Military Technology and the Military Industrial Complex
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The document discusses the United States' dominance in military technology following World War 2 and its efforts to maintain superiority over the Soviet Union during the Cold War. It explores how the US developed nuclear weapons, bombers, missiles, early warning systems, jets, and other technologies. It also examines how massive defense spending fueled a growing military-industrial complex with political and economic incentives to perpetuate an aggressive foreign policy against communism.
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Postmodernism literature emerged in the 1940s as a reaction to modernism. It lacks unified principles and is characterized by irony, playfulness, and black humor. Postmodern works blend genres and reference pop culture. Influential authors include Joseph Heller, Kurt Vonnegut, Thomas Pynchon, and Tim O'Brien, who use metafiction and paranoia in novels like Catch-22, Slaughterhouse Five, and The Things They Carried.
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Liberalism is an ideology that emphasizes individualism, freedom, reason, justice, and toleration. It originated as a response to feudalism and the rise of the middle class. There are several variants of liberalism including classical liberalism, economic liberalism, neoliberalism, and modern liberalism. Modern liberalism supports a more interventionist state than classical liberalism to address social injustices.
Postmodernism
.A run down of PoMo which can be covered in a 1 hour lesson, an enrichment for those not doing the Po-Mo option
Powerpoint
Karl Marx was a 19th century philosopher, economist, and socialist revolutionary. He developed the theory of historical materialism which argues that economic and material forces drive historical change and development. Marx believed that capitalism would inevitably create contradictions and class conflict between the bourgeoisie and proletariat, leading to revolution and establishment of a communist, classless society. Neo-Marxism emerged in the 20th century and expanded on Marx's theories to include analysis of culture, ideology, and other social factors rather than just economics. Marxist ideas and concepts like alienation, exploitation, and historical materialism continue to influence the study of society, economics, history and conflict.
Liberalism
The document discusses several key aspects of liberal theories in international relations. It covers:
1) Early liberal thinkers like Kant who argued that states could cooperate through international organizations and that democracies are more peaceful.
2) 19th century liberalism focused on free trade increasing interdependence and making war less likely.
3) Wilsonian idealism promoted collective security and international law to prevent war.
4) Neoliberal institutionalism sees states cooperating through international regimes when it is in their self-interest to do so and institutions help address collective action problems.
5) Concepts like collective security, international regimes, and the democratic peace theory are discussed as key aspects of modern liberal
Realism (Part 2)
Realism is an international relations theory that focuses on power and security. It has several core assumptions including that states are the main actors, their primary concern is survival in an anarchic system, and they will use whatever means necessary to ensure their security. There are different strands of realism including classical realism which emphasizes human nature and neo-realism which focuses more on the structure of the international system. Realism is criticized for being too state-centric and for justifying amoral actions in the name of survival. Overall, realism provides a lens for understanding international politics based on power dynamics between self-interested states.
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Nuclear arms race ashiq
The United States was the first to use nuclear weapons when it bombed Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945. During the Cold War, both the US and Soviet Union engaged in an arms race to develop more advanced nuclear weapons and delivery systems. The US focused on developing intercontinental ballistic missiles like the Atlas and Minuteman that could strike the Soviet Union from great distances with accuracy. The US also deployed nuclear missiles on submarines like the Polaris, making retaliation more assured. The Soviet Union worked to catch up but struggled with inaccurate missiles until later improving their capabilities, increasing tensions during this nuclear standoff between the two superpowers.
SAGE
The document provides a historical overview of the development of the Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) air defense system in North America during the Cold War. It details how the U.S. and Canada developed the system in response to the Soviet threat, from early radar projects to the implementation of the SAGE network across the continent. Key events included Project Whirlwind at MIT, testing at Bedford, and the selection of MIT's Lincoln Laboratory design over competing proposals. The completed SAGE system used automated direction centers coordinated by regional combat centers to detect and respond to aircraft using a network of radar lines.
05 arms race and kennedy
During the Cold War arms race of the 1950s, both the United States and Soviet Union significantly expanded their nuclear arsenals through technological advancements like ICBMs, nuclear submarines, and bombers. This arms buildup increased fears among the American public of potential nuclear attack. John F. Kennedy was elected president in 1960 in part by claiming the US had fallen behind the Soviets, and his administration approved the disastrous Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba in 1961, which failed and strengthened Cuba's ties to the Soviet Union.
Nuclear weapons & influence
This document discusses the initial impacts and development of nuclear weapons and strategy between major powers from 1945-1980s. It covers topics like the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, calls for international control over nuclear weapons, the failed Baruch Plan, doctrines of massive retaliation and mutual assured destruction, flexible response strategies, and programs like the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty and Strategic Defense Initiative. The overall nuclear arms race and strategies are analyzed from the perspective of the US, USSR, and other involved countries.
The Cold war
The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and Soviet Union from 1945 to 1991. The two superpowers never engaged in direct military conflict, but fought indirect wars through proxy states. The arms race and space race also increased tensions between the US and USSR. The Cold War ended in 1991 with the collapse of the Soviet Union.
H12 ch 15_usa_sphere_ofinfluence_2013
The document discusses the nuclear arms race between the United States and Soviet Union from the late 1940s through the 1980s. It describes how both nations engaged in an escalating arms buildup, developing new weapons like ICBMs, SLBMs, and MIRVs. It also discusses key events and agreements that shaped the arms race, such as the Soviet testing of nuclear weapons in 1949, the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962, and arms limitation treaties like SALT I and SALT II. Throughout this period, both superpowers pursued policies of deterrence based on the threat of mutually assured destruction.
Space Race
The Cold War of Space Exploration
By Chamour Labbe
Note: Plenty of effects, viewed best if downloaded and played via powerpoint.
Cold war notes
The document discusses three historical events:
1) The Bay of Pigs invasion in 1961, when American-trained Cuban exiles attempted to overthrow Fidel Castro's communist government in Cuba but were quickly defeated.
2) The U-2 incident in 1960, when an American U-2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union, causing tensions between the US and USSR to rise.
3) The Berlin Wall, which divided East and West Berlin from 1961 to 1989. East Germany built the wall to stop citizens from fleeing to West Berlin, but eventually opened the wall in 1989 due to widespread public opposition.
Cold warpresentation
The nuclear arms race was a competition for military supremacy through nuclear weaponry between the United States and Soviet Union and their respective allies during the Cold War. The arms race was fueled by tensions growing out of World War 2 and differing political ideologies. Both nations invested heavily in developing the most advanced nuclear weapons and delivery systems, including gravity bombs, missiles, and eventually hydrogen bombs. This escalation was driven by fears of losing military dominance and led to both nations amassing tens of thousands of nuclear warheads. The arms race had enormous economic and political costs and raised global tensions until nuclear weapons treaties and the concept of mutually assured destruction helped limit further proliferation.
U2crisis
The document discusses the U2 crisis and space race between the US and USSR during the Cold War. It provides context on how the nuclear arms race began as both sides developed more powerful weapons to deter the other. It then details key events and advances made by both countries in nuclear weapons and space technology between 1945-1960. The U2 incident in 1960, where the US was caught spying with the U2 plane, caused the Paris summit to fail and further hardened attitudes during the Cold War.
Kelly's u2 unlimited horizons
“There is a certain feeling of courage and hope when you work
in the field of the air. You instinctively look up, not down. You
look ahead, not back. You look ahead where the horizons are
absolutely unlimited.”
– Robert E. Gross, Lockheed Chairman/CEO 1932–1961
On a summer day in 1955, ominous clouds darkened the skies over a remote
desert valley in the Western United States, reflecting international tensions
between the U.S. and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. In what had
become known as the Cold War, the two superpowers vied for supremacy in
the wake of World War II, waging a high-stakes game of brinksmanship as
each strove to discover the other’s strengths and weaknesses through overt and
covert means. The next bold step for the U.S. involved a spindly silver airplane,
innocuously designated U-2, undergoing preparations for its maiden flight in
the skies above central Nevada. Although this event took place without fanfare
and in utter obscurity, it heralded the beginning of an aeronautical technology
program that spanned more than six decades and showcased innovative aircraft
design and manufacturing techniques. Little did anyone realize at the time that
what had begun as a tool of Cold War necessity would evolve into a versatile
reconnaissance and research aircraft.
The U-2 program originated with a national requirement, an unsolicited
proposal, and studies championed by a panel of notable scientists tasked with
advising President Dwight D. Eisenhower on how the Nation might defend
itself against the threat of a surprise Soviet nuclear attack. To do this required as
much intelligence as possible on Soviet capabilities, but the Russian-dominated
USSR was a closed society that was virtually inaccessible to the outside world.1
British Prime Minister Winston Churchill once described Russia as “a riddle,
wrapped in a mystery, inside an enigma.”2
The nuclear arms race by vibeesh
The document discusses the development of nuclear weapons by the United States and Russia during the Cold War. It notes that the US was the first to develop nuclear weapons and used them against Japan, shocking the world. Russia then began developing its own nuclear weapons to compete with the US in the arms race. Both countries massively increased their nuclear stockpiles throughout the 1950s and developed more powerful weapons like the hydrogen bomb. This arms buildup continued into the 1960s and led to a theory of mutual assured destruction if either country initiated a nuclear attack.
Senior Project Research Paper
This document discusses the history and advancement of rocket technology. It describes how rockets originated in ancient China and spread to other countries. Early rockets were basic devices, but innovations over time led to stronger designs and new uses in war. During WWII, countries like Germany and the US developed more advanced rockets for military purposes. This sparked the Space Race between the US and USSR after the war, as they sought to dominate space exploration and develop long-range ballistic missiles. The USSR gained an early lead by launching Sputnik and exploring the moon, but both countries' rocket programs advanced rapidly during the Cold War era.
Integration of Technology.pptx
The document discusses the importance of integrating technology into the armed forces and provides examples of how military technological advancements have impacted strategies and led to societal benefits. It notes that while superior technology is important for victory, incremental improvements combined with strategies are more often what contribute to success. Examples are given showing how technologies like aircraft, guns, tanks, and computers were improved over time and influenced strategies during wars. The document also outlines how many modern innovations like GPS, duct tape, and the internet originated from military research and development efforts.
Coldwar
This document provides an overview of the Cold War space race between the United States and Soviet Union from the late 1940s to late 1960s. It discusses key events and figures, including the launch of Sputnik 1 by the Soviet Union in 1957, which kicked off the space race. Both countries aimed to demonstrate the superiority of their political-economic systems through achievements in space exploration, such as the Soviet Union's launch of the first satellite and the United States' landing of astronauts on the moon. The space race continued throughout the Cold War period until the Soviet Union's collapse in the late 1980s brought an end to superpower tensions.
The vietnam war draws to a close
The document summarizes key events in the Cold War and Vietnam War era from the 1950s to the 1970s. It discusses the Eisenhower Doctrine's goal of containing communism, Soviet advancements like Sputnik that worried Americans, Cold War crises like U2 spy plane incidents and the Cuban Missile Crisis, US escalation in Vietnam to stop communism, protests against the war at home, and the 1973 Paris Peace Accords that ended US involvement as Vietnam reunified under communism.
Slideshare mash up
The document provides information about the Cold War and Space Race between the United States and Soviet Union. It includes slides summarizing key events like the development of nuclear weapons by both countries leading to a nuclear arms race and increased tensions. It also discusses early space missions by both countries including Sputnik 1, Luna 2, Yuri Gagarin becoming the first person in space, and Alan Shepard being the first American in space. The document lists accomplishments by both countries in an effort to one-up each other technologically and militarily during the Cold War era.
10.04 cold war
The document provides a detailed overview of key events and developments during the Cold War period between the United States and Soviet Union after World War II. It discusses the formation of opposing military alliances like NATO and the Warsaw Pact, as well as conflicts and crises over places like Berlin, Cuba, and Korea that raised tensions between the two superpowers. It also examines related domestic policies and events in the US, including McCarthyism and the arms race, that were influenced by the standoff with the Soviet bloc.
Presentation1
1) The Allies defeated the Axis powers through strategic bombing of German and Japanese cities, the D-Day invasion of Normandy on June 6, 1944, and the advance of Soviet forces into Central Europe.
2) The US also made gains in the Pacific through the Battle of Leyte Gulf in October 1944 and the capture of Iwo Jima and Okinawa in 1945, weakening Japanese forces.
3) The top-secret Manhattan Project developed the first atomic bombs, which were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945, leading Emperor Hirohito to surrender and ending World War II.
Technology in the Cold War
Here is a possible journal entry response:
While rocket technology was initially developed during World War II as weapons, its lasting legacy has been to enable the exploration of outer space. Rockets provided the means for both the US and USSR to engage in the Space Race and achieve many firsts, such as Sputnik, the first satellite, and the Apollo moon landings. Rockets allowed humans to break free of Earth's atmosphere and glimpse the wonders of the cosmos. Though ICBMs maintained rocketry's military uses during the Cold War, nations also harnessed rockets' power to launch satellites, space stations, and probes to distant planets. Rockets lifted the veil on the unknown, capturing humanity's imagination and inspiring future scientists and expl
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Changing governments 1977 1982 revision
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The National Coalition 1973-1977 - revision
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The Lynch government and the arms crisis - revision
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The Lemass Governments revision
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Widening horizons Ireland in the 1960s revision
In the 1960s in Ireland, the government and society underwent significant economic, social, and educational changes. The introduction of free post-primary education in 1967 increased secondary school attendance dramatically. Meanwhile, reforms from the Second Vatican Council modernized the Catholic Church and increased debate on religious and social issues. Irish society also became more secular as television exposed people to global culture and lifestyles, and the younger generation grew more interested in politics and social reform movements.
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The document summarizes the formation of Ireland's first inter-party government in 1948 and some of its key policies and challenges. The government was a coalition led by Fine Gael's John A Costello as Taoiseach. It included the new party Clann na Poblachta led by Sean MacBride. Noel Browne of CnaP introduced a Mother and Child healthcare scheme but resigned in 1951 due to opposition from the Catholic Church. This damaged the government, which lost the 1951 election to Fianna Fail.
Ireland in the 1950s revision
Ireland in the 1950s was a time of economic crisis and mass emigration. Fianna Fail returned to power in 1957 after the failure of the Second Inter-Party Government to solve economic issues. Unemployment was widespread and over 500,000 people emigrated during the decade due to lack of opportunities. The IRA launched its failed Border Campaign against Northern Ireland. Meanwhile, the Catholic Church maintained strong influence over social and political affairs in Ireland.
The IRA and the Troubles in Northern Ireland
Sinn Fein and the IRA emerged from Irish nationalist movements in the early 20th century. The IRA split in 1969 into the Provisional IRA and Official IRA. The Provisional IRA launched a bombing campaign against British targets in Northern Ireland to force withdrawal but this failed. The IRA then adopted a long war strategy of attrition through the 1970s and 1980s, attacking military and economic targets. IRA prisoners engaged in hunger strikes in the 1980s which increased support for Sinn Fein politically. Eventually, Sinn Fein and the IRA adopted a strategy of using both political and military means, leading to IRA decommissioning and Sinn Fein becoming the largest nationalist party in Northern Ireland.
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USA Economy 1945-1989
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Review of ireland 1922 1939
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Brian Fitzsimmons on the Business Strategy and Content Flywheel of Barstool S...
Brian Fitzsimmons on the Business Strategy and Content Flywheel of Barstool S...
Military Technology and the Military Industrial Complex
- 1. Military Technology After WW2 the USA led the world in military technology The USA was the only country with an atom bomb The USA was determined to maintain its position as the leading military power on the planet
- 2. Why did the US want to be dominant The USA believed it was essential to stay ahead of the USSR in the Cold War The USA regarded itself as the defender of the 'free world' against communist expansion The US economy was very strong and the government put massive resources into the research and development of military technology A majority of the US population supported the government – defend the 'American way of life'
- 3. Nuclear Weapons 1945 – beginning of the nuclear age 1949 – USSR develops an atom bomb Truman approves programme to develop Hydrogen Bomb A super bomb 1,000 more powerful than normal atom bombs 1952 – USA tests hydrogen bomb
- 4. B-52s USA needed planes capable of dropping nuclear bombs on Russia Built B-52 Stratofortress Used for dropping conventional bombs on Vietnam
- 5. Rockets Nazis developed rockets during WW2 USA used the work of the Nazis to expand their rocket programme Early 1960s developed the medium range Pershing missile with a range of 650KM ICBMs developed under Eisenhower The Minuteman had a range of 1,600Km Poseidon could carry multiple warheads and a range of 6,000 Km Replaced by Trident in 1979
- 6. Early Warning Systems USSR matched developments in nuclear and missile technology USA believed that an Early Warning System was vital All USA to counter-attack with its nuclear arsenal Distant Early Warning System (DEW) – radar stations across Northern Canada and Alaska Airborne Warning and Control Systems (AWACS) – airborne 24 hours a day.
- 7. Non-Nuclear Technology Development of Jet airplanes Air-to-Air missiles – Sidewinder Reconnaissance / spy planes – U2 Unmanned drones in 1970s & 80s – advances in computer technology Helicopters – Korean and Vietnam Wars Large Aircraft Carriers
- 8. Military Industrial Complex 1950 – total US budget = $40bilion $12billion spent on military expenditure 1960 – total US budget = $92bilion $60billion spent on military expenditure Major industry developed as a result of this spending Boeing, Lockheed, IBM Eisenhower – Military Industrial Complex The military, industry and politicians had a vested interest in stoking Cold War fears and an aggressive foreign policy