Chemical Disinfection is a topic under Public Health Dentistry which focuses on various methods and agents that can be used for disinfection of instruments, equipments and other substances used in Dental clinics and other fields of Dentistry.
Sterilization (or sterilisation) referring to any process that eliminates (removes) or kills (deactivates) all forms of life and other biological agents (such as prions, as well as viruses which some do not consider to be alive but are biological pathogens nonetheless), including transmissible agents (such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, prions, spore forms, unicellular eukaryotic organisms such as Plasmodium, etc.) present in a specified region, such as a surface, a volume of fluid, medication, or in a compound such as biological culture media
Sterilization (or sterilisation) referring to any process that eliminates (removes) or kills (deactivates) all forms of life and other biological agents (such as prions, as well as viruses which some do not consider to be alive but are biological pathogens nonetheless), including transmissible agents (such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, prions, spore forms, unicellular eukaryotic organisms such as Plasmodium, etc.) present in a specified region, such as a surface, a volume of fluid, medication, or in a compound such as biological culture media
Autoclave, types of autoclave, horizontal autoclave, vertical autoclave, vacuum type autoclave, pressure cooker type autoclave. their purpose, precaution, etc....
Sterilization Process and methods of sterilizationShahnawaz Ahmad
Presented by Shahnawaz Ahmad.
Various methods of sterilization used in microbiology or other field.
contents ;
terms used in sterilization
types of sterilization
physical method
chemical method
radiation
filtration
gaseous.
A biological indicator is a standardized preparation of viable microorganisms, usually bacterial spores, that is carried either directly by some of the items to be sterilized or by carriers such as filter papers, porcelain cylinders, that serve as a challenge to the effectiveness of a given sterilization cycle
Above ppt includes different types of disinfectants used in microbiology ,classification of disinfectants, and also it includes some important techniques like Plasma sterilization ,ETO sterilization and bleaching of water.
Autoclave, types of autoclave, horizontal autoclave, vertical autoclave, vacuum type autoclave, pressure cooker type autoclave. their purpose, precaution, etc....
Sterilization Process and methods of sterilizationShahnawaz Ahmad
Presented by Shahnawaz Ahmad.
Various methods of sterilization used in microbiology or other field.
contents ;
terms used in sterilization
types of sterilization
physical method
chemical method
radiation
filtration
gaseous.
A biological indicator is a standardized preparation of viable microorganisms, usually bacterial spores, that is carried either directly by some of the items to be sterilized or by carriers such as filter papers, porcelain cylinders, that serve as a challenge to the effectiveness of a given sterilization cycle
Above ppt includes different types of disinfectants used in microbiology ,classification of disinfectants, and also it includes some important techniques like Plasma sterilization ,ETO sterilization and bleaching of water.
are antimicrobial agents that are applied to non-living objects to destroy microorganisms that are living on the objects.Disinfection does not necessarily kill all microorganisms, especially resistant bacterial spores; it is less effective than sterilization, which is an extreme physical and/or chemical process that kills all types of life.
Disinfectant and antiseptic is used for kill the microbes or inhibit the growth of microbes and decreasing their numbers in such a low level that they become unable to impart any harmful effect.
A detailed summary of all the possible chemical disinfectants used in hospital sterilization procedures. Innovative pictures and brief explanations of all important topics clearly illustrated.........
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
2. CONTENTS
DEFINITIONS
DIFFERENCES FROM STERILIZATION
CHEMICAL DISINFECTANTS
-MODE OF ACTION
-IDEAL REQUIREMENTS
-POTENCY
-AGENTS
REFERENCES
3. DEFINITIONS
● DISINFECTION: It is the process of destruction or
removal of all pathogenic organism or organism capable
of giving rise to infection.
● DISINFECTANT: Disinfectants are chemical agents
designed to inactivate or destroy microorganisms on
inert surfaces.
4. DIFFERENCES
STERILIZATION DISINFECTION
A) Total destruction of all
microorganisms (whether or not
pathogenic) and their spores,
usually through the use of drastic
methods.
A) Minimizes the number of
microorganisms but doesn’t
eliminate them completely.
B) Uses more robust methods
such as high heat and radiation.
B) Uses moderately effective
methods.
C) It gives extreme cleanliness. C) It gives an adequate
cleanliness.
5. STERILIZATION DISINFECTION
D) Destroys both living
organisms and their resistant
structures.
D) Destroys only the living
organisms.
E) Use: decontamination of food,
medicine and surgical
instruments.
E) Use: mostly used to
decontaminate surfaces and air.
CONTD…
6. CHEMICAL DISINFECTANTS
• These are the chemical substances which are used to kill or
deactivate pathogenic microorganisms.
• The efficiency of chemical disinfection depends on-
i. Reactivity with biomolecules
ii. Disinfection concentration throughout the treatment
iii. Duration of the disinfection treatment(exposure time)
7. The chemicals used as disinfectants generally behave as
‘protoplasmic poisons’ in three different ways-
I. Damaging the bacterial cell membrane- agents: chlorhexidine,
quaternary ammonium compounds, alcohols and phenols.
II. Fixation of the cell membrane and blockage of egress of cellular
components- agents: formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde.
III. Oxidizing cellular constituents- agents: halide disinfectants such
as hypochlorite and bromides.
MODE OF ACTION
8. IDEAL REQUIREMENTS
• To be applicable in the context of sanitation, chemical disinfections
must have several basic characteristics-
1. Must be active against a wide range of pathogens
2. Be sufficiently cost-effective
3. Be reasonably safe to produce, store and apply
4. Act in the presence of organic matter
5. Have high penetration power and quick action
9. POTENCY OF CHEMICAL DISINFECTANTS
Depending on their ability to kill various groups of organisms,
disinfectants can be classified as-
■ High-level disinfectants: they are active against Gram-positive and
Gram-negative bacteria, spores and M. tuberculosis
■ Intermediate-level disinfectants: destroy M. tuberculosis,
vegetative bacteria, most viruses and fungi, but few, if any, spores.
■ Low-level disinfectants: kill most bacteria and most fungi, but not
M. tuberculosis or spores.
10. AGENTS OF CHEMICAL DISINFECTION
i. Alcohols
ii. Aldehydes
iii. Phenols
iv. Halogens
v. Hydrogen peroxide
vi. Peracetic acid
vii. Dyes
viii. Ethylene oxide(ETO)
11. i. ALCOHOLS
TYPES:
1. Ethyl alcohol
2. Isopropyl alcohol
3. Methyl alcohol (rarely used in healthcare)
MODE OF ACTION:
They act by denaturation of proteins.
(used in 60-70% water to be effective)
12. SPECTRUM OF ACTION:
They are Bactericidal, tuberculicidal and fungicidal.
USE:
• They are used mainly as skin antiseptics.
• To disinfect clinical thermometer, scissors,
stethoscopes, ultrasound instruments and hoods
13. LIMITATIONS:
• Alcohols lacks sporicidal action
• They cannot penetrate protein rich material
• They tend to swell and harden rubber and certain plastic tubing
after prolonged and repeated use
14. ii. ALDEHYDES
TYPES:
1. Formaldehyde
2. Glutaraldehyde
3. Ortho Phthalaldehyde(OPA)
MODE OF ACTION:
Inactivates bacterial proteins by forming covalent cross links with
several functional groups.
15. 1. FORMALDEHYDE
• It is markedly Bactericidal, sporicidal and virucidal.
• It is used both as an aqueous solution and in gaseous form.
• A 10% aqueous solution of Formalin is routinely used.
USES:
• Preservation of tissue for histological examination.
• To inactivate viruses and bacteria in vaccine
• Dilution containing 5% formaldehyde is used as a disinfectant
directly to a contaminated surface.
16. LIMITATIONS:
It has pungent strong smell, irritant to eyes and mucous membrane.
2. GLUTARALDEHYDE:
• It is effective against bacteria(including M. tuberculosis), fungi and
viruses(including HIV, Hepatitis B and enteroviruses).
• It is less toxic and irritant than formaldehyde.
• It is used as 2% buffered solution.
• It is available commercially as ‘Cidex’.
17. USES:
Disinfection of Hospital Equipments: Endoscope,
Cytoscope, anaesthetic equipment, Plastic material and
Thermometer.
LIMITATIONS:
• Respiratory irritation from glutaraldehyde vapour.
• Pungent and irritating odour.
• Allergic contact dermatitis.
18. 3. ORTHO-PHTHALALDEHYDE(OPA):
• OPA is a high level disinfectant.
• It is more stable during storage and more rapidly mycobactericidal
than glutaraldehyde.
• 0.5% OPA is sporicidal.
USES:
• It is used for endoscopes, cystoscope, thermometers, etc.
• Useful for glutaraldehyde resistant Mycobacteria.
20. iii. PHENOLS
• They are produced by distillation of coal tar between temperatures
of 170°C and 270°C.
• They are active against gram positive, gram negative bacteria and
mycobacteria.
MODE OF ACTION:
• Cell membrane damage
• Releases cell contents and causes lysis.
21. USES:
• Decontamination of infective discharges, bathrooms, and hospital
floors.
• In diluted form it is used as an antiseptic.
LIMITATIONS:
• Not active against endospores and viruses.
• Activity reduced in alkaline pH and hard water.
22. DISINFECTANTS OF PHENOLIC GROUP:
1. Phenol
2. Cresols
3. Chlorhexidine
4. Chloroxylenol
5. Hexachlorophane
1. PHENOL
• It has a powerful bactericidal action at a concentration of 1%.
• It’s activity is reduced drastically upon dilution.
23. Commercial preparations of Phenol:
A) SUDOL: Contains Xylenols and Phenols.
B) JEYES FLUID: Used to treat faeces and sputum before disposal.
2. CRESOLS:
• “Lysol” is a solution of Cresols in soap.
Uses:
To sterilize infected glass wares, cleaning floors and disinfection of
excreta.
24. Advantages:
• They are not readily inactivated by the presence of organic matter.
• They are active against a wide range of organisms.
3. CHLORHEXIDINE:
• It is bactericidal at a high dilution.
• It is more active against Gram positive than Gram negative
bacteria with no action against Tubercle bacilli or spores.
• Has very little activity against viruses.
• Has a good fungicidal activity.
25. • “Savlon” is a solution of chlorhexidine and cetrimide.
• It is widely used in wounds, preoperative disinfection of skin, as a
bladder irrigant, etc.
26. 4. CHLOROXYLENOL:
• It is an active ingredient of “Dettol”
(used in 4.8% concentration)
• It is less toxic and less irritant.
5. HEXACHLOROPHANE:
• Active against Gram positive bacteria.
• Applied on skin as prophylaxis against Staphylococcal infections.
• It is bacteriostatic at very high dilutions.
• It is potentially toxic and hence should be used with care.
27. iv. HALOGENS
• Chlorine and Iodine are two commonly used
disinfectants.
1. CHLORINE
• It is bactericidal and has a wide spectrum of
activity against viruses.
• It is used in water supplies, swimming pools, food
and dairy industries.
28. • 3 main chlorine compounds used as disinfectants are:
A) BLEACHING POWDER or CHLORINATED LIME
-used as a disinfectant for HIV infected material.
B) SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE
-has a bactericidal, fungicidal, virucidal and a rapid
sporicidal activity.
C) CHLORAMINE
-it retains chlorine longer and has a prolonged bactericidal
effect.
CONTD…
29. 2. IODINE:
• It is active against bacteria, viruses and fungi.
MODE OF ACTION:
By disruption of protein and nucleic acid structure and synthesis,
USES:
• Bactericidal antiseptic for intact skin
• For disinfection of wound.
• For disinfecting blood culture bottles and medical equipments.
30. • Preparations of Iodine:
A) Tincture of iodine: It is a weak solution of iodine
containing 2.5% iodine, 2.5% potassium iodide in
90% alcohol.
B) Iodine: 2% in 70% Isopropyl Alcohol.
-Tincture iodine and iodine are rapid
disinfectants and are used as antiseptics before
surgery.
C) Iodophores: they are iodine complexes with
anionic detergent.
-“Betadine” is a commonly used iodophore.
31. v. HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
• Hydrogen peroxide(H2O2) is effective against most organisms at
concentration of 3-6%.
• It kills all organisms including spores at higher concentrations of
10-25%.
MODE OF ACTION:
It works by producing free hydroxyl radicals that can attack
membrane lipids, DNA and other cell components.
32. USES:
• For fumigation of hospitals, operation theaters, ICUs,
dental clinics, OPD, blood banks, laboratories. (in conc. of
20% )
• For disinfection of surfaces, benches etc. (in conc. of 10%)
LIMITATIONS:
• The concentrated product may cause skin
irritation.
33. vi. PERACETIC ACID
• Peracetic acid is an oxidising agent.
• It is one of the high level disinfectants.
• It is also effective in the presence of organic matter.
• It is a more potent germicidal agent than H2O2.
MODE OF ACTION:
It denatures the proteins, disrupts the cell wall permeability, oxidizes
sulphur bonds in proteins.
34. USES:
• Used to prevent biofilm formation.
• Water purification
• Used to sterilize automated machine e.g. hemodialyzers.
LIMITATIONS:
• Can corrode metallic surfaces.
• Considered unstable, particularly when diluted.
35. vii. DYES
• Dyes can be divided into 2 groups-
A) ANILINE DYES:
i. Crystal Violet
ii. Brilliant green
iii. Malachite green
B) ACRIDINE DYES:
i. Proflavin
ii. Acriflavin
iii. Euflavin
iv. Aminacrine
36. MODE OF ACTION:
They impair the DNA complexes of the organism.
USE:
Dyes are used as skin and wound antiseptic.
LIMITATION:
• Not active in presence of organic matter as pus.
• Not active against Mycobacteria.
37. viii. ETHYLENE OXIDE(ETO)
• It is a colourless liquid with a boiling point of 10.7°C.
• It is effective against all types of microorganisms including viruses
and spores.
• It is highly penetrating and readily penetrates some plastics.
MODE OF ACTION:
• Acts by alkylating the amino, carboxyl, hydroxyl and sulphydryl
groups in protein molecule.
• It also reacts with DNA and RNA of microbes.
38. USES:
• Sterilization of heat labile delicate instruments.
• In hospitals to sterilize heart valves, respirators, lung machines,
syringes, sutures, dental equipment and clothing.
LIMITATIONS:
• ETO is toxic, inflammable, mutagenic and carcinogenic.
• Requires aeration time to remove ETO residue.