit) is a unit of quantum information—the quantum analogue of the classical bit. A qubit is a two-state quantum-mechanical system, such as the polarization of a single photon: here the two states are vertical polarization and horizontal polarization. In a classical system, a bit would have to be in one state or the other. However, quantum mechanics allows the qubit to be in a superposition of both states at the same time, a property that is fundamental to quantum computing. An important distinguishing feature between a qubit and a classical bit is that multiple qubits can exhibit quantum entanglement. Entanglement is a nonlocal property that allows a set of qubits to express higher correlation than is possible in classical systems. A number of qubits taken together is a qubit register. Quantum computers perform calculations by manipulating qubits within a register. A qubyte (quantum byte) is a collection of eight qubits. It is possible to fully encode one bit in one qubit. However, a qubit can hold even more information, e.g. up to two bits using superdense coding.
- #18 Electron or nucleus can be used where spin is considered. Spin up is 1 and spin down is 0. Photon can also be used where vertically polarized photon is 1 and horizontally polarized photon is 0. Like a magnet in classical bit but its 3rd measurement other than 0 and 1 is it can be in both state at one time. Taking a phosphorous atom which contains one electron on outer cell we can build a qubit. The phosphorous atom is embedded into silicon crystal followed by tiny transistors. To differentiate the energy states of an electron when it’s spin up and spin down we need a strong magnetic field. For this a super conducting magnet is used which is a large solenoid coil inside liquid helium which is 150 times colder than outer universe. Because at room temperature electron will spin up by thermal energy. Now the electron will line up with its spin pointing down which is its lowest energy state. It’ll need some energy to put up into spin up state. We can spin it up by hitting very specific frequency’s pulse of microwaves according to the magnetic field in which electron is kept. Since magnetic fields can affect the spin, we need to eliminate all the spin nearby. So we use an isotope of silicon, which is 28Si14 which has no spin of its own.
- #19 Electron or nucleus can be used where spin is considered. Spin up is 1 and spin down is 0. Photon can also be used where vertically polarized photon is 1 and horizontally polarized photon is 0. Like a magnet in classical bit but its 3rd measurement other than 0 and 1 is it can be in both state at one time. Taking a phosphorous atom which contains one electron on outer cell we can build a qubit. The phosphorous atom is embedded into silicon crystal followed by tiny transistors. To differentiate the energy states of an electron when it’s spin up and spin down we need a strong magnetic field. For this a super conducting magnet is used which is a large solenoid coil inside liquid helium which is 150 times colder than outer universe. Because at room temperature electron will spin up by thermal energy. Now the electron will line up with its spin pointing down which is its lowest energy state. It’ll need some energy to put up into spin up state. We can spin it up by hitting very specific frequency’s pulse of microwaves according to the magnetic field in which electron is kept. Since magnetic fields can affect the spin, we need to eliminate all the spin nearby. So we use an isotope of silicon, which is 28Si14 which has no spin of its own.
- #20 Electron or nucleus can be used where spin is considered. Spin up is 1 and spin down is 0. Photon can also be used where vertically polarized photon is 1 and horizontally polarized photon is 0. Like a magnet in classical bit but its 3rd measurement other than 0 and 1 is it can be in both state at one time. Taking a phosphorous atom which contains one electron on outer cell we can build a qubit. The phosphorous atom is embedded into silicon crystal followed by tiny transistors. To differentiate the energy states of an electron when it’s spin up and spin down we need a strong magnetic field. For this a super conducting magnet is used which is a large solenoid coil inside liquid helium which is 150 times colder than outer universe. Because at room temperature electron will spin up by thermal energy. Now the electron will line up with its spin pointing down which is its lowest energy state. It’ll need some energy to put up into spin up state. We can spin it up by hitting very specific frequency’s pulse of microwaves according to the magnetic field in which electron is kept. Since magnetic fields can affect the spin, we need to eliminate all the spin nearby. So we use an isotope of silicon, which is 28Si14 which has no spin of its own.
- #22 Software and Programming Just as the classical computing world needed a software ecosystem to build a broad community of application developers and users, the quantum computing world does as well. The D-Wave 2000Q system provides a standard Internet API, with client libraries available for C/C++, Python, and MATLAB. This interface allows users to access the system either as a cloud resource over a network, or integrated into their high-performance computing environments and data centres. Access is also available through D-Wave’s hosted cloud service. Using D-Wave’s development tools and client libraries, developers can create algorithms and applications within their existing environments using industry-standard tools.