Introduction
Sterilization method
Equipment's involved in large scale sterilization
Sterilization indicators
Evaluation of efficiency of sterilization /Sterility testing
The above PPT includes different methods of sterilization- Dry heat, Moist heat, Radiation and Chemical methods. It also includes principle and working of hot air oven and autoclave.
The above PPT includes different methods of sterilization- Dry heat, Moist heat, Radiation and Chemical methods. It also includes the basic knowledge on sterilization and tests for sterility.
Introduction
Sterilization method
Equipment's involved in large scale sterilization
Sterilization indicators
Evaluation of efficiency of sterilization /Sterility testing
The above PPT includes different methods of sterilization- Dry heat, Moist heat, Radiation and Chemical methods. It also includes principle and working of hot air oven and autoclave.
The above PPT includes different methods of sterilization- Dry heat, Moist heat, Radiation and Chemical methods. It also includes the basic knowledge on sterilization and tests for sterility.
Killing or removing all forms of microbial life (including endospores) in a material or an object.
Mainly due to: oxidation of cell component, denature proteins, nucleic acids, RNA and loss of membrane permeability.
Procedures performed in a way to prevent contamination with infectious microorganisms
Used to prevent contamination of surgical instruments, medical personnel, and the patient during surgery
Sanitization: Lowering of microbial counts to prevent transmission in public setting (e.g., restaurants & public rest rooms)
Degerming: Mechanical removal of microbes from limited area. e.g., Alcohol swab on skin, washing of hands with soap
Sepsis: Bacterial contamination
Antisepsis: Reduction or Inhibition of microbes found on LIVING TISSUE
Evaluation of the efficiency of sterilization methods. Sterility indicatorsMs. Pooja Bhandare
Evaluation of the efficiency of sterilization methods. Sterility indicators
Sterility criteria: Bioburden ,Sensitivity of microorganisms
Death rate or Survivor curve,D- Value or Decimal reduction time,Z- value or Thermal reduction time, f- value, Q10 Value or Temperature Coefficient, Inactivation Factor:
STERILITY INDICATORS : Physical Indicators, Chemical Indicators
Biological Indicators
1. Physical Indicators: i) Moist heat Indicator ii) Dry heat iii) Radio sterilization iv) Gaseous methods v) Filtration 2.CHEMICAL INDICATORS : I) Browne’s tubes II) WITTNESS TUBES IV) Royce Sachet V) Chemical Dosimeter 3.BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS
Sterilisation and disinfection methods lecture notes for Allied Health Sciences and Nursing Students. Various methods of sterilisation and disinfection used in health care settings in order to prevent hospital acquired infection.
Killing or removing all forms of microbial life (including endospores) in a material or an object.
Mainly due to: oxidation of cell component, denature proteins, nucleic acids, RNA and loss of membrane permeability.
Procedures performed in a way to prevent contamination with infectious microorganisms
Used to prevent contamination of surgical instruments, medical personnel, and the patient during surgery
Sanitization: Lowering of microbial counts to prevent transmission in public setting (e.g., restaurants & public rest rooms)
Degerming: Mechanical removal of microbes from limited area. e.g., Alcohol swab on skin, washing of hands with soap
Sepsis: Bacterial contamination
Antisepsis: Reduction or Inhibition of microbes found on LIVING TISSUE
Evaluation of the efficiency of sterilization methods. Sterility indicatorsMs. Pooja Bhandare
Evaluation of the efficiency of sterilization methods. Sterility indicators
Sterility criteria: Bioburden ,Sensitivity of microorganisms
Death rate or Survivor curve,D- Value or Decimal reduction time,Z- value or Thermal reduction time, f- value, Q10 Value or Temperature Coefficient, Inactivation Factor:
STERILITY INDICATORS : Physical Indicators, Chemical Indicators
Biological Indicators
1. Physical Indicators: i) Moist heat Indicator ii) Dry heat iii) Radio sterilization iv) Gaseous methods v) Filtration 2.CHEMICAL INDICATORS : I) Browne’s tubes II) WITTNESS TUBES IV) Royce Sachet V) Chemical Dosimeter 3.BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS
Sterilisation and disinfection methods lecture notes for Allied Health Sciences and Nursing Students. Various methods of sterilisation and disinfection used in health care settings in order to prevent hospital acquired infection.
Sterilization and disinfection in Dentistry Dr. Harsh Shah
An overview of significance of sterilization in safety of patients and view on all the methods being followed for sterilization and disinfection in todays' practice.
STERILIZATION AND DISINFECTION , INFECTION CONTROL IN DENTISTRY ,
Sterilization and Disinfection in ProsthodonticsJehan Dordi
Brief explanation of sterilization and disinfection methods. In-detail explanation of procedures for sterilization and disinfection of materials and armamentarium used in Prosthodontics.
I hope that the content of my ppt will be very good for all of you in which ppt subject is sterilization techniques in which we have described how to sterilize an article
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Asepsis sterilization and infection control /certified fixed orthodontic cour...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The branch of chemistry, which deals with the study of reaction rates and their mechanisms, called chemical kinetics.
Thermodynamics tells only about the feasibility of a reaction whereas chemical kinetics tells about the rate of a reaction.
For example, thermodynamic data indicate that diamond shall convert to graphite but in reality the conversion rate is so slow that the change is not perceptible at all.
The state where the concentrations of all reactants and products remain constant with time.
On the molecular level, there is frantic activity. Equilibrium is not static, but is a highly dynamic situation.
law of mass action-
jA + kB lC + mD
where A, B, C, and D represents chemical species and j, k, l, and m are their coefficient in the balanced equation.
The law of mass action is represented by the equilibrium expression:
The square brackets indicate the concentrations of the chemical species at equilibrium, and K is a constant called the equilibrium constant.
Introduction
Basis
Importance
Classification
Homogeneous catalysis
Mechanism
Example
Heterogeneous catalysis
Mechanism
Examples
Promoters
Catalytic Poisoning
Autocatalysis
Enzyme catalysis
Enzymes
References
Catalyst: -
The substances that alter the rate of a reaction but itself remains chemically unchanged at the end of the reaction is called a Catalyst.
The process is called Catalysis.
prop-
A catalyst cannot start the reaction by itself.
Catalytic activity increases as surface area of catalyst increases.
Catalysts are thermolabile, this effect is very well pronounced in enzymes.
Catalytic activity is maximum at a catalyst’s optimum temperature.
A catalyst does not alter the position of the equilibrium, instead it helps in achieving the equilibrium faster.
content-
Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
History of Catalysis
Catalysis
Recent trends in Catalysis
Future trends in Catalysis
Summary
role-
24% of GDP from Products made using catalysts (Food, Fuels, Clothes, Polymers, Drug, Agro-chemicals)
> 90 % of petro refining & petrochemicals processes use catalysts
90 % of processes & 60 % of products in the chemical industry
> 95% of pollution control technologies
Catalysis in the production/use of alternate fuels (NG,DME, H2, Fuel Cells, biofuels…)
Type of adsorption- Pharmaeutical Physical ChemistrySanchit Dhankhar
Adsorption
Adsorption versus absorption, Desorption
Types of adsorption: Physisorption and Chemisorption
Factors affecting adsorption
Adsorption isotherms: Freundlich and Langmuir
Gibbs adsorption isotherm
Bet equation and its use in surface area determination
Applications
ADSORPTION
Adsorption is the process in which matter is extracted from one phase and concentrated at the surface of a second phase. (Interface accumulation). This is a surface phenomenon as opposed to absorption where matter changes solution phase, e.g. gas transfer. This is demonstrated in the following schematic.
Viruses of Prokaryotes:
T4 phage
M13 (General properties and structure,classification,reproduction)
Viruses of Eukaryotes:
Retrovirus
Herpes simplex virus (Classification, reproduction )
Plant viruses:
TMV (Morphology, taxonomy, and reproduction)
Viroids and prions
A virus is a non-cellular particle made up of genetic material and protein that can invade living cells.
Smear preparation:
A drop of water is placed in the centre of a slide
One loopfuls of organisms is transferred to the centre of slide
Spread the organisms over the slide
The smear is allowed to dry
Slide is passed through flame several times to heat-kill and fix organisms
A bacterial stain is stained with crystal violet (fuchsin, methylene blue) 1 min
Observe under microscope
Basic Dyes
Methylene Blue
Crystal Violet
Carbol Fuchsin
Safranin
Malachite Green
Acidic Dyes
Picric Acid
Nigrosin
India Ink
Eosin
differrential statining
Two or more reagents Distinguish
Bacterial groups
Specific Structures
Example
Gram stain
Acid Fast Stain
Poliomyelitis, often called polio is an infectious disease caused by the poliovirus.
In about 0.5% of cases there is muscle weakness resulting in an inability to move.
It may also be spread by food or water containing infected human feces & less commonly from infected saliva.
Enterovirus (RNA)
Three serotypes: 1, 2, 3
Rapidly inactivated by heat, formaldehyde, chlorine, ultraviolet light.
Polio vaccines are vaccines used to prevent poliomyelitis (polio).
The World Health Organization recommends all children be vaccinated against polio.
Polio vaccines are generally safe to give during pregnancy & in those cases who have HIV/AIDS .
Changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA
May occur in somatic cells (aren’t passed to offspring)
May occur in gametes (eggs & sperm) and be passed to offspring
Changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA
May occur in somatic cells (aren’t passed to offspring)
May occur in gametes (eggs & sperm) and be passed to offspring
Changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA
May occur in somatic cells (aren’t passed to offspring)
May occur in gametes (eggs & sperm) and be passed to offspring
Mutations happen regularly
Almost all mutations are neutral
Chemicals & UV radiation cause mutations
Many mutations are repaired by enzymes
Some type of skin cancers and leukemia result from somatic mutations
Some mutations may improve an organism’s survival (beneficial)
chromosome mutations=
Five types exist:
Deletion
Inversion
Translocation
Nondisjunction
Duplication
The inhibition of growth under standardized conditions may be utilized for demonstrating the therapeutic efficacy of antibiotics.
Any subtle change in the antibiotic molecule which may not be detected by chemical methods will be revealed by a change in the antimicrobial activity and hence microbiological assays are very useful for resolving doubts regarding possible change in potency of antibiotics and their preparations.
principle;
The microbiological assay is based upon a comparison of the inhibition of growth of micro-organisms by measured concentration of the antibiotics to be examined with that produced by known concentrations of a standard preparation of the antibiotic having a known activity.
Two general method are usually employed:-
The cylinder-plate (or cup-plate) method.
The turbidimetric (or tube assay) method.
The process of growing microorganisms in culture by taking bacteria from the infection site (in vivo or environment) and grow them in artificial environment in the laboratory (in vitro).
Bacteria may require adequate nutrition, optimum pH, temperature and oxygen for growth and multiplication.
Suitable artificial media containing sources of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorous and other elements such as sodium, potassium, magnesium, iron and growth factor (Vitamins) in very small amounts have been used for cultivation of microorganism.
When microorganisms are cultivated in the laboratory, a growth environment called a medium is used. The medium may be purely chemical (a chemically defined medium), or it may contain organic materials, or it may consist of living organisms such as fertilized eggs.
Microorganisms growing in or on such a medium form a culture.
A culture is considered a pure culture if only one type of organism is present and a mixed culture if populations of different organisms are present.
When first used, the culture medium should be sterile, meaning that no form of life is present before inoculation with the microorganism.
Types of Pathogenic Organisms
Viruses
Bacteria
Protozoan
Fungi
Animal
Parasites
mecahnism
Utilization of host nutritional resources
Physical damage to host tissues
Production of toxic substances
Chromosomal and gene damage
Body cells behave abnormally
Antigens
Some chemical that creates immune response
Most are proteins or large polysaccharides from a foreign organism.
Microbes: Capsules, cell walls, toxins, viral capsids, flagella, etc.
Nonmicrobes : Pollen,, serum proteins, and surface molecules from transplanted tissue.
Antigens
Some chemical that creates immune response
Most are proteins or large polysaccharides from a foreign organism.
Microbes: Capsules, cell walls, toxins, viral capsids, flagella, etc.
Nonmicrobes : Pollen,, serum proteins, and surface molecules from transplanted tissue.
Skin acts as barrier to microbes and viruses
- sweat has a low pH
Mucus traps foreign particles
Tears
- Lysozyme has antimicrobial action
Gastric stomach acid
2nd line of defence
Phagocytic cells (WBCs)
Natural Killer (NK) Cells: attack virus infected cells
Inflammatory Response
Antimicrobial proteins
Lysozyme
Interferon
Antibodies
History of microbiology- Pharmaceutical MicrobiologySanchit Dhankhar
Scientific study of organisms (both eukaryotes and prokaryotes) and agents too small to be seen clearly by the unaided eye.
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms / microbes which is visible only with a microscope.
Derived from the Greek word “mikros” - ‘small’ and “bios” - ‘life’.
The diverse group of organisms includes algae, archae, bacteria, cyanobacteria, fungi, protozoa, viruses.
Most of the microorganisms are harmless.
99% are good. Eg: Cynobacteria (blue green algae)
1% are bad. Eg: Pathogens
The belief in the spontaneous generation of life from nonliving matter was introduced by Aristotle, who lived around 350 BC.
According to Aristotle, it was:
“readily observable that aphids arise from the dew which falls on plants, fleas from putrid matter, mice from dirty hay.”
This belief remained unchallenged for more than 2000 years.
Formation of life from non living things- ABIOGENESIS.
Aristotle suggested that flies and maggots developed from decaying organic matter.
Epicuris suggested that worms and other animals originated from soil and manure by the action of sun and rain.
Theory of Spontaneous generation was disproved by Francesco Redi,Lazzaro Spallanzani,Louis Pasteur and Theodore Schwann.They argued that life originated from “pre existing life only”-BIOGENESIS.
Francesco Redi took 3 containers filled with meat particles.1st was kept unclosed,2nd covered with paper and 3rd was covered with cork or guaze.After inhibition the 1st container had maggot being produced because flies were attracted by the odour of the meat and they laid eggs after some days developed to maggots.2nd and 3rd container did not contain maggots.
Theory of Spontaneous generation was disproved by Francesco Redi,Lazzaro Spallanzani,Louis Pasteur and Theodore Schwann.They argued that life originated from “pre existing life only”-BIOGENESIS.
Francesco Redi took 3 containers filled with meat particles.1st was kept unclosed,2nd covered with paper and 3rd was covered with cork or guaze.After inhibition the 1st container had maggot being produced because flies were attracted by the odour of the meat and they laid eggs after some days developed to maggots.2nd and 3rd container did not contain maggots.
DISINFECTANTS are chemical agents that inhibit or kill microorganisms (surgical apparatus, periphery of the patient, and the objects used by the patient).
Disinfection It is the application of chemicals to destroy most pathogenic organisms on inanimate surfaces
Can be accomplished by application of chemical agents, use of physical agents (ionizing radiation) dry or moist heat, superheated steam(autoclave, 120̊ C)
idela surfactant
effective at room temperature,
noncorrosive and nontoxic,
inexpensive,
capable of killing the vegetative form of all pathogenic organisms,
require limited time of exposure
It is an antibiotic that was the first drug to be successful against tuberculosis but now it is used with other drugs because of its toxic effects
othere uses
Anti TB drug
Plaque
Veterinary treatment against gram negative bacteria in horses , cattle , sheep
Fermentation is defined as chemical transformation of organic compound brought about through agency of microorganisms
Microorganisms useful in fementation can be either prokaryotes such as bacteria , virus or eukaryotes such as fungi; yeast
Test Organism-Streptomyces griseus
Penicillin is a antibiotic having β-lactum thiazolidine ring.
Penicillin G is the starting material for 6-amino penicillanic acid which is the key intermediate in the production of wide range of semi synthetic penicillins.
Mold used for the production of penicillin is Penicillium chrysogenum
Penicillin is a antibiotic having β-lactum thiazolidine ring.
Penicillin G is the starting material for 6-amino penicillanic acid which is the key intermediate in the production of wide range of semi synthetic penicillins.
Mold used for the production of penicillin is Penicillium chrysogenum
types of fermentation
Basically ,there are two methods of preparation of penicillin by fermentation:
Surface Culture Method:
In this method mold is grown on the surface of shallow layers of the fermentation medium.
Submerged Culture Method:
In this method mold is grown submerged in the fermentation medium.
master stock culture
It can be preserved by
Freeze drying
Fixing on soil sand mixtures
Storage under liquid nitrogen
Second method is the best method
The fermentation industry is composed of five major bio-ingredient categories.
They are:
- Proteins & amino acids.
- Organic acids.
- Antibiotics.
- Enzymes.
- Vitamins & hormones.
Optimum balance of the media is mandatory for cells propagation and for the maximum production of target metabolite (end-product).
Fermentation media
Media compositions:
- Carbon source.
- Nitrogen source.
- Minerals.
- Growth factors.
- Precursors (mutants).
Types of fermentation
Solid State fermentation (SSF).
Liquid State fermentation (LSF) Surface culture & submerged culture
Introduction
Mechanism of Heat Flow
Conduction
Heat Flow through a Cylinder-Conduction
Conduction through fluids
Convection
Film type condensation
Cold liquid-boiling of liquids
Modes of Feed-Heat Transfer
Thermal Radiation
Black Body
Grey body
Equipments
References
2.1 Heat
Heat is a form of energy. According to the principle of thermodynamics whenever a physical or chemical transformation occurs heat flow into or leaves the system.
A number of sources of heat are used for industrial scale operations steam and electric power is the chief sources to transfer heat. It is essential to cover steam without any loses to the apparatus in which it is used. The study of heat transfer processes helps in be signing the plant efficiently and economically
2.2 Heat Transfer:-
Work is one of the basic modes of energy transfer in machines the action of force on a moving body is identified as work. The work is done by a force as it acts upon a body moving in the direction of the force.
Work transfer is considered as occurring between the system and the surroundings work is said to be done by a system is the sole effect on things external to the system can be reduced to the raising of a weight.
If a system has a non-adiabatic boundary its temperature is not independent of the temperature of the surroundings and for the system between the states 1 and 2 the work w depends on path and the differential d-w is inexact. The work depends on the terminal state 1 and 2 as well as non-adiabatic path connecting them. For consistency with the principle of conservation of energy. Some type of energy transfer must have occurred because of the temperature difference between the system and its surroundings and it is identified as heat thus when an effect in a system occurs solely as result of temperature difference between the system and some other system the process in which the effect occur shall be called a transfer of heat from the system at the higher temperature to the system at the lower temperature.
1.1 Evaporation
1.2 Distillation
1.3 Drying
1.4 Crystallization
1.5 Sterilization
Application of Heat Transfer in Pharmaceuticals Industries
Fluid and pressure measurements- Pharmaceutical EngineeringSanchit Dhankhar
Measurement of flow‐
– Classification of flow meters,
venturimeter,
orificemeter,
pitot tube,
rotameter
current flow meters
Pressure measurement‐
Classification of manometers,
simple manometer/
U tube manometer and modifications (Differential/inclined),
Bourdon gauge
Manometers are the devices used for measuring the pressure difference
Different type of manometers are there they are
Simple manometer
Differential manometer
Inclined manometer
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
2. INTRODUCTION
• Microorganisms are the agents of
contamination, infection, and decay.
• Hence it becomes necessary to remove them
from materials and areas.
2
11. Physical Methods of Sterilisation
Sterilisation By Dry Heat:
Hot Air Oven
• Kills by oxidation effects
•The oven utilizes dry heat to
sterilize articles
• Operated between 50oC to
250/300oC.
•A holding period of 160oC for
1 hr is desirable.
• There is a thermostat
controlling the temperature.
•Double walled insulation keeps
the heat in and conserves
energy, 11
12. Uses:
• To sterilise Forceps, Scissors, Scalpels, Swabs, glassware
• Pharmaceuticals products like Liquid paraffin, dusting powder, fats and
grease.
12
13. FLAMING
• Inoculation loop or Wire, the tip
of Forceps and spatulas, glass
test tube and conical flask mouths
are held in a bunsen flame till
they are red hot.
13
14. INCINERATION
This is an excellent method of
destroying materials such as
contaminated cloth, animal
carcasses and pathological
materials.
14
16. MOIST HEAT STERILISATION IS CARRIED OUT
WITH FOLLOWING METHODS
•Temp below 100oC: “Pasteurisation”, Inspissator.
•Temperature at 100oC: Boiling.
•Steam at atmospheric pressure: Koch/Arnold’s steamer.
•Steam under pressure: Autoclave.
16
17. Pasteurisation
•Process of killing of pathogens in the milk but
does not sterilize it .
•Milk is heated at 63oC for 30 mins.
(HOLDER METHOD)
•At 72oC for 15-20 Sec. Rapid cooling to 13oC
(FLASH PROCESS)
17
19. HOT WATER BATH
• To inactivate non sporing bacteria for the preparation of vaccines -
Special vaccine bath at 60oC for one hour is used
• Serum or body fluids containing coaguable proteins can be sterilized
by heating for 1 hr at 56oC in a water bath for several successive
days.
19
21. INSPISSATOR
• Sterilizes by heating at 80-85oC for half an hour for 3 successive
days
• Used to sterilize media such as Lowenstein-Jensen & Loefller’s
serum
21
22. TEMPERATURE AT 100OC
Boiling:
Kills vegetative forms of bacterial pathogens.
• Hepatitis virus: Can survive up to 30 minutes of boiling.
Endospores: Can survive up to 20 hours or more of boiling
22
24. STEAM AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
• Steam is generated using a steamer (Koch/ Arnold)
• Consists of a Tin cabinet
• Has a conical lid to enable the drainage of condensed steam
• Perforated tray above ensures materials are surrounded by steam.
• For routine sterilization exposure of 90 mins is used
24
25. • For media containing sugar and gelatin exposure of 100oC for 20 min for 3
successive days is used
• The process is termed as
Tyndallisation /Intermittent Sterilization
25
26. STEAM UNDER PRESSURE - AUTOCLAVE
• Works on the principle of Steam under pressure
•Invented by Charles Chamberland in 1879.
26
28. • Autoclave consists of a vertical or a horizontal cylinder.
• One end has an opening which is meant for keeping materials to be sterilised.
• The lid is provided with a Pressure gauge, to measure the pressure
• A safety valve is present to permit the escape of steam from the chamber
28
29. • Articles to be sterilised are placed in the basket provided
• Sterilisation is carried out under pressure at 121º for 15 mnts.
29
30. METHODS OF TESTING THE
EFFECTIVENES OF AUTOCLAVES ARE AS
FOLLOWS:
1. BOWIE DICK TEST PACK – It is a large pack with a chemical
indicator both on outside and the inside to verify that steam has
penetrated the pack.
2. MECHANICAL- Chart and gauges usually carried out by Biomed
Engineer.
30
31. 3. CHEMICAL- by the use of autoclave tapes, strips and card. A daily
test in an empty chamber using a heat sensitive tape. This is for
high vacuum/high pressure autoclaves.
Ex. Routine use of Browne's TST strips or tube.
31
32. CHEMICAL AGENTS
Chemical agents act by
• Protein coagulation
• Disruption of the cell membrane
• Removal of Sulphydryl groups
• Substrate competition
32
33. ALCOHOLS
• Ethanol /Isopropyl alcohol are frequently used
• No action on spores
• Concentration recommended 60-90% in water
Uses
• Disinfection of clinical thermometer.
• Disinfection of the skin – Venupuncture
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34. ALDEHYDES
• Formaldehyde & Glutaraldehyde are frequently used
• Formaldehyde is bactericidal, sporicidal & has a lethal effect on
viruses.
• Glutaraldehyde is effective against Tubercle bacilli, fungi and viruses
34
35. USES
FORMALDEHYDE
• To preserve anatomical specimens
• Destroying Anthrax spores in hair and wool
• 10% Formalin+0.5% Sodium tetra borate is used to sterilise metal
instruments
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36. USES
GLUTARALDEHYDE
• Used to treat corrugated rubber anesthetic tubes, Face masks, Plastic
endotracheal tubes, Metal instruments and polythene tubing
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38. ANILINE DYES
• Are Brilliant green, Malachite green & Crystal violet
• Active against Gram positive bacteria
• No activity against tubercle bacilli
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39. ACRIDINE DYES
• Acridine dyes in use are orange in colour
• Effective against Gram positive than Gram negative
• Important dyes are Proflavine, Acriflavine,Euflavine
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40. HALOGENS
• Iodine in aqueous and alcoholic solution has been used widely as a
skin disinfectant
• Actively bactericidal with moderate against spores
• Chlorine and its compounds have been used as disinfectants in water
supplies & swimming pools
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41. PHENOLS
• Obtained by distillation of coal tar
• Phenols are powerful microbicidal substances
• Phenolic derivatives have been widely used as disinfectants for
various purposes in hospitals
• Eg: Lysol, cresol
41
42. USES
• Various combinations are used in the control of pyogenic cocci in
surgical & neonatal units in hospitals.
• Aqueous solutions are used in treatment of wounds
42
43. GASES
Ethylene Oxide
•Colourless ,Highly penetrating gas
with a sweet ethereal smell.
•Effective against all types of
microorganisms including viruses
and spores
43
44. USES
• Specially used for sterilising heart-lung
machines,respirators,sutures,dental equipments, books and clothing.
• Also used to sterilise Glass, metal and paper surfaces ,plastics,
oil,some foods and tobacco.
44
46. BETA PROPIOLACTONE
• Used in fumigation
• For sterilisation 0.2% BPL is used
• Has a rapid biocidal activity
• Very effective against viruses
46
47. SURFACE ACTIVE AGENTS AND
METALLIC SALTS
Substances which reduce the surface tension –
Surface active agents
47
48. • Cations are widely used in the form of quaternary ammonium compounds.
• Markedly bactericidal, active against Gram positive organisms.
• No action on spores, tubercle bacilli, viruses
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49. METALLIC SALTS
• The salts of silver, copper and mercury are used as disinfectants.
• Act by coagulating proteins
• Marked bacteriostatic, weak bactericidal and limited fungicidal activity
49
50. Sterilisation by filtration
Filtration helps to remove bacteria from heat labile liquids such as sera and
solutions of sugar, Antibiotics.
The following filters are used
Candle filters
Asbestos filters
Sintered glass filter
Membrane filters
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58. MEMBRANE FILTERS
• Made of cellulose esters or other polymers
Uses
• Water purification & analysis
• Sterilization & sterility testing
• Preparation of solutions for parenteral use
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60. Non- Ionising radiation:
• Electromagnetic rays with longer wavelength
• Absorbed as heat
• Can be considered as hot air sterilisation
• Used in rapid mass sterilisation of prepacked Syringes and catheters
Eg: UV rays
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61. IONISING RADIATIONS
• X- rays, gamma rays & cosmic rays.
• High penetrative power
• No appreciable increase in the temperature – COLD STERILISATION
• Sterilise plastics Syringes, catheters, grease fabrics metal foils
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62. ULTRASONIC AND SONIC VIBRATION
• Bactericidal
• Microorganisms vary in their sensitivity, hence no practical value in
sterilisation and disinfection
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63. Sterilization methods
Method Mechanism of action Apparatus to be sterilized
Dry heat Oxidation of proteins Metals, Glassware, Ointment,
Oils, Waxes, Powders i.e. items
that are lacking water
Moist heat Coagulation of proteins Aqueous solutions and
suspensions, surgical dressing,
metal instruments.
Gaseous sterilization
Ethylene oxide
It is an alkylating agent. It acts
by alkylating sulfydryl-, amino-,
carboxyl- and hydroxyl- groups.
heat labile articles such as
bedding, textiles, rubber,
plastics, syringes, disposable
petri dishes, complex apparatus
like heart-lung machine,
respiratory and dental
equipments.
Formaldehyde Alkylating agent Fumigation of rooms and
cabinets
UV radiation dimer formation of pyrimidine,
nucleotide damage
Operating Rooms and T.B.
laboratories
Ionizing radiation (gamma
radiations)
Denaturation of essential cell
constituents like enzymes, DNA
sterilization of disposable plastic
syringes, gloves, specimens
containers and Petri Dishes.
Filtration Retention Of Mo’s for heat labile substances e.g.
sera, antibiotics.
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64. Sterility test
Media used Test used incubation Test used Incubation
Fluid
thioglycolate
media
Membrane
filtration
30-35˚C NLT
7days
direct inoculation 30-35˚C NLT
14days
Alternate Fluid
thioglycolate
media
30-35˚C NLT
7days
30-35˚C NLT
14 days
Soyabean
casein digest
media
20-25˚C NLT
7days
20-25˚C NLT
14days
S.No. media Test organism
Fluid thioglycolate media Bacillus subtilis
Staphylococcus aureus
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Alternative Thioglycollate Bacteroides vulgatus
Clostridium sporogenes
Soyabean casein digest media
64
