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- 1. 11 ALTERNATIVE TOALTERNATIVE TO ANIMAL STUDYANIMAL STUDY Presented by:- S.S.CPresented by:- S.S.C M.Pharm (1M.Pharm (1stst Sem.)Sem.) Department of PharmacologyDepartment of Pharmacology R. C. Patel College of Pharmacy, Shirpur.R. C. Patel College of Pharmacy, Shirpur.
- 2. 22 Main Points to be CoveredMain Points to be Covered HistoryHistory Concept of AlternativeConcept of Alternative EthicsEthics Uses of 3R and alternativeUses of 3R and alternative Globalization of R- ConceptGlobalization of R- Concept Do they work?Do they work? OrganizationOrganization
- 3. 33 HistoryHistory (1,2)(1,2) Galen, a physician in second-century Rome dissected pigs andGalen, a physician in second-century Rome dissected pigs and goats, and is known as the "goats, and is known as the "father of vivisectionfather of vivisection"" 1880- Louis Pasteur convincingly demonstrated the germ1880- Louis Pasteur convincingly demonstrated the germ theory of medicine by giving anthrax to sheep.theory of medicine by giving anthrax to sheep. 1890- Ivan Pavlov famously used dogs to describe classical1890- Ivan Pavlov famously used dogs to describe classical conditioning. Insulin was first isolated from dogs in 1922conditioning. Insulin was first isolated from dogs in 1922 1957- a Russian dog became the first of many animals to orbit1957- a Russian dog became the first of many animals to orbit the earth.the earth.
- 4. 44 The purpose of animal experimentsThe purpose of animal experiments (1,15,3)(1,15,3) 1.1. The use of animal testing in the development and qualityThe use of animal testing in the development and quality control of products for human and veterinary healthcare.control of products for human and veterinary healthcare. 22 To increase our fundamental scientific knowledge.To increase our fundamental scientific knowledge.
- 5. 55 Facts and figures on animal experimentsFacts and figures on animal experiments (14)(14) 100 million animals are experimented every year, The100 million animals are experimented every year, The British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection (BUAV)British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection (BUAV) 10–11 million of them in the European Union10–11 million of them in the European Union 25 million are used in USA25 million are used in USA Council on Bioethics reports, 50 to 100 million vertebrateCouncil on Bioethics reports, 50 to 100 million vertebrate animals used annually worldwide.animals used annually worldwide. According to USDA's figures :-1,177,566 animals used inAccording to USDA's figures :-1,177,566 animals used in 2005.2005.
- 6. 66
- 7. 77 Introduction of alternativeIntroduction of alternative (1,4,15)(1,4,15) In 1842 British Society for theIn 1842 British Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to AnimalsPrevention of Cruelty to Animals In 1959 W.M.S. Russell and R.L.In 1959 W.M.S. Russell and R.L. Burch published their book-Burch published their book- The Principles of HumaneThe Principles of Humane Experimental TechniqueExperimental Technique IN 1954 :- Universities FederationIN 1954 :- Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (UFAW) infor Animal Welfare (UFAW) in the UK.the UK.
- 8. 88 Replacement:Replacement: Methods that permit a givenMethods that permit a given purpose to be achieved withoutpurpose to be achieved without conduction experiments or otherconduction experiments or other scientific procedures on vertebratescientific procedures on vertebrate animals.animals. Reduction:Reduction: Methods for obtaining comparableMethods for obtaining comparable levels of information from the uselevels of information from the use of fewer animals in scientificof fewer animals in scientific procedures, or for obtaining moreprocedures, or for obtaining more information from the same numberinformation from the same number of animals.of animals.
- 9. 99 Refinement:Refinement: Methods that alleviate orMethods that alleviate or minimise pain, suffering andminimise pain, suffering and distress, and which enhancedistress, and which enhance animal well-being.animal well-being.
- 10. 1010 Rules in India :-Rules in India :- Prevention of Cruelty to Animal Act, 1960.Prevention of Cruelty to Animal Act, 1960. CPCSEA Guide lines.CPCSEA Guide lines.
- 11. 1111 The objectives of this module areThe objectives of this module are (1,4,15)(1,4,15) To discuss the Three Rs as they were defined by Russell andTo discuss the Three Rs as they were defined by Russell and Burch in 1959Burch in 1959 To introduce the concept of alternatives inTo introduce the concept of alternatives in Research,Research, Teaching and TestingTeaching and Testing.. To discuss the potentials and limitations of alternativesTo discuss the potentials and limitations of alternatives To consider examples of alternatives and how they may beTo consider examples of alternatives and how they may be usedused
- 12. 1212 Alternative MethodologiesAlternative Methodologies (15)(15) Alternative technology :-Alternative technology :- Economy :- timeEconomy :- time costcost no. of animals usedno. of animals used Stress = DISTRESS.Stress = DISTRESS.
- 13. 1313 • Animal ModelsAnimal Models • Animal Testing alternative (s)Animal Testing alternative (s) • In vitro (method,In vitro (method, model, technique)model, technique) • Non-animal alternative (s)Non-animal alternative (s) Cell CultureCell Culture Tissue CultureTissue Culture Organ CultureOrgan Culture • Single-cell OrganismsSingle-cell Organisms InvertebratesInvertebrates • FishFish • Simulator (s)Simulator (s) • Mannequin (s)Mannequin (s) • MathematicalMathematical Model (s)Model (s) • Computer-interfacedComputer-interfaced InteractiveInteractive Digital Image LibrariesDigital Image Libraries Virtual SurgeryVirtual Surgery Virtual RealityVirtual Reality • ComputerComputer simulation (s)simulation (s) Computer program (s)Computer program (s) Computer SoftwareComputer Software Computer Aided InstructionComputer Aided Instruction • Physiological Simulation (s)Physiological Simulation (s) Videodisc (s)Videodisc (s) Video displayVideo display Video (s)Video (s)
- 14. 1414 ReplacementReplacement 11.Using of living system.Using of living system In vitro TechniquesIn vitro Techniques Invertebrates AnimalsInvertebrates Animals Micro-organismsMicro-organisms 2.2. Using Non-living systemsUsing Non-living systems Chemical TechniqueChemical Technique Physical/Mechanical SystemsPhysical/Mechanical Systems 3.3. Use of computer simulationUse of computer simulation
- 15. 1515 ReductionReduction 1.1. Animal SharingAnimal Sharing 2.2. Improved StatisticalImproved Statistical 3.3. Phylogenetic ReductionPhylogenetic Reduction 4.4. Better Quality AnimalBetter Quality Animal 5.5. Post-Marketing SurveillancePost-Marketing Surveillance 6.6. Autopsies and BiopsiesAutopsies and Biopsies 7.7. Epidemiological StudiesEpidemiological Studies
- 16. 1616 RefinementRefinement 1.1. Decreased InvasivenessDecreased Invasiveness 2.2. Improved InstrumentationImproved Instrumentation 3.3. Improved Control PainImproved Control Pain 4.4. Improved Control of techniquesImproved Control of techniques
- 17. 1717 Use of living SystemsUse of living Systems 1.1. In vitro Techniques-In vitro Techniques- Non animal living systemsNon animal living systems There are three types:-There are three types:- Cell culture, Tissue culture, Organ cultureCell culture, Tissue culture, Organ culture Greatest control of test subject environment.Greatest control of test subject environment. Eg. – SkintexEg. – Skintex An in-vitro method to assess skin irritancy that uses pumpkinAn in-vitro method to assess skin irritancy that uses pumpkin rind to mimic the reaction of a foreign substance on humanrind to mimic the reaction of a foreign substance on human skin.skin.
- 18. 1818 EytexEytex National Testing Corp. in Palm Springs,National Testing Corp. in Palm Springs, Is an in-vitro (test-tube) procedure that measures eyeIs an in-vitro (test-tube) procedure that measures eye irritancy via a protein alteration system. A vegetable proteinirritancy via a protein alteration system. A vegetable protein from the jack bean mimics the reaction of the cornea to an alienfrom the jack bean mimics the reaction of the cornea to an alien substance.substance. Alternative to -Alternative to -Draize eye irritancy test.Draize eye irritancy test. Some factors are responsible :-Some factors are responsible :- Atmosphere HumidityAtmosphere Humidity Temperature PTemperature PHH NutrientsNutrients
- 19. 1919 Invertebrate Animals :-Invertebrate Animals :- More commonly used laboratory animals.More commonly used laboratory animals. 90% of animals are invertebrates90% of animals are invertebrates Example- fruit fly,Example- fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster.Drosophila melanogaster. Uses- Study of genetics, Mutagenicity, teratogenicity, and reproductiveUses- Study of genetics, Mutagenicity, teratogenicity, and reproductive toxicity.toxicity. Marine Invertebrates – are different species and used to study theMarine Invertebrates – are different species and used to study the physiology of Nervous System.physiology of Nervous System.
- 20. 2020
- 21. 2121 Micro-OrganismsMicro-Organisms Use to replace the animal modelsUse to replace the animal models Example –Example – Ames testAmes test – used for carcinogenicity/ mutagenicity– used for carcinogenicity/ mutagenicity –by using–by using Salmonela typhimurium.Salmonela typhimurium. Allow limit less compounds to be tested which create anAllow limit less compounds to be tested which create an interesting dilemmainteresting dilemma Also used for the screening process.Also used for the screening process. Agarose Diffusion Method.Agarose Diffusion Method.
- 22. 2222 Using Non-living systemsUsing Non-living systems 1.1. Chemical techniques :-Chemical techniques :- ChromatographicChromatographic andand spectroscopicspectroscopic.. Immunochemical techniquesImmunochemical techniques use for binding capacity ofuse for binding capacity of highly specific antibodies to seek out minute quantities ofhighly specific antibodies to seek out minute quantities of antigenantigen Eg.-Eg.- Technique to identify bacterial toxins -- which save severalTechnique to identify bacterial toxins -- which save several mice.mice.
- 23. 2323 ELISA :-ELISA :- Home pregnancy detectionHome pregnancy detection Previously it done by over-Previously it done by over- the-counter test kit.the-counter test kit. Required no. of Rabbits.Required no. of Rabbits.
- 24. 2424 Physical/mechanical SystemsPhysical/mechanical Systems Used of computer-linked mannequinsUsed of computer-linked mannequins Use in EpidemiologyUse in Epidemiology CAT, MRI, PET and SPECTCAT, MRI, PET and SPECT
- 25. 2525 Use of Computer SimulationUse of Computer Simulation Computer simulation-Computer simulation- QSARQSAR - Identification of particular chemical structure –- Identification of particular chemical structure – shows potential reactivity – so resulting toxicity can beshows potential reactivity – so resulting toxicity can be determine.determine. TOPKATTOPKAT computer software programcomputer software program measures toxicity, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, andmeasures toxicity, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, and teratonogenicityteratonogenicity
- 26. 2626 Picture presentation of IV injectionPicture presentation of IV injection
- 27. 2727 ReductionReduction The IACUC can determine experimental design was employed toThe IACUC can determine experimental design was employed to minimize overall animal use. Methods to achieve this include:minimize overall animal use. Methods to achieve this include: 1.1. Pilot studies.Pilot studies. 2.2. Designing a study to utilize animals as their own controls.Designing a study to utilize animals as their own controls. 3.3. Gathering a maximum amount of information from each animal.Gathering a maximum amount of information from each animal. 4.4. Consulting with a statistician.Consulting with a statistician. 5.5. Minimizing variablesMinimizing variables 6.6. To ensure that experiments are not duplicated.To ensure that experiments are not duplicated. 7.7. Using the appropriate species of animal so that useful data isUsing the appropriate species of animal so that useful data is collected.collected.
- 28. 2828 Animal SharingAnimal Sharing :-:- Significantly reduce the no. of use animals.Significantly reduce the no. of use animals. Eg.-Eg.- SurgicalSurgical approach on an animal that has been, or is to beapproach on an animal that has been, or is to be euthanatizedeuthanatized for other purposes, or providing organs orfor other purposes, or providing organs or tissues at the time oftissues at the time of necropsy.necropsy. If within same institute, perform same test, the control can beIf within same institute, perform same test, the control can be take common.take common.
- 29. 2929 Improved Statistical DesignImproved Statistical Design Consulting with the statistician during the design phaseConsulting with the statistician during the design phase A design strategies-A design strategies- Eg.-Eg.- Group sequential testing, and Crossover designs.Group sequential testing, and Crossover designs. Low cost statistical packages for computerLow cost statistical packages for computer
- 30. 3030 Phylogenetic ReductionPhylogenetic Reduction Designed to use one of the myriad of invertebrate speciesDesigned to use one of the myriad of invertebrate species instead of a non-human primate.instead of a non-human primate. The animals chosen for project usage should be the leastThe animals chosen for project usage should be the least advanced from a phylogenetic standpoint.advanced from a phylogenetic standpoint.
- 31. 3131 Better Quality AnimalsBetter Quality Animals When purchasing laboratory animals-cost and quality areWhen purchasing laboratory animals-cost and quality are usually directly correlated.usually directly correlated. The best quality animals, in terms of genetic status.The best quality animals, in terms of genetic status. Institutional commitment of institute.Institutional commitment of institute. Animals of different or unknown health status should neverAnimals of different or unknown health status should never share the same.share the same.
- 32. 3232 Post-Marketing SurveillancePost-Marketing Surveillance Autopsies and BiopsiesAutopsies and Biopsies Epidemiological StudiesEpidemiological Studies
- 33. 3333 RefinementRefinement 1.1. Identifying pain and distress and making plans for reliving it.Identifying pain and distress and making plans for reliving it. 2.2. Setting the earliest possible endpoint for the experiment.Setting the earliest possible endpoint for the experiment. 3.3. Receiving adequate training prior to performing a procedure.Receiving adequate training prior to performing a procedure. 4.4. Using proper handling techniques for animals.Using proper handling techniques for animals. 5.5. Ensuring that drug doses are correct and are not expired.Ensuring that drug doses are correct and are not expired. 6.6. Ensuring that procedures to be performed on the animal areEnsuring that procedures to be performed on the animal are reasonable for that species.reasonable for that species. 7.7. Performing surgeries and procedures aseptically to preventPerforming surgeries and procedures aseptically to prevent infection.infection.
- 34. 3434 8.8. Using appropriate analgesics and anesthetics for potentially painfulUsing appropriate analgesics and anesthetics for potentially painful procedures.procedures. 9.9. Performing only a single major survival surgery on any one animal,Performing only a single major survival surgery on any one animal, whenever possible.whenever possible. 10.10. Performing appropriate post-surgical care, including thermoregulationPerforming appropriate post-surgical care, including thermoregulation and fluid balance.and fluid balance. 11.11. There are several specific research techniques in common use that areThere are several specific research techniques in common use that are often criticized for their potential for causing pain or distress tooften criticized for their potential for causing pain or distress to animals.animals.
- 35. 3535 Decreased InvasivenessDecreased Invasiveness The use ofThe use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Magnetic Resonance Imaging- formerly requiredformerly required euthanasia of multiple animals along a time curve to obtaineuthanasia of multiple animals along a time curve to obtain assay tissue.assay tissue. One animal can provide all the information along a givenOne animal can provide all the information along a given curve-curve- Vascular Access DeviceVascular Access Device - repeated samples or- repeated samples or injections in a single animal instead of using several animals.injections in a single animal instead of using several animals.
- 36. 3636 Improved InstrumentationImproved Instrumentation Monitoring AnimalsMonitoring Animals –– Microelectronics, fiber optics and laser instrumentation, theMicroelectronics, fiber optics and laser instrumentation, the potential for refining techniques.potential for refining techniques. Improved instrumentation - reducing the level of restraint and/orImproved instrumentation - reducing the level of restraint and/or manipulation necessary to obtain biological samples.manipulation necessary to obtain biological samples. The use of tethers in a variety of species to allow continuousThe use of tethers in a variety of species to allow continuous access to the various organ systems.access to the various organ systems. Advantages -Advantages - minimizing a variety of non experimentalminimizing a variety of non experimental variables associated with prolonged restraint.variables associated with prolonged restraint.
- 37. 3737 Analyzing Samples –Analyzing Samples – The available diagnostic laboratory equipment which requireThe available diagnostic laboratory equipment which require only micro liter blood samples to perform a variety ofonly micro liter blood samples to perform a variety of diagnostic tests.diagnostic tests. The use of smaller sample sizes permits the use of smallerThe use of smaller sample sizes permits the use of smaller animal species and prevents the need to euthanatize many ofanimal species and prevents the need to euthanatize many of these species to obtain the necessary volume of bloodthese species to obtain the necessary volume of blood It is now possible to obtain serial blood samples from smallIt is now possible to obtain serial blood samples from small laboratory rodents which reduces the number of animals.laboratory rodents which reduces the number of animals.
- 38. 3838 Improved Control of PainImproved Control of Pain The Animal Welfare Act requires -"that the principalThe Animal Welfare Act requires -"that the principal investigator consider alternatives to any procedure likely toinvestigator consider alternatives to any procedure likely to produce pain or distress in an experimental animal.“produce pain or distress in an experimental animal.“ Use of tranquilizers, analgesics and anesthetics.Use of tranquilizers, analgesics and anesthetics.
- 39. 3939 Improved Control of TechniquesImproved Control of Techniques The handling and restraint of animalsThe handling and restraint of animals Animals can be trained or conditioned to accept a variety ofAnimals can be trained or conditioned to accept a variety of procedures.procedures. It's inexpensive, readily portable, safe even at the highestIt's inexpensive, readily portable, safe even at the highest doses and spreads rapidly through the staff.doses and spreads rapidly through the staff. This can be the veterinarian, a member of the animal care staffThis can be the veterinarian, a member of the animal care staff or a fellow investigator.or a fellow investigator.
- 40. 4040 Globalization of R- conceptGlobalization of R- concept (6,7)(6,7) Dr. David B. MortonDr. David B. Morton, expanded this concept to the, expanded this concept to the FifteenFifteen R'sR's :-:- 1.1. ReduceReduce the number used.the number used. 2.2. RefineRefine end points and procedures.end points and procedures. 3.3. ReplaceReplace withwith in vitro, ex vitroin vitro, ex vitro methods when possible.methods when possible.
- 41. 4141 44 RespectRespect all animals regardless of speciesall animals regardless of species.. 55 RecognizeRecognize any adverse effects.any adverse effects. 66 RelieveRelieve pain with analgesics, distress with anxiolytics.pain with analgesics, distress with anxiolytics. 77 RefuseRefuse to carry out some procedures if concerned.to carry out some procedures if concerned. 88 ReconsiderReconsider protocol if unsure.protocol if unsure. 99 ReadRead about the science and the ethical issues.about the science and the ethical issues. 1010 ReflectReflect on the work you have carried out.on the work you have carried out. 1111 ReasonReason out why you are doing the researchout why you are doing the research 1212 RecordRecord all your observations carefully.all your observations carefully. 1313 RewardReward rather than cause harm and for happiness.rather than cause harm and for happiness. 1414 ReappraiseReappraise techniques for efficacy.techniques for efficacy. 1515 ResolveResolve to learn new techniquesto learn new techniques..
- 42. 4242 Search StrategySearch Strategy (8, 14,15)(8, 14,15) Have a clear understanding of the objectives and methods ofHave a clear understanding of the objectives and methods of the proposed studythe proposed study Choose appropriate databases based upon the protocol.Choose appropriate databases based upon the protocol. Develop the literature search strategy.Develop the literature search strategy. Execute the search.Execute the search.
- 43. 4343 Communication between the investigator and theCommunication between the investigator and the information specialist -information specialist - 1.1. General area of study.General area of study. 2.2. Species.Species. 3.3. Briefly describe your experimental protocol.Briefly describe your experimental protocol. 4.4. Specific systems or parts of the anatomy are involved.Specific systems or parts of the anatomy are involved. 5.5. Give correct spellings of these structures and any acronyms.Give correct spellings of these structures and any acronyms. 6.6. If you are studying the effects of a particular hormone,If you are studying the effects of a particular hormone, enzyme, or chemical agent, give the complete spelling of theenzyme, or chemical agent, give the complete spelling of the compound as well as its trade name and acronym.compound as well as its trade name and acronym. 7.7. Do you know of any prominent authors in your area ofDo you know of any prominent authors in your area of research?research? 8.8. Have you published any previous literature that relates toHave you published any previous literature that relates to your current study?your current study? 9.9. What makes your study unique from previous studies?What makes your study unique from previous studies?
- 44. 4444 DATA BASESDATA BASES (15, 11)(15, 11) AGRICOLAAGRICOLA ALTBIBALTBIB ALTWEBALTWEB MEDLINEMEDLINE AGRISAGRIS ASFAASFA AVLINE A-V ONLINEAVLINE A-V ONLINE BIOETHICSLINEBIOETHICSLINE BIOSIS PREVIEWSBIOSIS PREVIEWS CABI CenterCABI Center CAB ABSTRACTSCAB ABSTRACTS CEBACEBA CRIS/USDACRIS/USDA CRISPCRISP CURRENT CONTENTSCURRENT CONTENTS and UNCOVERand UNCOVER EMBASE ERICEMBASE ERIC FEDERAL REGISTERFEDERAL REGISTER ProviderProvider FISHERIES REVIEWFISHERIES REVIEW WILDLIFE REVIEWWILDLIFE REVIEW BasedBased ZOOLOGICAL RECORDZOOLOGICAL RECORD ONLINEONLINE LEGI-SLATELEGI-SLATE
- 45. 4545 LIFESCIENCES COLLECTIONLIFESCIENCES COLLECTION MAGAZINE ASAP/MAGAZINE INDEXMAGAZINE ASAP/MAGAZINE INDEX MICROCOMPUTER SOFTWARE GUIDEMICROCOMPUTER SOFTWARE GUIDE PNIPNI TOXNETTOXNET PHILOSOPHER'S INDEXPHILOSOPHER'S INDEX PICPIC PsychINFOPsychINFO
- 46. 4646 AGRICOLA –AGRICOLA – Covers every major agricultural subject, including agriculturalCovers every major agricultural subject, including agricultural engineering and marketing, animal breeding, entomology,engineering and marketing, animal breeding, entomology, environmental pollution, etc.environmental pollution, etc. AGRICOLA Thesaurus for Animal Use AlternativesAGRICOLA Thesaurus for Animal Use Alternatives ALTBIBALTBIB –– Is to assist in identifying methods and procedures helpful inIs to assist in identifying methods and procedures helpful in supporting the development, testing, application, andsupporting the development, testing, application, and validation of alternatives to the use of vertebrates invalidation of alternatives to the use of vertebrates in biomedical research and toxicology testing.biomedical research and toxicology testing. Biological AbstractsBiological Abstracts –– Worldwide journal literature in the life sciences includingWorldwide journal literature in the life sciences including biochemistry, biophysics, experimental medicine, veterinarybiochemistry, biophysics, experimental medicine, veterinary science, virology, and other topics.science, virology, and other topics.
- 47. 4747 EMBASE –EMBASE – A large biomedical and pharmaceutical database withA large biomedical and pharmaceutical database with extensive international coverage of drug research,extensive international coverage of drug research, pharmacology, toxicology, environmental health, clinical andpharmacology, toxicology, environmental health, clinical and experimental human medicine, and other topics.experimental human medicine, and other topics. PsycINFO –PsycINFO – Worldwide literature in psychology and related disciplines.Worldwide literature in psychology and related disciplines. Includes research on experimental human and animalIncludes research on experimental human and animal psychology, physiological psychology, and behavioralpsychology, physiological psychology, and behavioral research.research. Information on Alternatives Databases –Information on Alternatives Databases – Produced by the Norwegian Reference Centre for LaboratoryProduced by the Norwegian Reference Centre for Laboratory Animal Science and Alternatives. Describes databasesAnimal Science and Alternatives. Describes databases addressing all aspects of Replacement, Reduction, andaddressing all aspects of Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement of animal experiments.Refinement of animal experiments.
- 48. 4848 Altweb –Altweb – material and news about all aspects of alternatives in animalmaterial and news about all aspects of alternatives in animal research.. Current Research Information System (CRIS) Listsresearch.. Current Research Information System (CRIS) Lists USDA-sponsored projects.USDA-sponsored projects. Guide To Searching for Alternatives to the Use of LaboratoryGuide To Searching for Alternatives to the Use of Laboratory AnimalsAnimals FRAME (Fund for the Replacement of Animals in MedicalFRAME (Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments)Experiments)
- 49. 4949 OrganizationOrganization (6,7, 8,15)(6,7, 8,15) Alternatives Search Service –Alternatives Search Service – Alternatives to Skin Irritation Testing in AnimalsAlternatives to Skin Irritation Testing in Animals ALTWEBALTWEB Animal Welfare Information CenterAnimal Welfare Information Center Center for Animal WelfareCenter for Animal Welfare Centre for the Study of Animal Welfare (CSAW), UniversityCentre for the Study of Animal Welfare (CSAW), University of Guelphof Guelph European Centre for the Validation of Alternative MethodsEuropean Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM)(ECVAM) Information on Alternatives Databases - hosted by theInformation on Alternatives Databases - hosted by the Norwegian Reference Centre for Laboratory Animal ScienceNorwegian Reference Centre for Laboratory Animal Science and Alternatives.and Alternatives. Model Organisms for Biomedical Research - Mammalian andModel Organisms for Biomedical Research - Mammalian and non-mammalian; Funding Opportunities. National Institutes ofnon-mammalian; Funding Opportunities. National Institutes of Health.Health.
- 50. 5050 UVA Institutional Animal Care & Use Committee (IACUC)UVA Institutional Animal Care & Use Committee (IACUC) Animal Welfare Information Center (AWIC) NationalAnimal Welfare Information Center (AWIC) National Agricultural LibraryAgricultural Library European Centre for the Validation of Alternative MethodsEuropean Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM)(ECVAM) Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical ExperimentsFund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments (FRAME)(FRAME) Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee Training andInstitutional Animal Care and Use Committee Training and Learning ConsortiumLearning Consortium Interagency Coordinating Committee for the Evaluation ofInteragency Coordinating Committee for the Evaluation of Alternative MethodsAlternative Methods Johns Hopkins Center for Alternatives to Animal TestingJohns Hopkins Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT)(CAAT) Laboratory Animal Welfare Training ExchangeLaboratory Animal Welfare Training Exchange Netherlands Center Alternatives to Animal Use (NCA)Netherlands Center Alternatives to Animal Use (NCA) NORINA (Norwegian Inventory of Alternatives)NORINA (Norwegian Inventory of Alternatives) Model Organisms for Biomedical ResearchModel Organisms for Biomedical Research University of California Center for Animal AlternativesUniversity of California Center for Animal Alternatives
- 51. 5151 ReferencesReferences 1.1. Animal Testing AlternativesAnimal Testing Alternatives,, by Karen Lee Stevens,by Karen Lee Stevens, Founder & President ALL FOR ANIMALS®. All rightsFounder & President ALL FOR ANIMALS®. All rights reserved.reserved. 2.2. Animal Resources and Procedures HandbookAnimal Resources and Procedures Handbook University of Kentucky, ETHICS AND HUMANEUniversity of Kentucky, ETHICS AND HUMANE CONSIDERATIONS, ALTERNATIVES TO ANIMALCONSIDERATIONS, ALTERNATIVES TO ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION.EXPERIMENTATION. 3.3. U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), NATIONALU.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), NATIONAL AGRICULTURE LIBRARY, ANIMAL INFORMATIONAGRICULTURE LIBRARY, ANIMAL INFORMATION CENTER.CENTER. 4.4. MSU animal used and care, GUIDELINES FORMSU animal used and care, GUIDELINES FOR ALTERNATIVES SEARCHING.ALTERNATIVES SEARCHING. 5.5. S G Lisansky and R Macmillan, Alternatives to AnimalS G Lisansky and R Macmillan, Alternatives to Animal Testing,Testing, CPL Press 1996,388 Pages ISBN 1872691463CPL Press 1996,388 Pages ISBN 1872691463
- 52. 5252 6.6. Alternatives to Animal Testing: Research, Trends,Alternatives to Animal Testing: Research, Trends, Validation, Regulatory Acceptance (Download: Part 1, PartValidation, Regulatory Acceptance (Download: Part 1, Part 2, Part 3) Jane Huggins Toxicology Consulting Services,2, Part 3) Jane Huggins Toxicology Consulting Services, USA-Plainsboro.USA-Plainsboro. 7.7. ALAN M. GOLDBERG, L.F.M. van ZUTPHENALAN M. GOLDBERG, L.F.M. van ZUTPHEN Mary AnnMary Ann Liebert, IncLiebert, Inc Alternative Methods in Toxicology, Volume 11Alternative Methods in Toxicology, Volume 11 - The World Congress on Alternatives and Animal Use in- The World Congress on Alternatives and Animal Use in the Life Sciences: Education, Research,the Life Sciences: Education, Research,.. 8.8. Richard L. Summers, Steve M. Hudson, and Jean-PierreRichard L. Summers, Steve M. Hudson, and Jean-Pierre Montana,Montana, Department of Emergency Medicine and theDepartment of Emergency Medicine and the Department of Physiology, University of MississippiDepartment of Physiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, Animal WelfareMedical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, Animal Welfare Information Center Newsletter, Winter 1995/1996, Vol. 6Information Center Newsletter, Winter 1995/1996, Vol. 6 No. 2-4No. 2-4
- 53. 5353 88 C. Hendriksen, J. Rozing, M. van der Kamp, W. de Leeuw,C. Hendriksen, J. Rozing, M. van der Kamp, W. de Leeuw, "The production of monoclonal antibodies: Are animals still"The production of monoclonal antibodies: Are animals still needed?"needed?" Alternatives to Laboratory Animals,Alternatives to Laboratory Animals, 1996;24:109-1996;24:109- 110.110. 99 I.D. Bross, "Mathematical models vs. animal models,"I.D. Bross, "Mathematical models vs. animal models," Perspectives on Animal ResearchPerspectives on Animal Research, 1989; 1:83-108; L., 1989; 1:83-108; L. Blumenson, I. Bross, "A mathematical analysis of theBlumenson, I. Bross, "A mathematical analysis of the growth and spread of breast cancer,"growth and spread of breast cancer," BiometricsBiometrics,, 1969;25:95-109.1969;25:95-109. 1010 Norina Database http://oslovet.veths.no/NORINA/Norina Database http://oslovet.veths.no/NORINA/ 1111 European Resource Centre for Alternatives (EURCA)European Resource Centre for Alternatives (EURCA) http://www.eurca.org/http://www.eurca.org/ 1212 The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique W.M.S.The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique W.M.S. Russell and R.L. Burch Methuen & Co. Ltd. London 1959.Russell and R.L. Burch Methuen & Co. Ltd. London 1959. (Special Edition publ. by Universities Federation for Animal(Special Edition publ. by Universities Federation for Animal Welfare, 1992)Welfare, 1992) http://altweb.jhsph.edu/publications/humane_exp/het-http://altweb.jhsph.edu/publications/humane_exp/het- toc.htmtoc.htm
- 54. 5454 13.13. Balls, M., Goldberg, A.M., Fentem, J.H. et al (1995) TheBalls, M., Goldberg, A.M., Fentem, J.H. et al (1995) The three Rs: The way forward: ECVAM Workshop Report 11.three Rs: The way forward: ECVAM Workshop Report 11. ATLA 23: 838-866ATLA 23: 838-866 http://www.ccac.ca/en/CCAC_Programs/ETCC/Module03/0http://www.ccac.ca/en/CCAC_Programs/ETCC/Module03/0 8.html8.html 14.14. Rown A.N., Stratmann C.J.; The use of alternatives inRown A.N., Stratmann C.J.; The use of alternatives in DRUG RESEACH ; The mechmillan Press Ltd. Delhi;148-DRUG RESEACH ; The mechmillan Press Ltd. Delhi;148- 151.151. 15.15. CRCA (Chancellor’s Animal Research Committee ) USDACRCA (Chancellor’s Animal Research Committee ) USDA INFORMATIONAL REQUIREMENTS.INFORMATIONAL REQUIREMENTS.
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Editor's Notes
- Databases Many investigators routinely do searches in PubMed, but may not be aware of other databases that can be useful in determining if animal testing alternatives are available. The use of multiple databases to conduct a thorough literature search can be a great way to include all pertinent information on a topic. Some to consider include: AGRICOLA - Covers every major agricultural subject, including agricultural engineering and marketing, animal breeding, entomology, environmental pollution, farm management, foods and feeds, pesticides, rural sociology, veterinary medicine, and water resources. You may want to use the AGRICOLA Thesaurus for Animal Use Alternatives to find vocabulary for searching alternatives. ALTBIB - The intent of the bibliography is to assist in identifying methods and procedures helpful in supporting the development, testing, application, and validation of alternatives to the use of vertebrates in biomedical research and toxicology testing. Biological Abstracts - Provides the most comprehensive coverage of worldwide journal literature in the life sciences including biochemistry, biophysics, experimental medicine, veterinary science, virology, and other topics. EMBASE - A large biomedical and pharmaceutical database with extensive international coverage of drug research, pharmacology, toxicology, environmental health, clinical and experimental human medicine, and other topics. National Agricultural Library Alternatives Thesaurus - a listing of over 200 terms in a controlled vocabulary to incorporate new alternatives terminology. PsycINFO - Accesses worldwide literature in psychology and related disciplines. Includes research on experimental human and animal psychology, physiological psychology, and behavioral research.
- Alternatives in Education Database - Association of Veterinarians for Animal Rights (AVAR) Online searchable database of alternatives to harming or killing nonhuman animals used in education. Altweb Contains reference material and news about all aspects of alternatives in animal research. Includes general, educational, scientific, and regulatory resources. Also contains conference proceedings, books, and reports. Current Research Information System (CRIS) Lists USDA-sponsored projects. Guide To Searching for Alternatives to the Use of Laboratory Animals Includes search basics, terms, strategies, and list of free databases. This guide assumes no previous knowledge of search techniques nor of the facilities available for obtaining information from the Internet. Provided by FRAME (Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments). CAB Abstract We are running a trial of CAB Abstract until the end of October. Information on Alternatives Databases Produced by The Norwegian Reference Centre for Laboratory Animal Science and Alternatives. Describes databases addressing all aspects of Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement of animal experiments. MEDLINE (OVID) Entire MEDLINE database. Covers over 3,000 journals from 1966 to the present. PubMED Free search service to access over 9 million citations in Biomolecular 3-D Structures, Complete Genomes, MEDLINE, pre-MEDLINE, GenBank DNA Sequences, GenBank Protein Sequences, and other related databases. Access to full-text journal articles is provided via links to participating publishers. TEXTBASE Produced by The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Laboratory Animal Unit. A free searchable database of approximately 740 current textbooks within the field of laboratory animal science. Transgenic/Targeted Mutation Database (TBASE) A free searchable database of information on transgenic animals and targeted mutations generated and analyzed worldwide. TOXNET Access to toxicology databases including RTECS, Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances, and CCRIS, Chemical Carcinogenesis Research Information System. Web of Science (WOS) Containing Science Citation Index, Social Sciences Citation Index, and Arts & Humanities Citation Index, WOS offers multidisciplinary searching and seamless access to cited reference searching. The WOS databases include bibliographic and citation information for articles from over 5,700 science and engineering journals, 1,700 social sciences journals, and 1,100 arts and humanities journals ZEBET Database on Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments Available through DIMDI (German Institute for Medical Documentation & Information).