Killing or removing all forms of microbial life (including endospores) in a material or an object.
Mainly due to: oxidation of cell component, denature proteins, nucleic acids, RNA and loss of membrane permeability.
Procedures performed in a way to prevent contamination with infectious microorganisms
Used to prevent contamination of surgical instruments, medical personnel, and the patient during surgery
Sanitization: Lowering of microbial counts to prevent transmission in public setting (e.g., restaurants & public rest rooms)
Degerming: Mechanical removal of microbes from limited area. e.g., Alcohol swab on skin, washing of hands with soap
Sepsis: Bacterial contamination
Antisepsis: Reduction or Inhibition of microbes found on LIVING TISSUE
Killing or removing all forms of microbial life (including endospores) in a material or an object.
Mainly due to: oxidation of cell component, denature proteins, nucleic acids, RNA and loss of membrane permeability.
Procedures performed in a way to prevent contamination with infectious microorganisms
Used to prevent contamination of surgical instruments, medical personnel, and the patient during surgery
Sanitization: Lowering of microbial counts to prevent transmission in public setting (e.g., restaurants & public rest rooms)
Degerming: Mechanical removal of microbes from limited area. e.g., Alcohol swab on skin, washing of hands with soap
Sepsis: Bacterial contamination
Antisepsis: Reduction or Inhibition of microbes found on LIVING TISSUE
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
2. OUTLINE
Introduction
Definitions
Principles of sterilization and disinfection
Mechanisms of sterilization and disinfection
Individual disinfection processes/
Clinical applications
Research
Summary/Conclusion
3. INTRODUCTION
Microorganisms are the agents of
contamination, infection, and decay.
Hence it becomes necessary to remove
them from materials and areas.
Early civilization practiced salting,
smoking, pickling and exposure to
sunlight .
4. Definitions
Sterilization: A process intended to remove or destroy
all viable forms of microbial life, including bacterial
spores.
5. Definitions
Disinfection: The destruction of pathogenic and other
kinds of microorganisms by physical and chemical
means.
Disinfection is a less lethal process than sterilization
because it destroys most recognized pathogenic
microorganisms, but not necessarily all microbial forms
such as bacterial spores.
8. Definitions
Sterilizer: An agent that destroys or eliminates all forms
of microbial life in the inanimate environment,
including all forms of vegetative bacteria, bacterial
spores, fungi, fungal spores, and viruses.
9. Definitions
Disinfectant: An agent that frees from infection, usually
a chemical agents but sometimes a physical one, such
as x-rays or ultraviolet light, that destroy disease or
other harmful microorganisms but may not kill bacterial
spores. It refers to substances applied to inanimate
objects.
10. Definitions
Antiseptics: An agent that opposes sepsis,
putrefaction, or decay by preventing or
arresting the growth of microorganisms.
Antiseptic products are applied on or in the
living body of humans or other animals.
Antibiotics: an organic chemical
substance produced by microorganisms
that has capacity in dilute solutions to
destroy or inhibit the growth of bacteria
or other microorganisms.
It is usually used as a chemitherapeutant and
must be low in toxicity while effective against
microorganisms.
11. Definitions
Sterilization: complete killing of all
forms of microorganisms, including
bacterial spores
Disinfection: killing or removing of
harmful vegetative microorganisms.
Disinfectant: chemical substance
used to achieve disinfection.
Antiseptic: disinfectant that can be
safely used on living tissues.
12. Sepsis: Comes from Greek for decay or putrid. Indicates bacterial
contamination.
Asepsis: Absence of significant contamination.
Aseptic techniques are used to prevent contamination of surgical
instruments, medical personnel, and the patient during surgery.
Aseptic techniques are also used to prevent bacterial contamination in food
industry.
13. Methods of Microbial Control
Microbial Control
Methods
Physical Agents Chemical Agents
Mechanical Removal
Methods
14. Physical Agents
Heat Radiation
Dry Moist
Incineration
Dry Oven
Steam Under
Pressure
Boiling Water/Hot Water
Pasteurization
Sterilization
Ionizing Non Ionizing
X Ray, Cathode,
Gamma
Disinfection
UV
Sterilization Disinfection
17. Mechanisms of sterilizers and disinfectants
Sterilizer
Moist and dry heat: protein denaturation,
enzyme inhibition, RNA and DNA breakdown
Ionizing radiations: single or double-strand
breakage in DNA
Disinfectants
Ultraviolet radiation: thymine dimers, various
photoproducts (5,6-dihydroxy-dihydrothymine,
TDHT, pyrimine-(6-4)-pyrimidone,…)
Chemical disinfectants: protein denaturation,
enzyme inhibition, breakdown of nucleic acids
18. Mode of action of (chemical) disinfectants
Adsorption on the microbes’ surface
Diffusion through the surface
Binding to the vulnerable sites (e.g. plasma membrane,
cytoplasmic proteins, nucleic acids, and so on)
Disruption of the vulnerable sites
Injury and death of the microbes
26. Surface structure of
bacterial endospores
Exosporium: a thin protein cover
Spore coat: layers of spore-specific
proteins
Cortex: loosely cross-linked peptidoglycan
Core: core cell wall, cytoplasmic
membrane, cytoplasm, nucleoid,
ribosomes, and others
Remarkable physical barrier against
sterilization and disinfection
Survive up to 150 oC with dry heat
Extremely resistant to ultraviolet, strong acid
and bases, and chemical disinfectants
27. Surface structure of
Giardia cysts
An inner membrane
A thick (0.3 µm) outer filamentous
portion
Filaments
7-20 nm in diameter
Protein and a unique carbohydrate (ß(1-3)-
N-acetyl-D-galactopyranosamine)
Strong interchain interaction and tightly
packed meshwork
Remarkable physical barrier against
most chemical disinfectants
28. Physical Methods of Sterilisation
Sterilisation By Dry Heat:
Hot Air Oven
• Kills by oxidation effects
•The oven utilizes dry heat to
sterilize articles
• Operated between 50oC to
250/300oC.
•A holding period of 160oC for 1 hr
is desirable.
• There is a thermostat controlling
the temperature.
•Double walled insulation keeps the
heat in and conserves energy,
29. Uses:
To sterilise Forceps, Scissors, Scalpels, Swabs.
Pharmaceuticals products like Liquid paraffin.
30. FLAMING
Inoculation loop or Wire, the
tip of Forceps and spatulas are
held in a bunsen flame till
they are red hot.
31. INCINERATION
This is an excellent method of
destroying materials such as
contaminated cloth and
pathological materials.
33. MOIST HEAT STERILISATION IS CARRIED OUT WITH
FOLLOWING METHODS
Temp below 100oC: “Pasteurisation”, Inspissator.
Temperature at 100oC: Boiling.
Steam at atmospheric pressure: Koch/Arnold’s
steamer.
Steam under pressure: Autoclave.
34. Pasteurisation
Process of killing of pathogens in the
milk but does not sterilize it .
Milk is heated at 63oC for 30 mins.
(HOLDER METHOD)
At 72oC for 15-20 Sec. Rapid cooling to
13oC
(FLASH PROCESS)
36. HOT WATER BATH
To inactivate non sporing bacteria for the preparation of
vaccines - Special vaccine bath at 60oC for one hour is
used
Serum or body fluids containing coagulable proteins can
be sterilized by heating for 1 hr at 56oC in a water bath
for several successive days.
38. INSPISSATOR
Sterilizes by heating at 80-85oC for half an hour for 3
successive days
Used to sterilize media such as Lowenstein-Jensen &
Loefller’s serum
39. TEMPERATURE AT 100OC
Boiling:
Kills vegetative forms of bacterial pathogens.
Hepatitis virus: Can survive up to 30 minutes of boiling.
Endospores: Can survive up to 20 hours or more of boiling
41. STEAM AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
Steam is generated using a steamer (Koch/ Arnold)
Consists of a Tin cabinet
Has a conical lid to enable the drainage of condensed
steam
Perforated tray above ensures materials are surrounded
by steam.
For routine sterilization exposure of 90 mins is used
42. For media containing sugar and gelatin exposure of 100oC for 20 min for 3
successive days is used
The process is termed as
Tyndallisation /Intermittent Sterilization
43. STEAM UNDER PRESSURE - AUTOCLAVE
Works on the principle of Steam under pressure
Invented by Charles Chamberland in 1879.
45. Autoclave consists of a vertical or a horizontal cylinder.
One end has an opening which is meant for keeping materials to be
sterilised.
The lid is provided with a Pressure gauge, to measure the pressure
A safety valve is present to permit the escape of steam from the chamber
46. Articles to be sterilised are placed in the basket
provided
Sterilisation is carried out under pressure at 121º for 15
mnts.
47. CHEMICAL AGENTS
Chemical agents act by
Protein coagulation
Disruption of the cell membrane
Removal of Sulphydryl groups
Substrate competition
48. ALCOHOLS
Ethanol /Isopropyl alcohol are frequently used
No action on spores
Concentration recommended 60-90% in water
Uses
Disinfection of clinical thermometer.
Disinfection of the skin – Venupuncture
49. ALDEHYDES
Formaldehyde & Glutaraldehyde are frequently used
Formaldehyde is bactericidal, sporicidal & has a lethal
effect on viruses.
Glutaraldehyde is effective against Tubercle bacilli,
fungi and viruses
50. USES
FORMALDEHYDE
To preserve anatomical specimens
Destroying Anthrax spores in hair and wool
10% Formalin+0.5% Sodium tetra borate is used to sterilise metal
instruments
51. USES
GLUTARALDEHYDE
Used to treat corrugated rubber
anesthetic tubes, Face masks, Plastic
endotracheal tubes, Metal instruments
and polythene tubing
52. HALOGENS
Iodine in aqueous and alcoholic solution has been used
widely as a skin disinfectant
Actively bactericidal with moderate against spores
Chlorine and its compounds have been used as
disinfectants in water supplies & swimming pools
53. PHENOLS
Obtained by distillation of coal tar
Phenols are powerful microbicidal substances
Phenolic derivatives have been widely used as
disinfectants for various purposes in hospitals
Eg: Lysol, cresol
54. USES
Various combinations are used in the
control of pyogenic cocci in surgical &
neonatal units in hospitals.
Aqueous solutions are used in treatment
of wounds
55. METALLIC SALTS
The salts of silver, copper and mercury are used as
disinfectants.
Act by coagulating proteins
Marked bacteriostatic, weak bactericidal and limited
fungicidal activity
61. Microbial control by filtration
Filtration helps to remove bacteria from heat labile liquids such as sera and
solutions of sugar, Antibiotics.
The following filters are used
Candle filters
Asbestos filters
Sintered glass filter
Membrane filters
62. MEMBRANE FILTERS
Made of cellulose esters or other polymers
Uses
Water purification & analysis
Sterilization & sterility testing
Preparation of solutions for parenteral use
63. Filtration
May be done under either negative or
positive pressure. Example ; membrane
filter made of cellulose acetate. Generally
removes most bacteria but viruses and
some small bacteria e.g. Chlamydia &
Mycoplasma may pass through. Thus
filtration does not technically sterilize
items but is adequate for circumstances
under which is used.
Main use: for heat labile substances e.g.
sera, antibiotics.
65. Non- Ionising radiation:
Electromagnetic rays with longer wavelength
Absorbed as heat
Can be considered as hot air sterilisation
Used in rapid mass sterilisation of prepacked Syringes and
catheters
Eg: UV rays
66. IONISING RADIATIONS
X- rays, gamma rays & cosmic rays.
High penetrative power
No appreciable increase in the temperature – COLD
STERILISATION
Sterilise plastics Syringes, catheters, grease fabrics
metal foils
67. ULTRASONIC AND SONIC VIBRATION
Bactericidal
Microorganisms vary in their sensitivity, hence
no practical value in sterilisation and
disinfection
69. Factors influencing activity of
disinfectants
1. Activity directly proportional to temperature.
2. Directly proportional to concentration up to a
point – optimum concentration. After this level
no advantage in further increases in concentration.
70. Factors influencing activity of
disinfectants
3. Disinfectants may be inactivated by :
Dirt
Organic matter : Proteins, Pus, Blood, Mucus and
Feces.
Non organic: Cork, Hard water and Some plastics.
4. Time : Disinfectants need time to work.
5. Range of Action : Disinfectants not
equally effective against the whole
spectrum of microbes. e.g. Chlorhexidine
less active against Gram negative bacteria
than Gram positive cocci.
Hypochlorites and Gluteraldehyde are more
active against hepatitis viruses than most
other disinfectants.
72. Important points
Any instrument or item used for sterile
body site should be sterile.
Any instrument or item used for non-
sterile sites can be disinfected.
Hand washing is crucially important to
prevent hospital acquired infection.
