Stalin implemented collectivization and five-year plans to rapidly industrialize and modernize the Soviet Union. Collectivization forced millions of peasants off their small farms and into large state-run collective farms, leading to widespread famine and millions of deaths, especially of wealthy landowners who resisted. The five-year plans set ambitious industrial production targets and saw massive growth in industries like steel, coal, and oil through concentrating on heavy industry and harnessing labor, but also resulted in poor work conditions and unrealistic demands that damaged workers. Both policies transformed the Soviet economy and society at enormous human cost.