1. Under Stalin's leadership, the Soviet Union implemented rapid industrialization and collectivization programs through Five-Year Plans. Collectivization aimed to merge small farms into larger collective farms to more efficiently supply food and labor for industrialization, though it faced resistance and led to famine. Rapid industrialization established a planned economy with strict production targets and worker incentives to transform the Soviet Union into a self-sufficient, militarily strong state. While coordination issues caused over and underproduction, the programs ultimately gave the Soviet Union a strong industrial base and modernized the economy.

1. Stalin Economic Policies Revision
Under Stalin, the Soviet Union went through three Five-Year Plans which were plans put in
place to promote the rapid industrialisation ofthe Soviet Union.There were two components of
the industrialisation programme.
1. Collectivisation
Aims - To be more in line with Party’s motto of ‘Peace,Land and Bread’ for all people,
rather than private land ownership
- Small farms were merged to form larger, collective farms
- It was believed that larger units of land could be farmed more efficiently through
mechanisation (use of tractors, etc)
To aid Stalin’s main aim of rapid industrialisation
i) to promise a secure food supply for factory workers
ii) to export crops to other countries to raise funds for industrialisation
iii) to make farming more efficient and allow farmers to become factory workers.
Measures To make sure that collectivisation was carried out, certain measures had to be taken by
the state:
i) Land owned by the state and crops distributed by the state;
ii) The amount of crops that farmers were to produce, as well as their working
hours and wages were fixed by the state
iii) Equipment provided by the state
iv) Farmers who produced low quantities or were absent from work were punished
v) Shock workers were used to force peasants to join collective farms and remove
kulaks who resisted
Impact Negative:
i) Peasant resistance
◦ Many, especially the kulaks,killed their own animals, burnt their grain and
produce, and hid or buried their crops in the ground to prevent them from being
taken over by the state
ii) Drop in grain harvest
◦ Dramatic drop between 1931 and 1934
iii) Great famine of 1932-1933
◦ Bad harvest led to deaths of millions of peasants
iv) Loss of animal population (cattle, pigs and sheep)
Positive:
i) State managed to collect the grain it needed to feed the industrial towns and
export them to buy equipment
ii) Manpower for new factories were found as peasants left the countryside

2. 2. Rapid Industrialisation
Aims To make the Soviet Union:
- Self-sufficient
- Militarily strong socialist state
Measures  The Soviet Union’s economy became a planned economy — the government
had complete control. A new government department was formed to:
◦ Set targets in each industry.
◦ Plan the locations of new towns and industrial cities like Magnitogorsk.
 System of incentives/punishment
◦ Workers in factories had to work seven days a week
◦ Workers could be dismissed if they missed a single day of work.
◦ The more a worker produced, the more he earned.
◦ Hard work was rewarded with medals and the opportunity to go on a
holiday at a discount.
 Training
◦ Campaign to teach the Russian workers newskills so as to tackle the
problems posed by an uneducated labour force.
 New colleges, schools and universities were built.
 Primary education was made compulsory.
 Thousands of teachers,scientists and engineers were trained
Impact Negative:
i) Poor coordination and planning
◦ Underproduction
 Factories were sometimes held up by shortages of materials
◦ Overproduction
 Due to desire to exceed targets  wastage!
 Quality of products suffered
# better planning and coordination during the 2nd
and 3rd
Five-Year Plans
ii) Little growth in consumer industries and in basic goods
◦ E.g. house-building, woollen textiles, fertilisers
◦ Earlier on, there was a shortage of basic goods such as food, clothes
and shoes. These items were rationed.
# After 1935, the situation began to improve…
 Production of basic goods increased and more supplies became
available to the people. Rationing ended in 1936.
 Workers received cheap meals and free uniforms.
 Free education, subsidised health care and the provision of
leisure facilities, such as cinemas, public parks, sports fields
and gymnasiums, were provided
Positive:
i) Helped to give the Soviet Union a strong industrial base for a powerful
arms industry by 1941
ii) Soviet Union was transformed from a largely backward and agricultural
society to a modern, industrially-developed country