State of matter and properties of matter (Part-2) (Latent Heat, Vapour pressu...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
Latent Heat, Vapour pressure, Factor affecting vapour pressure, Surface area, Types of molecule, Temperature and Intermolecular forces, Sublimation Critical point
States of matter and properties of matterJILSHA123
States of matter and properties of matter, latent heat, vapour pressure, aerosols - inhalers, sublimation critical point, eutectic mixtures, gas laws, Gibbs phase rule, crystalline structures, 3rd b.pharmacy, sanjo college of pharmaceutical studies, palakkad, kerala
State of matter and properties of matter (Part-6)(Relative humidity, Liquid ...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
RELATIVE HUMIDITY, Humidity, Wet and Dry Hygrometer, LIQUID COMPLEX, LIQUID CRYSTALS, Types of liquid crystals, GLASSY STATES, Characteristics glassy state, Types of glassy state, What is the Glass Transition Temperature?
State of matter and properties of matter (Part-2) (Latent Heat, Vapour pressu...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
Latent Heat, Vapour pressure, Factor affecting vapour pressure, Surface area, Types of molecule, Temperature and Intermolecular forces, Sublimation Critical point
States of matter and properties of matterJILSHA123
States of matter and properties of matter, latent heat, vapour pressure, aerosols - inhalers, sublimation critical point, eutectic mixtures, gas laws, Gibbs phase rule, crystalline structures, 3rd b.pharmacy, sanjo college of pharmaceutical studies, palakkad, kerala
State of matter and properties of matter (Part-6)(Relative humidity, Liquid ...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
RELATIVE HUMIDITY, Humidity, Wet and Dry Hygrometer, LIQUID COMPLEX, LIQUID CRYSTALS, Types of liquid crystals, GLASSY STATES, Characteristics glassy state, Types of glassy state, What is the Glass Transition Temperature?
Solid State of matter,
Crystalline, Amorphous & Polymorphism Forms,
Classification of solid state of matter On the basis of Internal Structure,
PHYSICAL PHARMACEUTICS-I,
Habet,
B.Pharm,
State of matter, Properties of various state of matter, Volume, Diffusion, Compressibility, Rigidity or Fluidity, Density, Shape, Kinetic energy of particles at a given temperature, Intermolecular space, Intermolecular Force of attraction, Arrangement of molecules, Changes in the state of matter, Enthalpy, Entropy, Triple point, Freezing, Melting, Deposition, Sublimation, Vaporization and Condensation
When phases exist together, the boundary between two of them is known as interface.
When the phase is in contact with atmosphere it is termed as surface.
State of matter and properties of matter (Part-7)(Solid-crystalline, Amorpho...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
CRYSTALLINE SOLID, Types of Crystalline solid, AMORPHOUS SOLID, Difference between crystalline solid and amorphous solid, Why does the amorphous form of drug have better bioavaibility that crystalline couterpaerts?, Polymorphism,
TYPES OF POLYMORPHISM, PROPERTY OF POLYMORPHS, Methods of preparation of Polymorphs, Methods to determine Polymorphism Characterization of Polymorphs, Pharmaceutical Application
B. Pharm 2nd year IIIrd Sem
Subject- Pharmaceutical Engineering
As per PCI syllabus
Content: Types of manometers, Reynolds number and its significance,
Bernoulli’s theorem and its applications, Energy losses, Orifice meter,
Venturimeter, Pitot tube and Rotometer
Quantitative approach to the to the factor influcing solubility of drug; (Sol...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
Quantitative approach to the to the factor influcing solubility of drugs, Temperature,Nature of solvent, The boiling point of the liquids and the melting point of solids,Crystal properties:
Particle size (surface area ) of drug particles: The influence of substituent’s in molecular structures, Molecular size:
. pH :
4th (30.10.2014) on eutectic mixture by Diptarco SinghaDiptarco Singha
this ppt is very simple and has immence importance in physical pharmacy. it has been prepared based on the syllabus of WBUT & consists of informations of elimentary label...
ABOUT THE BOOK
This book is designed to take students both in secondary schools and advanced level through thorough treatment of the behavior of gases. Almost all the concepts involving gases have been treated with a lot of illustrations and worked examples. Chapter one introduces us to the states of matter, phase transition, pressure of gas, temperature and its measurement, density of gas while chapter two discussed in detail the gas laws, their derivations, ideal gas equation and universal gas constant. Chapter three treats kinetic molecular theory of gases, real gas and ideal gas, deviation of real gases from ideality, distribution of molecular speed of gases and intermolecular forces. Finally, chapter fours, five, six and seven and eight hammered on mole concept, gas in chemical reactions, chemical equilibrium and work of expansion and compression of gas and chemical kinetics.
Solid State of matter,
Crystalline, Amorphous & Polymorphism Forms,
Classification of solid state of matter On the basis of Internal Structure,
PHYSICAL PHARMACEUTICS-I,
Habet,
B.Pharm,
State of matter, Properties of various state of matter, Volume, Diffusion, Compressibility, Rigidity or Fluidity, Density, Shape, Kinetic energy of particles at a given temperature, Intermolecular space, Intermolecular Force of attraction, Arrangement of molecules, Changes in the state of matter, Enthalpy, Entropy, Triple point, Freezing, Melting, Deposition, Sublimation, Vaporization and Condensation
When phases exist together, the boundary between two of them is known as interface.
When the phase is in contact with atmosphere it is termed as surface.
State of matter and properties of matter (Part-7)(Solid-crystalline, Amorpho...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
CRYSTALLINE SOLID, Types of Crystalline solid, AMORPHOUS SOLID, Difference between crystalline solid and amorphous solid, Why does the amorphous form of drug have better bioavaibility that crystalline couterpaerts?, Polymorphism,
TYPES OF POLYMORPHISM, PROPERTY OF POLYMORPHS, Methods of preparation of Polymorphs, Methods to determine Polymorphism Characterization of Polymorphs, Pharmaceutical Application
B. Pharm 2nd year IIIrd Sem
Subject- Pharmaceutical Engineering
As per PCI syllabus
Content: Types of manometers, Reynolds number and its significance,
Bernoulli’s theorem and its applications, Energy losses, Orifice meter,
Venturimeter, Pitot tube and Rotometer
Quantitative approach to the to the factor influcing solubility of drug; (Sol...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
Quantitative approach to the to the factor influcing solubility of drugs, Temperature,Nature of solvent, The boiling point of the liquids and the melting point of solids,Crystal properties:
Particle size (surface area ) of drug particles: The influence of substituent’s in molecular structures, Molecular size:
. pH :
4th (30.10.2014) on eutectic mixture by Diptarco SinghaDiptarco Singha
this ppt is very simple and has immence importance in physical pharmacy. it has been prepared based on the syllabus of WBUT & consists of informations of elimentary label...
ABOUT THE BOOK
This book is designed to take students both in secondary schools and advanced level through thorough treatment of the behavior of gases. Almost all the concepts involving gases have been treated with a lot of illustrations and worked examples. Chapter one introduces us to the states of matter, phase transition, pressure of gas, temperature and its measurement, density of gas while chapter two discussed in detail the gas laws, their derivations, ideal gas equation and universal gas constant. Chapter three treats kinetic molecular theory of gases, real gas and ideal gas, deviation of real gases from ideality, distribution of molecular speed of gases and intermolecular forces. Finally, chapter fours, five, six and seven and eight hammered on mole concept, gas in chemical reactions, chemical equilibrium and work of expansion and compression of gas and chemical kinetics.
Class 9 Chapter 1 Matter in our surrounding ncert cbse board ppt
for school made on canvajjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjsssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss
States of Matter and properties of matter: State of matter, changes in the state of matter, latent heats, vapour pressure, sublimation critical point, eutectic mixtures, gases, aerosols – inhalers, relative humidity, liquid complexes, liquid crystals, glassy states, solid- crystalline, amorphous & polymorphism.
Physicochemical properties of drug molecules: Refractive index, optical rotation, dielectric constant, dipole moment, dissociation constant, determinations and applications
States of Matter and properties of matter: State of matter, changes in the state of matter, latent heats, vapour pressure, sublimation critical point, eutectic mixtures, gases, aerosols – inhalers, relative humidity, liquid complexes, liquid crystals, glassy states, solid- crystalline, amorphous & polymorphism.
Physicochemical properties of drug molecules: Refractive index, optical rotation, dielectric constant, dipole moment, dissociation constant, determinations and applications
Matter of our surrounding |part 2
9th cbse
Can Matter change its state?
Effect of change of temperature
Effects of change of pressure
Evaporation
Factors affecting evaporation
How does evaporation cause cooling
Summary
Matter of our surrounding |part 2
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
1. States of Matter
Dr. Prashant L. Pingale
Associate Professor-Pharmaceutics
GES’s Sir Dr. M. S. Gosavi College of Pharm. Edu. & Research, Nashik
2. Content…
State of matter,
Changes in the state of matter,
Latent heats,
Vapour pressure,
Sublimation critical point,
Eutectic mixtures,
Gases: Liquefaction of gases, aerosols– inhalers, relative humidity, liquid complexes, liquid crystals, glassy
states,
Solid: Crystalline, amorphous
Methods of crystal analysis: X-Ray Diffraction, Bragg’s equation
Polymorphism (Definition, Different shapes of polymorphs, Example and its Pharmaceutical applications, Brief
introduction of Detection techniques).
Physicochemical properties of drug molecules: Refractive index, optical rotation, dielectric constant,
dipole moment, dissociation constant, déterminations and applications.
2
3. States of Matter
States of matter are the physical forms a substance can take.
There are three common states of matter: solid, liquid, and gas.
Each of these states is also called a phase
3
4. The three common states of matter
Most substances, like water, can exist in all three states
An iceberg is made of
water in solid form.
This glass contains
liquid water
A cloud is made of water
vapor, a type of gas.
4
5. States of matter: Solids
Particles of solids are tightly packed, vibrating
about a fixed position.
Solids have a definite shape and a definite volume.
Solid particles vibrate in place but cannot move
from their position, which is why solids maintain
their rigid shape.
Heat
5
6. States of matter: Liquid
Particles of liquids are tightly packed, but are
far enough apart to slide over one another.
Liquids have an indefinite shape and a definite
volume.
Liquid particles move slightly, which allows
liquids to flow and take the shape of the
container they are in.Heat
6
7. States of matter: Gas
Particles of gases are very far apart and
move freely.
Gases have an indefinite shape and an
indefinite volume.
Gas particles move freely and will expand
to fill a container of any size or shape.
Heat
7
8. States of Matter
SOLID LIQUID GAS
Tightly packed, in a
regular pattern
Vibrate, but do not
move from place to
place
Close together
with no regular
arrangement.
Vibrate, move
about, and slide
past each other
Well separated
with no regular
arrangement.
Vibrate and move
freely at high
speeds
8
9. Three states of matter
Solid Liquid Gas
At room temperature most substances exist in one of three physical states.
9
10. Changes of state
Matter can change from one state to another.
Even though the physical form of the matter changes, it remains the same
substance.
Changes of state occur when thermal energy (heat energy) is absorbed or
released by a substance.
10
11. How does matter change state?
As heat increases, a substance changes from a solid to a liquid, and finally to a gas.
As heat decreases, a substance changes from a gas to a liquid, and finally to a solid.
11
12. Latent Heat
The latent heat associated with melting a solid or freezing a liquid is called the heat of fusion.
If it is associated with vaporizing a liquid or a solid or condensing a vapour is called the heat of
vaporization.
The latent heat is normally expressed as the amount of heat (in units of joules or calories) per mole or
unit mass of the substance undergoing a change of state.
12
The term was introduced around 1762 by British chemist Joseph
Black.
Latent heat, energy absorbed or released by a substance during a
change in its physical state (phase) that occurs without changing
its temperature.
Latent heat is defined as the heat or energy that is absorbed or
released during a phase change of a substance. It could either be
from a gas to a liquid or liquid to solid and vice versa. Latent
heat is related to a heat property called enthalpy.
13. Explanation of Latent Heat
When the change of state is studied carefully, the temperature of a substance remains
constant during a change in the state.
This is very extraordinary. As if the change in state opens up new portals or spaces where
the supplied energy hides, therefore it may be referred as hidden energy, the latent or the
hidden heat.
Example:
13
14. Explanation of Latent Heat
Suppose we have a block of ice we want to convert to water.
We all know that ice turns to water and vice versa at 0°C.
Now assume, we start heating ice at 0°C.
You will observe that when we do so, the temperature of ice does not change.
It starts converting to water but the temperature does not rise until the entire ice block has
been converted to water.
But we are heating the ice block right? So, what happened.
If a mass ‘m’ of any substance undergoes a change in state by absorbing an amount of heat, Q at
a constant Temperature T, then we have:
L = Q/m or Q = mL
All the heat supplied to the ice at 0 0C is used by the ice to change its phase from solid to liquid.
Thus the heat supplied is not used up to raise the temperature of the substance. There are 2
kinds of Latent heat: Latent Heat of Fusion and Latent Heat of Vaporization
14
15. Latent Heat: Types
Two common forms of latent heat are latent heat of fusion (melting) and latent heat of
vaporization (boiling).
Latent Heat of Fusion: The heat energy supplied per unit mass of a substance at its
melting point to convert the state of the substance from solid to liquid is known as
Latent heat of Fusion. Latent heat of Fusion of water is 334 Joules/gram of water.
Latent Heat of Vaporization: The heat that a substance absorbs per unit mass at its
boiling point to convert the phase of the substance from liquid to gas is the Latent heat of
Vaporization. Latent heat of Vaporization of water is 2230 Joules/gram of water. (Click
for video: https://youtu.be/hiGzXJ3emcY)
15
16. Vapour Pressure
When the liquid is heated, the energy of the molecules rises; it becomes lighter and
occupies the surface of the liquid. This process is known as ‘evaporation’. The molecules
which can be seen on the liquid surface are called ‘vapor’.
Vapour pressure is a measure of the tendency of a material to change into the gaseous
or vapour state, and it increases with temperature. The temperature at which the
vapour pressure at the surface of a liquid becomes equal to the pressure exerted by the
surroundings is called the boiling point of the liquid.
When some molecules of the liquid in the vapor phase, strikes the walls of the
containers or the surface of the liquid, it may get converted back to the liquid phase.
This process is called condensation.
16
17. Vapour Pressure
The evaporation continues at a constant rate the temperature of the
liquid is kept constant.
As time passes, the number of molecules in the vapor phase
increases while the rate of condensation also increases. It reaches a
stage where the rate of evaporation is equal to the rate of
condensation. This phase is called the stage of equilibrium.
As represented by the manometer, at this point the pressure exerted
by the molecules is called the vapor pressure of the liquid. Vapour
pressure is defined as the pressure exerted by the vapor present
above the liquid.
17
18. Factors affecting
Vapour Pressure
A liquid’s vapor pressure is a vapor’s equilibrium pressure above its liquid (or solid); that
is, the vapor pressure resulting from a liquid (or solid) evaporation above a liquid (or
solid) sample in a closed container.
Nature of the liquid: Liquids have weak intermolecular forces. Heating the molecules of
the liquid can help change them to the vapor phase and thus increase the vapor pressure
of the liquid. For example, Acetone and benzene have higher vapor pressure than water at
a particular temperature.
Effect of temperature: The vapor pressure of the liquid increases with an increase in its
temperature. The molecules of the liquid have higher energy at higher temperatures.
18
19. Sublimation
Sublimation is the transition from the solid phase to the gas phase without passing through an
intermediate liquid phase.
This endothermic phase transition occurs at temperatures and pressures below the triple
point.
The term "sublimation" only applies to physical changes of state and not to the transformation
of a solid into a gas during a chemical reaction.
The opposite process of sublimation- where a gas undergoes a phase change into solid form-is
called deposition or desublimation.
19
20. Example of sublimation
Dry ice is solid carbon dioxide. At room temperature and pressure, it sublimates into carbon
dioxide vapor. When dry ice gets exposed to air, dry ice directly changes its phase from solid-
state to gaseous state which is visible as fog. Frozen carbon dioxide in its gaseous state is
more stable than in its solid-state. (https://youtu.be/39Cb-qG8Ozk)
Naphthalene is usually found in pesticides such as mothball. This organic compound sublimes
due to the presence of non-polar molecules that are held by Van Der Waals intermolecular
forces. At a temperature of 176F naphthalene sublimes to form vapors. It desublimates at cool
surfaces to form needle-like crystals (https://youtu.be/29x7vArV2NI)
20
21. Critical Point
A critical point (or critical state) is the end point of a phase
equilibrium curve.
The most prominent example is the liquid-vapor critical
point, the end point of the pressure-temperature curve that
designates conditions under which a liquid and its vapor
can coexist.
A point at which, two phases of a substance initially become
indistinguishable from one another. The critical point is the
end point of a phase equilibrium curve, defined by a critical
pressure Tp and critical temperature Pc. At this point, there
is no phase boundary.
21
24. Critical Point: Example
The liquid-vapor critical point is the most common example,
which is at the end point of the pressure-vapor temperature
curve distinguishing a substance's liquid and vapor.
The meniscus between steam and water vanishes at
temperatures above 374°C and pressures above 217.6 atm,
forming what is known as a supercritical fluid.
There is also a liquid-liquid critical point in mixtures, which
occurs at the critical solution temperature.
24
Tubes containing water at several
temperatures. Note that at or above 374oC
(the critical temperature for water), only
water vapor exists in the tube.
25. Eutectic mixtures
A eutectic mixture is defined as a mixture of two or more components which usually do not
interact to form a new chemical compound but, which at certain ratios, inhibit the crystallization
process of one another resulting in a system having a lower melting point than either of the
components.
Eutectic mixtures, can be formed between Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs), between
APIs and excipient or between excipient; thereby providing a vast scope for its applications in
pharmaceutical industry.
25
26. Factors influencing eutectic mixture formation
Eutectic mixture formation is usually, governed by following factors:
The components must be miscible in liquid state and mostly immiscible in solid state,
Intimate contact between eutectic forming materials is necessary for contact induced
melting point depression,
The components should have chemical groups that can interact to form physical bonds such
has intermolecular hydrogen bonding etc.,
The molecules which are in accordance to modified VantHoff’s equation can form eutectic
mixtures.
26
27. Applications of Eutectic Mixtures
During pre formulation stage, compatibility studies between APIs and excipient play a crucial
role in excipient selection.
Testing for eutectic mixture formation can help in anticipation of probable physical
incompatibility between drug and excipient molecules.
Eutectic mixtures are commonly used in drug designing and delivery processes for various
routes of administration.
During manufacturing of pharmaceutical dosage form, it is extremely necessary to anticipate the
formation of eutectics and avoid manufacturing problems if any.
During pharmaceutical analysis, understanding of eutectic mixtures can help in the
identification of compounds having similar melting points
27