this power point is useful to understand the theorical concept of a sterilization & disinfection ,autoclave for nursing students......hope it will be useful for you.
this power point is useful to understand the theorical concept of a sterilization & disinfection ,autoclave for nursing students......hope it will be useful for you.
Sterilization (or sterilisation) referring to any process that eliminates (removes) or kills (deactivates) all forms of life and other biological agents (such as prions, as well as viruses which some do not consider to be alive but are biological pathogens nonetheless), including transmissible agents (such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, prions, spore forms, unicellular eukaryotic organisms such as Plasmodium, etc.) present in a specified region, such as a surface, a volume of fluid, medication, or in a compound such as biological culture media
This ppt contains all the information about the Disinfection. It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), and everyone who is interested in knowing about it
This ppt includes all the key points of process of sterilization and its different techniques like physical,chemical,thermal,etc. sterilization is very important topic to go through during education as well as during practice to maintain a nice infection free environment of your health care office or clinic.
STERILISATION, PHYSICAL METHODS OF STERILISATION, METHODS OF STERILISATION, VARIOUS METHODS OF STERILISATION, AUTOCLAVES, HOT AIR OVEN, DRY HEAT STERILISATION, MOIST HEAT STERILISATION
Sterilization (or sterilisation) referring to any process that eliminates (removes) or kills (deactivates) all forms of life and other biological agents (such as prions, as well as viruses which some do not consider to be alive but are biological pathogens nonetheless), including transmissible agents (such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, prions, spore forms, unicellular eukaryotic organisms such as Plasmodium, etc.) present in a specified region, such as a surface, a volume of fluid, medication, or in a compound such as biological culture media
This ppt contains all the information about the Disinfection. It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), and everyone who is interested in knowing about it
This ppt includes all the key points of process of sterilization and its different techniques like physical,chemical,thermal,etc. sterilization is very important topic to go through during education as well as during practice to maintain a nice infection free environment of your health care office or clinic.
STERILISATION, PHYSICAL METHODS OF STERILISATION, METHODS OF STERILISATION, VARIOUS METHODS OF STERILISATION, AUTOCLAVES, HOT AIR OVEN, DRY HEAT STERILISATION, MOIST HEAT STERILISATION
what is sterilization & disinfectant& decontamination
risk of infection from equipment
process of sterilization, filtration
classification of disinfectant
alcohol,phenol,hydrogen peroxide
he culture media are classified in many different ways: Based on the physical state Liquid media Solid media Semisolid media Based on the presence or absence of oxygen Anaerobic media Aerobic media Based on nutritional factors Simple media Synthetic media Complex
Sterilisation and disinfection methods lecture notes for Allied Health Sciences and Nursing Students. Various methods of sterilisation and disinfection used in health care settings in order to prevent hospital acquired infection.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
2. INTRODUCTION
Microorganisms are the agents of
contamination, infection, and decay.
Hence it becomes necessary to remove
them from materials and areas.
Early civilization practiced salting,
smoking and exposure to sunlight .
3. In mid 1800s Lister developed
Aseptic techniques to prevent
contamination of surgical wounds. Prior
to this development:
• Nosocomial infections caused death in
10% of surgeries.
• Up to 25% mothers delivering in
hospitals died due to infection.
6. Sepsis: Comes from Greek for decay or
putrid. Indicates bacterial contamination.
Asepsis: Absence of significant
contamination.
Aseptic techniques are used to prevent
contamination of surgical instruments,
medical personnel, and the patient during
surgery.
Aseptic techniques are also used to
prevent bacterial contamination in food
industry.
15. Physical Methods
Sunlight-
Has an active germicidal effect due to its
contact of UV rays
Natural method sterilization in case of
water in tanks, rivers and lakes
17. Red Heat
Inoculating wire/loops tips of to forceps and
needles are held in the flame of Bunsen
Burner till they become red hot.
Flaming
Glasses slides, scalpels and mouth of
culture tubes are passed through flame of
Bunsen Burner without they become red
hot.
18.
19. INCINERATION
This is an excellent method of
destroying materials such as
contaminated cloth, animal
carcasses and pathological
materials.
20.
21. Sterilisation By Hot AirOven:
Hot Air Oven
• Kills by oxidation effects
•The oven utilizes dry heat to
sterilize articles
• Operated between 50oC to
250/300oC.
•A holding period of 160oC for 1 hr
is desirable.
• There is a thermostat controlling
the temperature.
•Double walled insulation keeps the
heat in and conserves energy,
22. Uses:
To sterilise Forceps, Scissors, Scalpels, Swabs.
Pharmaceuticals products like Liquid paraffin,
dusting powder, fats and grease.
24. MOIST HEAT STERILISATION IS CARRIED OUT
WITH FOLLOWING METHODS
Temp below 100oC: “Pasteurisation”, Inspissator.
Temperature at 100oC: Boiling.
Steam at atmospheric pressure: Koch/Arnold’s
steamer.
Steam under pressure: Autoclave.
25. Pasteurisation
Process of killing of pathogens in the milk but
does not sterilize it .
Milk is heated at 63oC for 30 mins.
(HOLDER METHOD)
At 72oC for 15-20 Sec. Rapid cooling to 13oC
(FLASH PROCESS)
27. HOT WATER BATH
To inactivate non sporing bacteria for the
preparation of vaccines - Special vaccine
bath at 60oC for one hour is used
Serum or body fluids containing
coagulable proteins can be sterilized by
heating for 1 hr at 56oC in a water bath for
several successive days.
29. INSPISSATOR
Sterilizes by heating at 80-85oC for half
an hour for 3 successive days
Used to sterilize media such as
Lowenstein-Jensen & Loefller’s serum
30. TEMPERATURE AT 100OC
Boiling:
Kills vegetative forms of bacterial
pathogens.
Hepatitis virus: Can survive up to 30
minutes of boiling.
Endospores: Can survive up to 20 hours or
more of boiling
32. STEAM AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
Steam is generated using a steamer
(Koch/ Arnold)
Consists of a Tin cabinet
Has a conical lid to enable the drainage of
condensed steam
Perforated tray above ensures materials
are surrounded by steam.
For routine sterilization exposure of 90
mins(at100°C) is used
33. Tyndallisation
For media containing sugar and gelatin
exposure of 100oC for 20 min for 3
successive days is used
The process is termed as
Tyndallisation /Intermittent Sterilization
34. STEAM UNDER PRESSURE - AUTOCLAVE
Works on the principle of Steam under
pressure
Invented by Charles Chamberland in 1879.
36. Autoclave consists of a vertical or a
horizontal cylinder.
One end has an opening which is meant
for keeping materials to be sterilised.
The lid is provided with a Pressure gauge,
to measure the pressure
A safety valve is present to permit the
escape of steam from the chamber
37. Articles to be sterilised are placed in the
basket provided
Sterilisation is carried out under pressure
at 121º for 15 mnts.
38. Ozone
Ozone sterilizer uses oxygen, water and
electricity to produce ozone within the
sterilizer and provide sterilization
It runs at lower temperature 25-35°C.
Ozone provides sterility assurance of 10-6
in approximately 4 hrs.
39. Sterilisation by filtration
Filtration helps to remove bacteria from heat
labile liquids such as sera and solutions of
sugar, Antibiotics.
The following filters are used
Candle filters
Asbestos filters
Sintered glass filter
Membrane filters
47. MEMBRANE FILTERS
Made of cellulose esters or other polymers
Uses
Water purification & analysis
Sterilization & sterility testing
Preparation of solutions for parenteral use
Millipore membrane filters are widely used
49. Non- Ionising radiation:
Electromagnetic rays with longer wavelength
Absorbed as heat
Can be considered as hot air sterilization
Used in rapid mass sterilization of prepacked
Syringes and catheters (infrared rays)
UV rays (240-280nm) is used for disinfecting
enclosed area (bacteriological laboratory
inoculation hood, LAF, operation theatres.
Eg: UV rays and infrared rays
50. IONISING RADIATIONS
X- rays, gamma rays & cosmic rays.
High penetrative power
No appreciable increase in the
temperature – COLD STERILISATION
Sterilise plastics Syringes, catheters,
grease fabrics metal foils, Swabs, culture-
plates,
51. ULTRASONIC AND SONIC VIBRATION
Bactericidal
Microorganisms vary in their sensitivity,
hence no practical value in sterilisation
and disinfection
52. CHEMICAL AGENTS
Chemical agents act by
Protein coagulation
Disruption of the cell membrane
Removal of Sulphydryl groups
Substrate competition
53. ALCOHOLS
Ethanol /Isopropyl alcohol are frequently
used
No action on spores
Concentration recommended 60-90% in
water
Uses
Disinfection of clinical thermometer.
Disinfection of the skin – Venipuncture
54. ALDEHYDES
Formaldehyde & Glutaraldehyde are
frequently used
Formaldehyde is bactericidal, sporicidal &
has a lethal effect on viruses.
Glutaraldehyde is effective against
Tubercle bacilli, fungi and viruses
55. USES
FORMALDEHYDE
To preserve anatomical specimens
Destroying Anthrax spores in hair and
wool
10% Formalin+0.5% Sodium tetra borate
is used to sterilise metal instruments
56. USES
GLUTARALDEHYDE
Used to treat rubber anesthetic tubes,
Face masks, Plastic endotracheal tubes,
Metal instruments and polythene tubing
57. PHENOLS
Obtained by distillation of coal tar
Phenols are powerful microbicidal
substances
Phenolic derivatives have been widely
used as disinfectants for various purposes
in hospitals
Eg: chlorhexidine, cresol, chloroxylenol,
hexachlorophane.
58. USES
Various combinations are used in the
control of pyogenic cocci in surgical &
neonatal units in hospitals.
Aqueous solutions are used in treatment
of wounds
59. HALOGENS
Iodine in aqueous and alcoholic solution
has been used widely as a skin
disinfectant
Actively bactericidal with moderate against
spores
Chlorine and its compounds have been
used as disinfectants in water supplies &
swimming pools
61. ANILINE DYES
Are Brilliant green, Malachite green &
Crystal violet
Active against Gram positive bacteria
No activity against tubercle bacilli
62. ACRIDINE DYES
Acridine dyes in use are orange in colour
Effective against Gram positive than Gram
negative
Important dyes are Proflavine,
Acriflavine,Euflavine
63. GASES
Ethylene Oxide
Colourless ,Highly penetrating gas
with a sweet ethereal smell.
Effective against all types of
microorganisms including viruses
and spores
64. USES
Specially used for sterilising heart-lung
machines,respirators,sutures,dental
equipments, books and clothing.
Also used to sterilise Glass, metal and
paper surfaces ,plastics, oil,some foods
and tobacco.
66. BETA PROPIOLACTONE
Used in fumigation
For sterilisation 0.2% BPL is used
Has a rapid biocidal activity
Very effective against viruses
67. SURFACE ACTIVE AGENTS AND
METALLIC SALTS
Substances which reduce the surface
tension –
Surface active agents
68. Cations are widely used in the form of
quaternary ammonium compounds.
Markedly bactericidal, active against Gram
positive organisms.
No action on spores, tubercle bacilli,
viruses
69. METALLIC SALTS
The salts of silver, copper and mercury are
used as disinfectants.
Act by coagulating proteins
Marked bacteriostatic, weak bactericidal
and limited fungicidal activity
71. Sterilisation by filtration
Filtration helps to remove bacteria from heat
labile liquids such as sera and solutions of
sugar, Antibiotics.
The following filters are used
Candle filters
Asbestos filters
Sintered glass filter
Membrane filters
79. MEMBRANE FILTERS
Made of cellulose esters or other polymers
Uses
Water purification & analysis
Sterilization & sterility testing
Preparation of solutions for parenteral use
Millipore membrane filters are widely used
81. Non- Ionising radiation:
Electromagnetic rays with longer wavelength
Absorbed as heat
Can be considered as hot air sterilization
Used in rapid mass sterilization of prepacked
Syringes and catheters (infrared rays)
UV rays (240-280nm) is used for disinfecting
enclosed area (bacteriological laboratory
inoculation hood, LAF, operation theatres.
Eg: UV rays and infrared rays
82. IONISING RADIATIONS
X- rays, gamma rays & cosmic rays.
High penetrative power
No appreciable increase in the
temperature – COLD STERILISATION
Sterilise plastics Syringes, catheters,
grease fabrics metal foils, Swabs, culture-
plates,
83. ULTRASONIC AND SONIC VIBRATION
Bactericidal
Microorganisms vary in their sensitivity,
hence no practical value in sterilisation
and disinfection