Reflux Condenser A Smart One
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Nice content about a special type of condensers. It can be applied in the oil refinery and pharmaceutical processes.
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Distillation processes ,Types of Distillation, Types of Water
This document discusses various distillation processes used to separate substances. It describes simple distillation, distillation under reduced pressure, fractional distillation, steam distillation, and destructive distillation. It also discusses the preparation of purified water and water for injection by distillation. The key parts of a distillation apparatus are identified as the still, condenser, and receiver. Distillation takes advantage of differences in vapor pressures to separate substances based on their boiling points.
water bath instrument
The principle used in a water bath is indirect heating. A water bath works by maintaining water at a constant temperature, which then heats other fluids placed within it through indirect contact.
The procedure for using a water bath is:
1. Fill the water bath container with clean water up to the desired level.
2. Turn the water bath on and set the thermostat to the desired temperature.
3. Allow the water to warm up until it reaches the set temperature.
4. Place the container holding the fluid you want to heat inside the water bath. The fluid will then be heated indirectly through contact with the heated water surrounding it, maintaining a constant temperature.
5. The thermostat works to
Glassware
Laboratory glassware is usually made of borosilicate glass, which is resistant to chemicals except hydrofluoric acid. Common types of glassware include beakers for holding solutions, flasks for heating liquids, volumetric flasks for precisely measuring volumes, and pipettes for dispensing precise amounts of liquids. Pipettes can be graduated or volumetric, and are used to transfer reagents and biological samples in clinical testing.
Cleaning of new glassware by rahul gautam
Cleaning of laboratory new glassware is not as simple as washing the dishes. Here is how to wash your lab glassware so that you will not waste your chemical solution or laboratory experiment as well as time consumed during the experiment.
Pcv
This document discusses the determination of red blood cell indices including packed cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). It describes the macrohematocrit or Wintrobe tube method for determining PCV which involves centrifuging a blood sample and measuring the ratio of packed red cells to total blood volume. Formulas are provided for calculating MCV from PCV and RBC count, MCH from hemoglobin and RBC count, and MCHC from hemoglobin and PCV. Normal ranges are listed for each index.
Lab glass cleaning
Advice and tips for clean and residue-free lab glass and laboratory equipment - cleaning agents and cleaning process
the diiference between serum and plasma
Plasma is the clear, straw-colored liquid portion of the blood that carries cells and substances through the body. It is obtained by centrifuging blood that has been mixed with an anticoagulant to prevent clotting. Plasma constitutes about 92% of blood volume and contains proteins, glucose, minerals, and other nutrients that are transported to tissues and organs. Serum is similar to plasma but is obtained by allowing blood to clot and centrifuging the coagulated blood, so it does not contain clotting factors like fibrinogen. Both plasma and serum are used in medical diagnostic tests and research.
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
The document discusses the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), a common medical test. It defines ESR as the rate at which erythrocytes settle in an hour. There are several methods to measure ESR, including the Westergren and Wintrobe methods. The Westergren method uses a specially designed tube to measure settlement in millimeters after one hour. ESR can be increased in infections, inflammation, and cancers or decreased in anemias and other blood abnormalities. Normal ranges are 0-10 mm for men and 0-20 mm for women and children.
Recommended
Distillation processes ,Types of Distillation, Types of Water
This document discusses various distillation processes used to separate substances. It describes simple distillation, distillation under reduced pressure, fractional distillation, steam distillation, and destructive distillation. It also discusses the preparation of purified water and water for injection by distillation. The key parts of a distillation apparatus are identified as the still, condenser, and receiver. Distillation takes advantage of differences in vapor pressures to separate substances based on their boiling points.
water bath instrument
The principle used in a water bath is indirect heating. A water bath works by maintaining water at a constant temperature, which then heats other fluids placed within it through indirect contact.
The procedure for using a water bath is:
1. Fill the water bath container with clean water up to the desired level.
2. Turn the water bath on and set the thermostat to the desired temperature.
3. Allow the water to warm up until it reaches the set temperature.
4. Place the container holding the fluid you want to heat inside the water bath. The fluid will then be heated indirectly through contact with the heated water surrounding it, maintaining a constant temperature.
5. The thermostat works to
Glassware
Laboratory glassware is usually made of borosilicate glass, which is resistant to chemicals except hydrofluoric acid. Common types of glassware include beakers for holding solutions, flasks for heating liquids, volumetric flasks for precisely measuring volumes, and pipettes for dispensing precise amounts of liquids. Pipettes can be graduated or volumetric, and are used to transfer reagents and biological samples in clinical testing.
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Pcv
This document discusses the determination of red blood cell indices including packed cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). It describes the macrohematocrit or Wintrobe tube method for determining PCV which involves centrifuging a blood sample and measuring the ratio of packed red cells to total blood volume. Formulas are provided for calculating MCV from PCV and RBC count, MCH from hemoglobin and RBC count, and MCHC from hemoglobin and PCV. Normal ranges are listed for each index.
Lab glass cleaning
Advice and tips for clean and residue-free lab glass and laboratory equipment - cleaning agents and cleaning process
the diiference between serum and plasma
Plasma is the clear, straw-colored liquid portion of the blood that carries cells and substances through the body. It is obtained by centrifuging blood that has been mixed with an anticoagulant to prevent clotting. Plasma constitutes about 92% of blood volume and contains proteins, glucose, minerals, and other nutrients that are transported to tissues and organs. Serum is similar to plasma but is obtained by allowing blood to clot and centrifuging the coagulated blood, so it does not contain clotting factors like fibrinogen. Both plasma and serum are used in medical diagnostic tests and research.
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
The document discusses the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), a common medical test. It defines ESR as the rate at which erythrocytes settle in an hour. There are several methods to measure ESR, including the Westergren and Wintrobe methods. The Westergren method uses a specially designed tube to measure settlement in millimeters after one hour. ESR can be increased in infections, inflammation, and cancers or decreased in anemias and other blood abnormalities. Normal ranges are 0-10 mm for men and 0-20 mm for women and children.
ESTIMATION OF SGOT
This document outlines the procedure for performing an SGOT test to determine aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels in a blood sample. It describes that the SGOT test measures the oxidation of NADH to NAD, which is proportional to the AST activity in the sample. Instructions are provided for setting up the test with reagents, standard, test tubes, blood sample, and taking absorbance readings at intervals to calculate the AST activity level. Normal AST value ranges are listed for males and females, and increased levels are associated with hepatobiliary disease.
Stool examination
Examination of feces is commonly used to diagnose parasitic infections as many parasites live in the intestinal tract. When collecting stool specimens, wide-mouthed leak-proof containers should be used and handled carefully to avoid infection. Multiple specimens collected on alternate days within 10 days are examined microscopically, looking for parasites like Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites and cysts, Giardia lamblia cysts, and eggs of worms such as Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichura under saline and iodine mounts. The morphology and features of common intestinal parasites can be observed with these microscopic examination techniques.
Estimation of Serum Urea
This document provides information about estimating serum urea levels, including:
- An overview of the urea cycle and how urea is produced from excess amino acids and used to excrete nitrogen from the body.
- Details two common enzymatic methods for quantifying urea levels: the urease method and diacetyl monoxime method.
- Discusses factors that influence serum urea levels and the clinical significance of elevated or decreased levels. elevated BUN:creatinine ratio indicates prerenal azotemia while a low ratio suggests renal failure.
Sample collection, Preservation and its Estimation
This document provides information and guidelines for collecting, preserving, and estimating various types of biological samples for laboratory testing. It discusses the proper collection and handling of blood, urine, tissue, and other samples. Specific details are provided on collecting blood in tubes with different anticoagulants, obtaining urine through timed or random collection, and storing samples at appropriate temperatures. The document also notes important considerations for shipping samples, such as maintaining proper temperatures and documenting collection details.
Preparation Of Solutions
This document discusses different types of solutions including dilute, concentrated, solvent, solute, and concentration. It defines normal saline solution as containing 0.9% sodium chloride, similar to blood and tears. Normal saline solution has medical uses like wound cleaning and IV hydration. The document also discusses percentage solutions in terms of mass, volume, and mass-volume. Buffer solutions resist pH changes when acids or bases are added. Molar solutions are prepared by dissolving a certain number of moles of solute in 1 liter of solution.
Estimation of serum cholesterol
This document discusses the estimation of serum total cholesterol levels through a colorimetric enzymatic method. Cholesterol is esterified in the sample and oxidized to produce hydrogen peroxide which reacts with phenol and 4-aminophenazone in the presence of peroxidase to form a colored compound (quinoamine). The absorbance is read at 540nm and used to calculate cholesterol concentration compared to a standard. Elevated cholesterol is a risk factor for coronary artery disease and atherosclerosis.
Preservation and storage
Blood must be collected into an anticoagulant solution to prevent clotting during storage and transfusion. Commonly used anticoagulant solutions include sodium citrate and CPD or CPD-A solution, which contain citrate, phosphate, dextrose, and sometimes adenine. These solutions slow metabolism to prolong cell survival during storage, with CPD and CPD-A solutions allowing for storage of up to 28 days. Blood must be stored at 4-6°C in a separate blood bank refrigerator to maintain quality and prevent temperature fluctuations that decrease safe storage duration.
Sample Collection
The document discusses various aspects of collecting and transporting biological samples for laboratory testing, including:
1) The document discusses blood collection methods including venipuncture, arterial blood draws, and capillary collection. It describes patient preparation, site selection, and collection steps.
2) Urine collection methods such as random, timed, catheterized, and 24-hour samples are described.
3) The appropriate containers and preservatives for collecting different sample types like blood, urine, and body fluids are outlined, including tubes containing chemicals that prevent clotting.
Analytical balance
Analytical balances are highly precise instruments used to determine small mass measurements. They can measure up to four decimal places of grams and are sensitive enough to detect changes as small as 0.0001 g. Due to their precision, they must be used in draft-shielded environments and powered by electricity. Analytical balances are used to weigh small quantities in the milligram range when great accuracy is required, such as pharmaceutical applications. Proper use requires leveling the balance, zeroing it, and either directly placing solid samples or taring containers for liquids or powders before taking measurements.
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This document summarizes common urine tests performed as part of a routine urine examination. It describes the three parts of a routine urine exam - physical, chemical, and microscopic. For the physical exam, it discusses evaluating the urine's volume, appearance, odor, specific gravity, and other physical properties. It then explains various chemical tests performed on urine to detect proteins, glucose, ketone bodies, and bile salts. These tests help diagnose and monitor various diseases.
Hot air oven
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Deionizer
Two main types of deionizers are two-bed and mixed-bed deionizers. Two-bed deionizers have separate cation and anion exchange resin beds, while mixed-bed deionizers intimately mix the resins. Both work by exchanging ions in water for hydrogen and hydroxyl ions using ion exchange resins, producing high purity deionized water free of ionic contaminants. Common applications of deionized water include use in laboratories, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, power plants, and other industrial processes requiring high purity water.
Chemical examination of urine
This document provides information on chemical examination of urine, including tests to detect various analytes like protein, glucose, ketone bodies, bilirubin, urobilinogen, bile salts, and blood. It describes the principle, requirements, procedure, and interpretation for common tests to identify these substances, which can indicate underlying renal or metabolic conditions. Causes for abnormalities in the various analytes are also outlined.
Total leucocyte count
This document describes the process for performing a total leukocyte count. It involves diluting a blood sample with Turk's fluid to lyse red blood cells while staining white blood cell nuclei. The cells are then counted in a calibrated chamber and reported as the number of leukocytes per cubic millimeter of undiluted blood. The Turk's fluid composition and dilution methods (microdilution vs bulk dilution) are provided along with the calculation steps and normal reference ranges. Clinical significance of leukocyte count results is also summarized.
Blood banking
This document summarizes key aspects of blood banking. It discusses the purpose of blood banking as collecting, typing, separating, storing, and preparing blood for transfusion. It outlines the major blood group systems including ABO and Rh, which are the most immunogenic. The document compares ABO and Rh in terms of antigen location, distribution, development, and nature of antibodies. It also describes the types of blood donation and the donor selection process involving counseling, medical history, physical exam, and hemoglobin estimation. Finally, it briefly mentions types of blood bags, anticoagulants, component separation, and screening tests for diseases.
Estimation of uric acid levels in blood
1) This document provides information about estimating uric acid levels including the normal ranges and clinical significance. It describes the enzymatic colorimetric method used which involves uricase cleaving uric acid and producing a quinonemine dye that is measured photometrically.
2) Elevated uric acid can cause gout and is associated with increased production or decreased excretion, while low levels can be caused by decreased enzyme activity or various acquired disorders and medications.
3) The estimation involves incubating serum, plasma or urine samples with reagents containing uricase, peroxidase and other compounds to produce a dye, then measuring absorbance and calculating concentration against a standard.
Stool examination
This document provides information on stool examination, including sample collection, preservation, and various tests and analyses. Physical examination of stool evaluates characteristics like quantity, consistency, color, and odor. Chemical examination includes testing pH, occult blood, and fecal fat. Microscopic examination looks for parasites, eggs, leukocytes, and other components. Concentration methods like flotation and sedimentation are used when findings are scarce. Stool culture identifies pathogenic bacteria and performs antibiotic sensitivity testing.
Estimation Glucose in blood
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Medical Microbiology Laboratory (sample collection)
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Urine preservative
Urine is commonly used for diagnostic testing and monitoring disease. Proper collection and preservation of urine specimens is important to avoid preanalytical errors. There are various urine collection methods depending on the test and patient, including random, first morning, and timed collections. Preservatives like boric acid and hydrochloric acid are often used to maintain specimen stability, though some tests require no preservative. Careful instruction of patients and labeling of specimens is necessary when collecting 24-hour urine samples.
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Alcool
O documento descreve os principais aspectos da fabricação de álcool, incluindo:
1) A fermentação é realizada por leveduras que convertem açúcares em álcool e dióxido de carbono.
2) O processo envolve a preparação do mosto, multiplicação das leveduras, fermentação nas dornas e fatores que influenciam o processo como temperatura e velocidade de alimentação.
3) Podem ocorrer perdas na fermentação devido a espumas e floculação.
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ESTIMATION OF SGOT
This document outlines the procedure for performing an SGOT test to determine aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels in a blood sample. It describes that the SGOT test measures the oxidation of NADH to NAD, which is proportional to the AST activity in the sample. Instructions are provided for setting up the test with reagents, standard, test tubes, blood sample, and taking absorbance readings at intervals to calculate the AST activity level. Normal AST value ranges are listed for males and females, and increased levels are associated with hepatobiliary disease.
Stool examination
Examination of feces is commonly used to diagnose parasitic infections as many parasites live in the intestinal tract. When collecting stool specimens, wide-mouthed leak-proof containers should be used and handled carefully to avoid infection. Multiple specimens collected on alternate days within 10 days are examined microscopically, looking for parasites like Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites and cysts, Giardia lamblia cysts, and eggs of worms such as Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichura under saline and iodine mounts. The morphology and features of common intestinal parasites can be observed with these microscopic examination techniques.
Estimation of Serum Urea
This document provides information about estimating serum urea levels, including:
- An overview of the urea cycle and how urea is produced from excess amino acids and used to excrete nitrogen from the body.
- Details two common enzymatic methods for quantifying urea levels: the urease method and diacetyl monoxime method.
- Discusses factors that influence serum urea levels and the clinical significance of elevated or decreased levels. elevated BUN:creatinine ratio indicates prerenal azotemia while a low ratio suggests renal failure.
Sample collection, Preservation and its Estimation
This document provides information and guidelines for collecting, preserving, and estimating various types of biological samples for laboratory testing. It discusses the proper collection and handling of blood, urine, tissue, and other samples. Specific details are provided on collecting blood in tubes with different anticoagulants, obtaining urine through timed or random collection, and storing samples at appropriate temperatures. The document also notes important considerations for shipping samples, such as maintaining proper temperatures and documenting collection details.
Preparation Of Solutions
This document discusses different types of solutions including dilute, concentrated, solvent, solute, and concentration. It defines normal saline solution as containing 0.9% sodium chloride, similar to blood and tears. Normal saline solution has medical uses like wound cleaning and IV hydration. The document also discusses percentage solutions in terms of mass, volume, and mass-volume. Buffer solutions resist pH changes when acids or bases are added. Molar solutions are prepared by dissolving a certain number of moles of solute in 1 liter of solution.
Estimation of serum cholesterol
This document discusses the estimation of serum total cholesterol levels through a colorimetric enzymatic method. Cholesterol is esterified in the sample and oxidized to produce hydrogen peroxide which reacts with phenol and 4-aminophenazone in the presence of peroxidase to form a colored compound (quinoamine). The absorbance is read at 540nm and used to calculate cholesterol concentration compared to a standard. Elevated cholesterol is a risk factor for coronary artery disease and atherosclerosis.
Preservation and storage
Blood must be collected into an anticoagulant solution to prevent clotting during storage and transfusion. Commonly used anticoagulant solutions include sodium citrate and CPD or CPD-A solution, which contain citrate, phosphate, dextrose, and sometimes adenine. These solutions slow metabolism to prolong cell survival during storage, with CPD and CPD-A solutions allowing for storage of up to 28 days. Blood must be stored at 4-6°C in a separate blood bank refrigerator to maintain quality and prevent temperature fluctuations that decrease safe storage duration.
Sample Collection
The document discusses various aspects of collecting and transporting biological samples for laboratory testing, including:
1) The document discusses blood collection methods including venipuncture, arterial blood draws, and capillary collection. It describes patient preparation, site selection, and collection steps.
2) Urine collection methods such as random, timed, catheterized, and 24-hour samples are described.
3) The appropriate containers and preservatives for collecting different sample types like blood, urine, and body fluids are outlined, including tubes containing chemicals that prevent clotting.
Analytical balance
Analytical balances are highly precise instruments used to determine small mass measurements. They can measure up to four decimal places of grams and are sensitive enough to detect changes as small as 0.0001 g. Due to their precision, they must be used in draft-shielded environments and powered by electricity. Analytical balances are used to weigh small quantities in the milligram range when great accuracy is required, such as pharmaceutical applications. Proper use requires leveling the balance, zeroing it, and either directly placing solid samples or taring containers for liquids or powders before taking measurements.
Urine examination , urine, chemical examination
This document summarizes common urine tests performed as part of a routine urine examination. It describes the three parts of a routine urine exam - physical, chemical, and microscopic. For the physical exam, it discusses evaluating the urine's volume, appearance, odor, specific gravity, and other physical properties. It then explains various chemical tests performed on urine to detect proteins, glucose, ketone bodies, and bile salts. These tests help diagnose and monitor various diseases.
Hot air oven
This document provides information about a hot air oven and its uses. It discusses how hot air ovens work by providing temperatures higher than the atmosphere, typically between 50-250°C, and are used for rapid drying and sterilization. It also details how a hot air oven is used for the standard method of determining seed moisture content by precisely heating samples to eliminate water. Specifications are given for common crops dried in hot air ovens, including temperatures and drying times.
Deionizer
Two main types of deionizers are two-bed and mixed-bed deionizers. Two-bed deionizers have separate cation and anion exchange resin beds, while mixed-bed deionizers intimately mix the resins. Both work by exchanging ions in water for hydrogen and hydroxyl ions using ion exchange resins, producing high purity deionized water free of ionic contaminants. Common applications of deionized water include use in laboratories, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, power plants, and other industrial processes requiring high purity water.
Chemical examination of urine
This document provides information on chemical examination of urine, including tests to detect various analytes like protein, glucose, ketone bodies, bilirubin, urobilinogen, bile salts, and blood. It describes the principle, requirements, procedure, and interpretation for common tests to identify these substances, which can indicate underlying renal or metabolic conditions. Causes for abnormalities in the various analytes are also outlined.
Total leucocyte count
This document describes the process for performing a total leukocyte count. It involves diluting a blood sample with Turk's fluid to lyse red blood cells while staining white blood cell nuclei. The cells are then counted in a calibrated chamber and reported as the number of leukocytes per cubic millimeter of undiluted blood. The Turk's fluid composition and dilution methods (microdilution vs bulk dilution) are provided along with the calculation steps and normal reference ranges. Clinical significance of leukocyte count results is also summarized.
Blood banking
This document summarizes key aspects of blood banking. It discusses the purpose of blood banking as collecting, typing, separating, storing, and preparing blood for transfusion. It outlines the major blood group systems including ABO and Rh, which are the most immunogenic. The document compares ABO and Rh in terms of antigen location, distribution, development, and nature of antibodies. It also describes the types of blood donation and the donor selection process involving counseling, medical history, physical exam, and hemoglobin estimation. Finally, it briefly mentions types of blood bags, anticoagulants, component separation, and screening tests for diseases.
Estimation of uric acid levels in blood
1) This document provides information about estimating uric acid levels including the normal ranges and clinical significance. It describes the enzymatic colorimetric method used which involves uricase cleaving uric acid and producing a quinonemine dye that is measured photometrically.
2) Elevated uric acid can cause gout and is associated with increased production or decreased excretion, while low levels can be caused by decreased enzyme activity or various acquired disorders and medications.
3) The estimation involves incubating serum, plasma or urine samples with reagents containing uricase, peroxidase and other compounds to produce a dye, then measuring absorbance and calculating concentration against a standard.
Stool examination
This document provides information on stool examination, including sample collection, preservation, and various tests and analyses. Physical examination of stool evaluates characteristics like quantity, consistency, color, and odor. Chemical examination includes testing pH, occult blood, and fecal fat. Microscopic examination looks for parasites, eggs, leukocytes, and other components. Concentration methods like flotation and sedimentation are used when findings are scarce. Stool culture identifies pathogenic bacteria and performs antibiotic sensitivity testing.
Estimation Glucose in blood
Lecture about estimation of glucose in blood, lecture for Biochemistry practical class of 2nd year MBBS, BMC Bannu.
Medical Microbiology Laboratory (sample collection)
The document provides guidelines for collecting and transporting various medical specimens for microbiological laboratory testing. It discusses appropriate collection, labeling, and transport methods for common specimens including blood, urine, sputum, swabs, stool, pus, and cerebrospinal fluid. Proper collection and rapid transport of adequate and correctly labeled samples are essential for successful laboratory investigations and accurate patient diagnosis and treatment.
Urine preservative
Urine is commonly used for diagnostic testing and monitoring disease. Proper collection and preservation of urine specimens is important to avoid preanalytical errors. There are various urine collection methods depending on the test and patient, including random, first morning, and timed collections. Preservatives like boric acid and hydrochloric acid are often used to maintain specimen stability, though some tests require no preservative. Careful instruction of patients and labeling of specimens is necessary when collecting 24-hour urine samples.
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Sample collection, Preservation and its Estimation
Sample collection, Preservation and its Estimation
Medical Microbiology Laboratory (sample collection)
Medical Microbiology Laboratory (sample collection)
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Home Distillation Handbook How To Distill Quality Alcohol At Home Inexpensi...
The document provides instructions for home distillation, including equipment, ingredients, and processes. It discusses fermentation vessels, lids, syphons, and measuring tools like hydrometers and alcohol meters. For distillation, it recommends a stainless steel still with a column. The column filling provides contact surface area and resistance for distillation. Proper temperature control is emphasized for distillation, and the document provides guidance on purification, flavoring, and legal issues related to home distillation.
Alcool
O documento descreve os principais aspectos da fabricação de álcool, incluindo:
1) A fermentação é realizada por leveduras que convertem açúcares em álcool e dióxido de carbono.
2) O processo envolve a preparação do mosto, multiplicação das leveduras, fermentação nas dornas e fatores que influenciam o processo como temperatura e velocidade de alimentação.
3) Podem ocorrer perdas na fermentação devido a espumas e floculação.
Alcoholic Fermentation Process
Alcoholic fermentation is a biological process whereby sugars are converted into cellular energy and produce ethanol and carbon dioxide as waste products. It occurs in the cytosol of yeasts and other anaerobic organisms. The process involves glycolysis producing pyruvate, which is then converted to acetaldehyde by pyruvate decarboxylase and further converted to ethanol by alcohol dehydrogenase, regenerating NAD+ needed for glycolysis to continue without oxygen present. In conclusion, alcoholic fermentation allows glycolysis to continue under anaerobic conditions by oxidizing NADH back to NAD+ through the production of ethanol and carbon dioxide from sugars like glucose.
Distillation
Distillation is the most common separation technique that involves evaporating and condensing components of a liquid mixture to separate them based on differences in their boiling points. It consumes large amounts of energy for heating and cooling. Fractional distillation uses a fractionating column and refluxing to improve separation efficiency compared to simple distillation. Various parameters like reflux ratio, pressure, temperature controls are optimized to achieve desired purities and specifications of fractions in a distillation column. Stripping steam is also used to help separate lighter components from heavier fractions.
Fermentation
Fermentation can take place aerobically or anaerobically in cells. Anaerobic fermentation occurs when there is not enough oxygen after glycolysis. Alcohol fermentation is a two-step process where pyruvate is converted to ethanol via acetaldehyde. Lactic acid fermentation directly reduces pyruvate to lactate without carbon dioxide release and causes muscle fatigue and pain in humans during low oxygen states.
Bioethanol
This document provides an overview of bioethanol, including its production process, feedstocks, fuel properties, advantages, and disadvantages. Bioethanol is produced through sugar fermentation of plants containing sugars and starch, such as corn, sugarcane, or wheat. It is used as a substitute for gasoline in vehicles. While bioethanol production reduces greenhouse gas emissions and reliance on oil, it also requires large amounts of land and water and has lower energy content than gasoline. Brazil is highlighted as the largest producer and user of bioethanol due to its sugarcane crops and government policies supporting ethanol production.
Alcohol fermentation presentation
This document discusses alcohol fermentation by yeast. Yeast converts sugars like glucose, fructose, maltose and sucrose into ethanol and carbon dioxide through a process called alcoholic fermentation. Experiments showed that glucose produced the most barium carbonate precipitate, indicating it underwent the fastest fermentation. Other sugars like glycerol that can't be broken down into glucose did not produce precipitate.
Ethanol fermentation
Ethanol is nowadays is being regarded as a beverage as well as an important bio fuel. But how is it prepared? It's method of production i.e Fermentation is the key. This presentation has all what you need to know about ethanol fermentation.
Ethanol production
Ethanol can be produced through anaerobic fermentation of sugars and starches from various raw materials by yeast and bacteria. Saccharine materials like fruits, molasses, sugar beet and sugar cane directly provide fermentable sugars. Starchy materials like grains and tubers must be processed to break down starch into sugars through steps like milling, cooking, and conversion. The sugars are then fermented by organisms like Saccharomyces yeast to produce ethanol. The ethanol is recovered through distillation which separates ethanol (boiling point 78.5°C) from water (boiling point 100°C). Ethanol finds uses as a solvent, fuel, and chemical intermediate. Byproducts are also generated including
distillation
This document summarizes various distillation techniques including differential distillation, flash vaporization, continuous rectification, and determining the ideal number of plates. It discusses mass balances, operating lines, reflux ratios, and how changing the number of plates and reflux ratio influences distillation column design and performance. Key aspects covered include equilibrium relationships, material flowing between plates, determining flow rates, and using diagrams to analyze fractionation.
Alcohol fermentation
This document discusses alcohol fermentation, which is a biological process where sugars are converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide by yeasts. Key steps include preparing a fermentation medium with sugars, starches or cellulosic materials as substrates; using organisms like yeast and bacteria; and ideal conditions of temperature, pH, and time. The process yields ethanol as the primary product along with carbon dioxide and yeast biomass as byproducts. Ethanol is then recovered through distillation and has various industrial and consumer uses.
Fermentation processes and their application
Fermentation is a process by which microorganisms break down organic matter in the absence of oxygen. There are two main types of fermentation - alcoholic fermentation which produces ethanol, and lactic acid fermentation which produces lactic acid. Fermentation is used to produce many foods like bread, yogurt, cheese, and beverages like wine. It is also used industrially to produce chemicals like acetone, butanol and ethanol through ABE fermentation of Clostridia bacteria, and amino acids through the growth of various microorganisms. Common products of fermentation include foods, industrial chemicals, enzymes, vitamins and pharmaceuticals.
Fermentation presentation
Fermentation is the conversion of carbohydrates into alcohols, carbon dioxide, or organic acids by microorganisms like yeast and bacteria in anaerobic conditions. It results in less energy production than aerobic respiration. Key steps include glycolysis which converts glucose to pyruvate, and alcoholic fermentation which converts pyruvate to ethanol and carbon dioxide. Fermentation is used to produce foods and beverages like beer, wine, yogurt and cheese, as well as treat wastewater.
Fermentation ppt
The document outlines the course content for a fermentation technology class, including 10 chapters that cover topics like introduction to fermentation, fermentation processes and techniques, microbial rates, stoichiometry of microbial growth, heat and mass transfer in fermentation, and bioreactors. It provides examples of important fermentation products like ethanol, lactic acid, and antibiotics. It also includes diagrams of fermenter designs and considerations for fermentation medium composition and inoculation. The document serves as an overview of topics that will be covered in the class and provides background information on key concepts in fermentation technology.
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Körting steam jet chilling plants use water as a refrigerant and provide environmentally-friendly operation with high operational safety and minimal maintenance needs. They utilize unused steam to power a jet vacuum ejector that cools liquid through flash evaporation without mechanical components. Applications include large chilling capacities over 1 MW for processes with excess steam. Multi-stage designs further reduce steam and water usage to lower costs.
Chiller Plant-EN - Catalogue
Körting steam jet chilling plants use water as a refrigerant and provide environmentally-friendly operation with high operational safety and minimal maintenance needs. They utilize unused steam to power a jet vacuum ejector that cools liquid through flash evaporation without mechanical components. Applications include large chilling capacities over 1 MW for processes with excess steam. Multi-stage designs further reduce steam and water usage to lower costs.
Rendering no waste of energy!
Do you know the energy aspects of rendering? Have a look at the interesting processes behind the industry that processes carcasses and offal. Please contact us if you want to know more about the commercial opportunities for your company or organisation.
Solutions the smart way to more roi
Are you happy with your #energy #ROI? Custom made #engineering solutions can make the difference. Interested? Have a look at this content and feel free to contact us.
Coolers pretty cool!
Like to have a cool start of the week? Have a look at some top engineering content about #coolers. Feel free to contact us if you like it.
Air cooled heat exchanger piece of art.
Some nice content for engineering freaks and people interested in the processes in which this special heat exchangers are used (industrial ventilation, gas transport & storage & extraction, rendering, diesel power, cooling and compression).
Air separation units: technology on the move!
The document discusses air separation units which use cryogenic air separation to separate nitrogen, oxygen, and argon from atmospheric air. The process involves filtering air, increasing its pressure through compressor stages and heat exchangers to create liquid air, and then distilling the liquid in columns to separate the gases. The company supplies heat exchangers and coolers to evaporate and condense fluids at various stages of the air separation process. Their equipment is specially designed to withstand cold temperatures and prevent freezing.
Gas storage engineering beyond limits
Gas storage can be challenging because of fluctuating demand for natural gas. In this presentation you learn more about the complex engineering of this process. Feel free to have a look and don't hesitate to contact us!
Aprds system
The document describes the auxiliary PRDS (pressure reducing and desuperheating) system used in thermal power plants. It has two identical systems - the turbine auxiliary steam system (TAS) and boiler auxiliary steam system (BAS). Low and high capacity auxiliary steam is derived from main steam and its pressure and temperature are reduced before supplying it to various locations in the plant for processes like deaeration, soot blowing, oil heating etc. The systems use control valves, isolating valves, desuperheaters and spray water to control pressure and temperature.
Engineering systems : sustainability rules.
We like to share our knowledge about heat transfer with our clients and stakeholders. Engineering systems for example. We have a focus on sustainability. Working on the best possible performance is our driver. Like to know more? Have a look.
Janani Enterprises, Coimbatore, Heat Exchanger
we are one of the leading manufacturers and exporters of a wide array of aluminum cooling towers, industrial aluminum cooling towers, copper heat exchangers, industrial copper heat exchangers, dry cooling towers, weather proof chillers, heat exchanger, cooling towers spares and wooden & RCC cooling tower. These are widely used in the oil refineries, distilleries and breweries plants, and fertilizer plant, cement plant, and engineering industry. Our Cooling Towers ranges from 10TR to 1000TR including FRP, Wooden, Dry, Fan less and Fill less Cooling Towers.
cdu and vdu unit
The document provides information on the operation of a crude and vacuum distillation unit. It separates crude oil into different products based on boiling point differences and prepares the feed for secondary processing units. Key features include two kerosene draw-off flexibilities to meet changing specifications and a heavy gas oil draw off to minimize load on the vacuum heater and vacuum column. The crude distillation unit processes various crude oil cases to produce products like fuel gas, LPG, naphtha, kerosene, light gas oil, heavy gas oil, and reduced crude oil.
Sustainability engineering beyond limits.
Bronswerk Heat Transfer is an engineering company focused on sustainable solutions. They develop energy efficient heat exchangers, cooling systems, condensers, and fans. Their innovations include a compact header design for shell and tube heat exchangers that uses less material, and a new Whizz-Wheel fan that is lighter, quieter, and more efficient than existing fans. Bronswerk offers customized solutions and services to address clients' heat transfer needs.
Falling Film Evaporator
An evaporator is a device in a process used to turn the liquid form of a chemical substance such as water into its gaseous-form/vapor.
A falling film evaporator is an industrial device to concentrate solutions, especially with heat sensitive components. The evaporator is a special type of heat exchanger.
It includes types of evaporator,introduction to falling film evaporator,working of falling film evaporator,applications,advantages .
HIGH PRESUURE LEACH PLANT PRESENTATION - W KAUZI
The document describes the key components and processes of a high pressure leach plant, including:
1) Autoclaves that oxidize copper sulphide concentrate at high pressure and temperature, producing acid and dissolving copper.
2) A BFS leach circuit that dissolves iron precipitates from the autoclaves, producing ferric sulphate to increase copper recovery.
3) Solid/liquid separation equipment including thickening and filtration to recover solids for further gold processing on site.
The plant utilizes two autoclaves, flash vessels, splash heaters and leaching tanks to oxidize concentrate and recover copper and gold.
Rotameters
The document describes rotameters, which are variable area flow meters that contain a float within a tapered glass tube. As flow rate increases, the float rises within the tube. The document discusses rotameter construction, working principles, modifications to components like floats and tubes, formulas and calculations used, flow rate determination graphs, and advantages and disadvantages of rotameters. It also provides an example problem calculating flow rate based on given float position and properties.
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Refining summit 2015
Bronswerk provides process design, thermal design, and mechanical design services to help clients optimize plant efficiency and recover waste heat. Their Radiax compressor can significantly reduce the size and energy usage of vapor recompression systems. Their Whizz-wheel fan uses curved blades to lower noise levels by 6-20 dB compared to conventional fans, reducing energy usage by 45-60% for the same airflow. Case studies show their technologies helped a client in Mexico debottleneck a gas compression module by 40% in space usage and 24% in energy, and helped a refinery in Germany reduce fan noise by 20 dB while lowering energy usage by 56%.
Onderhoud & reparatie wij fixen het.
Tonnen besparen met slim onderhoud? Onderhoud als profit center in plaats van kosten post? Vraag het Evert Poss. Poss@bronswerk.nl of 06-53553890.
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Afval heeft vaak nog energie potentieel. Bij de verbranding kan stoom opgewekt worden. Meer weten over de mogelijkheden van waste energy? Lees erover in deze presentatie inclusief een klanten case.
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Stadsverwarming Laat Uw Buren Niet In De Kou Staan.
Bij elektriciteitsproductie komt veel restwarmte vrij. Vaak is het onmogelijk om die restwarmte in de centrale zelf te gebruiken. Maar die restwarmte is prima geschikt om de bebouwde omgeving in de buurt te verwarmen. Meer weten hoe efficiency te verbeteren en milieu te sparen? U leest het in deze presentatie.
Bronswerk Heat Transfer Wereld Speler In Warmte Wisselaars
Warmte wisselaars ontwerpen en bouwen een koud kunstje? Bronwerk draait er zijn hand niet voor om waar ook ter wereld.
Bron: artikel LASTECHNIEK Februari 2015 door Margriet Wennekes
Stoom en gas het beste van 2 werelden.
Hete en onbenutte uitlaatgassen bieden een enorm energie potentieel binnen elektriciteitscentrales. Het rendement van deze centrales is flink te verhogen door de hoge temperatuur van de uitlaatgassen te benutten om stoom te maken. Lees meer over de efficiency van het gezamenlijk gebruik van stoom en gas inclusief een combined cycle case.
Warmte kracht eten van twee walletjes.
Warmte kracht is een bijzonder energie proces. Het voordeel is het benutten van restwarmte. Dit proces ook wel bekend als Combined Heat Power biedt veel potentieel tot energie besparing en verhoging van efficiency.
Laat u inspireren door deze slimme engineering content inclusief een interessante klanten case.
Vaktrots Bronswerker Gert Blom In De Schijnwerpers!
Leuk verhaal over onze gepassioneerde Bronswerk medewerker en 'luie' lasser Gert Blom.
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Bronswerk Heat Transfer is participant at the Air Cooled Condensers 6th Annual Meeting 22-25 September 2014 in San Diego.
Read about dynamic air cooled condenser solutions & Innovation in Process Equipment.
Vessel a pharmaceutical crack
Do you know vessels? They often play an important role in energy management especially in the pharmaceutical industry. Have a look at these 'state-of-the-art' machines. If we can help you improve your energy ROI, let us know. We are eager to help you :-).
Research & development innovation radiax technology
Holidays are often a moment of looking back & looking forward. For example your performance regarding energy management. Berhaps we can help you with some small or big steps. Interested? Have a look and enjoy your holiday.
Failing on fouling. Why should you?
The document discusses the Klarex non-fouling heat exchanger, which prevents fouling from accumulating inside the tubes. It works by continuously circulating metallic anti-fouling particles with the fluid to prevent fouling from starting and to improve heat exchange. The particles are distributed uniformly through a multiple path system and their quantity can be adjusted. The Klarex exchanger remains clean indefinitely, requires no maintenance, and operates reliably for many years without interruption.
Enjoy the Silence? R& D Innovation Whizz Wheel,
The world most ultra low noise fan. Fact or fairytale? Does it exist? Have a look :-) Enjoy some R & D content it may boost your performance.
Centrifugal fan: Industrial Art?
Industrial fans often play an important role in energy related processes. What about Centrifugal Fans ? They are used quite some processes Rendering, LNG Vaporisers, Food, Fertiliser, Cooling, Ammonia. Like to know more about these hi tech cracks? Have a look.
Natural gas heater quite natural?
Heat exchange solutions require often outstanding engineering. Warm water or steam play an important role. Like to know more about heaters? Have a look at this content. If you have any questions or energy issues feel free to contact us. We help customers since 1940.
Pulp & paper an energy party?
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Pharmaceutical safety first!
Engineering is key regarding safety of Pharmaceutical products. What kind of technology and processes are relevant? Have a look and feel free to contact us if you have any questions.
Fertiliser an energy game?
A lot of energy is needed for the production of fertiliser. As much as 5% of the world's entire gas production is used for the production of ammonia, an important component of fertiliser. This equates to approximately 2% of the world wide energy consumption! Triggered by these energy facts? Have a look.
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How information systems are built or acquired puts information, which is what they should be about, in a secondary place. Our language adapted accordingly, and we no longer talk about information systems but applications. Applications evolved in a way to break data into diverse fragments, tightly coupled with applications and expensive to integrate. The result is technical debt, which is re-paid by taking even bigger "loans", resulting in an ever-increasing technical debt. Software engineering and procurement practices work in sync with market forces to maintain this trend. This talk demonstrates how natural this situation is. The question is: can something be done to reverse the trend?
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Imagine an IoT processing system that is already quite mature and production-ready and for which client coverage is growing and scaling and performance aspects are life and death questions. The system has Redis, MongoDB, and stream processing based on ksqldb. In this talk, firstly, we will analyze scaling approaches and then select the proper ones for our system.
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This talk draws on experimentation to enable AI applications with Solr. One important use case is to use AI for better accessibility and discoverability of the data: while User eXperience techniques, lexical search improvements, and data harmonization can take organizations to a good level of accessibility, a structural (or “cognitive” gap) remains between the data user needs and the data producer constraints.
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The objective of the presentation is to propose a technical approach and a way forward to achieve this goal.
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Reflux Condenser A Smart One
- 2. Reflux Condenser: A Smart One! 26-1-2015Reflux condenser
- 3. Reflux condenser • A device in which a vapour is liquified. • The favour flows up, whereas the formed liquid flows down by gravity, opposite to the vapour flow. • Subcooling (and therewith the chance on freezing) is avoided , and gasses can well be seperated from the condensate. 26-1-2015Subsea Cooler
- 6. Reflux condenser • Interested? • Read more about (Sulphur) Condensers. • http://www.bronswerk.com/en/Dumpcondensation-System/PT21/ • http://www.bronswerk.com/en/A-frame-Condenser/PT30/ • http://www.bronswerk.com/en/Condenser/PT50/ • http://www.bronswerk.com/en/Sulphur-Condenser/PT84/ 26-1-2015Subsea Cooler
- 7. Reflux condenser • Interested? • Ask our colleague nl.linkedin.com/pub/bram-marcus/11/24b/34b or contact our company. 26-1-2015Reflux condenser
- 8. Reflux condenser 26-1-2015Reflux condenser • Like to know more heat exchangers? • Have a chat with Bronswerk people via our website or • Visit our website: http://www.bronswerk.com/en/Solutions/PS64/
- 9. • Meet us on LinkedIn. • https://www.linkedin.com/company/bronswerk-heat- transfer/products?trk=top_nav_products 26-1-2015 •Join our community!
- 10. •Join our community! • Conversate with us on Facebook. • http://www.facebook.com/Bronswerk.
- 11. Join our community! • Follow us on Twitter. • https://twitter.com/bronswerk 26-1-2015
- 12. • Share our content? http://www.slideshare.net/Bronswerk 26-1-2015 Join our community!
- 13. Thank you for your attention! 26-1-2015Reflux condenser