STERILISATION AND DISINFECRION IS MOST IMPORTANT IN PHARMACY FIELD WHILE SOME MEDICINES SUCH AS OPHTALMIC , INJECTION NEED TO BE STERILISED MAKING SURE THAT ALL HARMFUL MICROORAGNISM ARE KILLED . SO WHY STERILIZATION AND DISINFECTION IS ALMOST NECESSARY IN PHARMACY FIELD

1. STERILIZATION AND DISINFECTIONS PHARMACY III. PROF JORDUS
ANS1.
STERILIZISATION DISINFECTION
1. definition To sterilize mean to kill all microbes
whether harmful or not and their
spores on the surface or object
To disinfect means to
eliminate most harmful
microorganisms not
including their spores from
surfaces or objects;
inactivate viruses
PHYSICAL METHOD OF STERILIZATION AND DISINFECTION
2. Moist Heat
sterilant and
disinfectants
Steam under pressure (autoclave)
Koch steamer: Tyndallisations
Boiling water
hot water Pasteurization
3. Radiations Ionizing radiation such as x ray ,
gamma rays and cathode rays
Ultraviolet light
4. Dry heat Hot air dry oven Incinerations
CHEMICAL METHOD OF STERILIZATION AND DISINFECTION
5.Sterilant and
disinfectants
Some chemical are able to kill all
microbe and spore
Eg glutaraldehyde
Ethylene oxide vapors
Some chemical able to kill
some microbe and unable to
kill the spores
Eg : alcohol
MECHANICAL REMOVAL METHOD
6. filtrations Liquid filtrations Air filtration
APPPP LLLLLLLLIIIIIIIIICCCCCCCCAAAAAA TIIIIIIIOOOOOOONNNNN
7.Applications:
Applied to
medical
devices
Disinfection is used mostly to
decontaminate surface and air
ECG machines
Oximeters
Bedpans
Urinals
Sterilization is used for food
, medicine and surgical
instrument
Surgical instrument
Biospy instrument
Foot care equipment
cytoscope

2. STERILIZATION AND DISINFECTIONS PHARMACY III. PROF JORDUS
8. bacterial
spores
Can be removed or killed Cannot be removed
9. level of
cleanliness Adequate Extreme
methods  Heating
 Chemicals
 Irradiations
 high pressure
 filtrations
 Phenolic disinfectant
 heavy metals
 halogens such as chlorine
 bleach
 alcohols
 hydrogen peroxide
 deterigent
 heating
 Pasteurisations
types  Air desinfectants
 Alcohols
 Aldehydes
 Oxidizing agents
 phenolics
 Steam
 Heating
 Chemical sterilization
 Radiation sterilization
 Sterile filtration
ANS2. WHAT IS THE MEANING OF ASEPTIC CONDITIONS?
Aseptic conditions: an environmental state which is free of
microorganisms, especially pathogens. Aseptic condition is the
phase used to describe that the area you are in must be
thoroughly clean as in things such as the tables, food, hands and
even air.
Eg: a scientist who is about to undergo an experiment, he must
firstly clean the area he is in so that nothing will go wrong in the
experiment but this depending on the type of the experiment you
are going to undergo. The scientist will need to clean the tab,
beaker and must wash his even hand, so that he will make sure
the condition is aseptic

3. STERILIZATION AND DISINFECTIONS PHARMACY III. PROF JORDUS
ANS3. STATE 3 METHODE OF STERILISATION AND GIVE 3 EXAMPLE FOR EACH
Technique or Category
Of sterilization
Method of
sterilization
Example of sterilization
method
1 Physical techniques 1.Dry heat Dry oven=hot air oven
Flaming
Incineration*
2.Moist heat
Autoclave: heat under
pressure
Koch steamer&tyndallization
Boiling at 100oC *
Pasteurization*
3.Ionizing
x-ray radiation cold steril
Gamma ray radiation cold
ster
Cosmis ray cold sterilization
Cathode ray radiation
2. Chemical technique 4.Solvent:
liquids
Formaldehyde
glutaraldehyde
5.Gas Ethylene oxide gases
Beta propriolactone
3. Mechanical removal
Techniques
6.Liquid
Filtrations*
Fluid filters
Seitz filter*
Berkfeld *
chamber land*
membrane filter
vacuum or Seitz filter
membrane filter (millipore)
syringe filter

4. STERILIZATION AND DISINFECTIONS PHARMACY III. PROF JORDUS
ANS4.IN EMMERGENCY SITUATION, THE TYPE OF AUTOCLAVE CAN BE
SUITABLE.
 In emergency situation flash autoclave is most suitable
 It sterilize the at 134 degree for 3-5minute
 Used in operation room for emergency situation
 The exaggerated condition is applied
ANS5. STATE 3 WAY OF MONITORING AUTOCLAVE AND ONE OF THOSE WAYS
 PHYSICAL WAY OF AUTOCLAVE MONITORING: use of the temperature to
measure accurately the temperature
 CHEMICAL WAY OF AUTOCLAVE MONITORING: Consist of the heat
sensitive chemical that changes color at the temperature and exposure time
o Autoclave tape
o Browne’s tube
 BIOLOGICAL WAY OF AUTOCLAVE MONITORING: Where the spores
bearing organisms is added during sterilization process and then cultured later
to ensured that it has been killed

5. STERILIZATION AND DISINFECTIONS PHARMACY III. PROF JORDUS
ANS6. 5 ELEMENTS INFLUENCING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE
DISINFECTANTS
1) Nature of the items to be disinfected
2) Number and resilience of the contaminants
3) Amount of the organic material present
4) Type and concentration of the disinfectant
5) Duration and temperature of exposure
ANS7. 2FACTORS INFLUENCING THE ACTIVITY OF DISINFECTANTS
 TEMPERATURE: disinfectants directly proportional to the temperature
 CONCENTRATION: disinfectants directly proportional to the concentration up
to the optimum and later no need of further concentration increase.
 TIME: disinfectant need to take for working
 RANGE OF ACTION: not all disinfectants having the broad spectrum

6. STERILIZATION AND DISINFECTIONS PHARMACY III. PROF JORDUS
ANS8. WHAT DO YOU UNDERSTAND BY HIGH LEVEL DISINFECTANTS
Are the disinfectants that have broad spectrum of activity with a maximum ability of
affecting :
 Large number of spores after prolonged exposure
 Vegetative bacteria
 Mycobacterium tuberculosis
 Fungi
 Viruses
ANS9 a) WHAT DO YOU THINK ABOUT THE STERILITY TEST

7. STERILIZATION AND DISINFECTIONS PHARMACY III. PROF JORDUS
ANS9b) WHAT ARE THE MAJOR FACTORS OF IMPORTANCE IN STERILITY TESTING
ANS10 A) WHAT DO YOU UNDERSTAND BY PYROGEN TEST
LAL test or BACTERIAL ENDITOXINS TEST is the test to detect or quantify endotoxins
from gram negative bacteria using amoebocyte lysate from horseshoe crab.
adebaayor 0728463243
due to clothing reaction horshoe crab blood contact
with the endotoxins.

8. STERILIZATION AND DISINFECTIONS PHARMACY III. PROF JORDUS
ANS10B. THE KNOWN TYPE OF LAL TEST ARE
 METHOD A. The gel clot technique : based on gel formation
 METHOD B. Turbidimetric technique :based on dvpmnt of the turbidity after
cleavage of endogenous substances
 METHOD C. Chromogenic techniques : based on the dvpt of color after cleavage
of the synthetics peptide chromogen complex
Q11. THE USE OF THE AUTOCLAVE
Q12. THE CHALLENGES OF MOIST STEAM AND DRY METHOD OF
STERILISATION

9. STERILIZATION AND DISINFECTIONS PHARMACY III. PROF JORDUS
Q13.STERILISATIONMETHODS USED FOR HEAT SENSITIVE AND LENSED
INSTRUMENT: PLASTICS AND ENDOSCOPE FOR EXAMPLE
Chemicals Sterilizations Methods
Q14.USES OF FORMALDEHYDES
Q15.WHAT ARE THE 3 CLASS DISINFECTANS

10. STERILIZATION AND DISINFECTIONS PHARMACY III. PROF JORDUS
HIGH LEVEL DISINFECTANTS are the disinfectant with extended spectrum of
activity having access on removing large number of spores after prolonged exposure,
vegetative bacteria, tubercle bacilli, fungi and virus both enveloped and non-enveloped
EXAMPLE OF HIGH LEVEL DISINFECTANTS:
Glutaraldehyde: Available 2% of concenter (cidex) ,disinfect instrument cannot
withstand with heat.
Hydrogen peroxide: available at 3% and used as antiseptic wound , disinfectant
contact lenses
INTERMEDIATE LEVEL DISINFECTANT are the disinfectant with broad spectrum
activity having an access of killing few number of the spores after prolonged exposure ,
vegetative bacteria , tubercle bacilli , fungi and enveloped viruses
EXAMPLE OF INTERMEDIATE DISINFECTANTS: alcohol, chlorine releasing compounds, phenolic compound
LOW LEVEL DISINFECTANTS: are the disinfectant with narrow spectrum of activity
by which have an access of removing many vegetative bacteria, some fungi and narrow
ranges of viruses. Eg: quaternary ammonium compounds and iodophore

11. STERILIZATION AND DISINFECTIONS PHARMACY III. PROF JORDUS
Q16. THINKING ON THIS TABLET.
Q17
Q18 THE FEATURE OF CULTURE MEDIA FOR STERILITY TESTING

12. STERILIZATION AND DISINFECTIONS PHARMACY III. PROF JORDUS

13. STERILIZATION AND DISINFECTIONS PHARMACY III. PROF JORDUS
PYROGEN TEST PRINCIPLE AND UNDERSTANDING