This document summarizes a study on the effects of incorporating spray-dried plasma from porcine blood (SDP) into diets for Atlantic salmon parr and smolts. The study found that including SDP at 6% provided the best results, improving feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio. Fish fed the 6% SDP diet also showed a more homogeneous distribution in body weight. Additionally, the 9% SDP diet resulted in an increase in goblet cell number in the intestinal mucosa, indicating SDP may support the fish's innate immune system. In conclusion, SDP is an excellent feed ingredient that can improve growth performance and feed utilization for Atlantic salmon.

1. I N C O R P O R AT I N G
f i s h far m ing t e c h no l og y
January | February 2013
Spray-dried plasma from porcine blood in
diets for Atlantic salmon parrs
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3. 99
99
99
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4. FEATURE
Spray-dried plasma
from porcine blood in diets for
Atlantic salmon parrs
by Enric Gisbert PhD, Research Scientist, IRTA-San Carlos de la Rápita,
Spain and Javier Polo PhD, APC Europe SA, Granollers, Spain
S
ince the late 1970s, Atlantic salmon fishmeal replacer, and as a
aquaculture has grown into a global pellet colouring agent.
industry that annually produces over On a nutritional basis,
1.4 million tonnes of salmon with an blood meals with the high-
estimated value of US$7,812 million according est digestibility are gener-
to 2012 FAO statistics. The growth of salmon ally those which have been
aquaculture has been accompanied by a con- spray dried. Spray-dried
tinuous improvement in feed formulation and proteins are subjected to
technology to maximize growth and survival of less heat damage and dena-
salmon at different stages of development. The turing of the protein during
search for new and alternative feed ingredients the drying process com-
and formulations continues in order to ensure pared to traditional ren-
sustainability of this industry. dered or ring-dried proteins.
Aquaculture feed manu-
A major challenge for the aquaculture facturers that use blood
feed production industry is to identify and meal and blood products
validate stable, predictable and high qual- in their feeds are mainly
ity sources of alternative proteins for the concentrated in Asia and
manufacture of aqua feeds. In this context, North and South America,
any satisfactory alternative feed ingredient whereas European feed
must be able to supply comparable nutri- producers are using non-
tional value at a competitive cost. Global ruminant blood products
recognition that terrestrial animal by-product mainly in marine fish feed
meals, especially non-ruminant blood meals because it is now legally
and blood products, represent the largest accepted by EU regulation
and largely untapped safe source of animal (Tacon, 2005).
protein available within the international
aquafeed industry. Spray dried-plasma
Despite the fact that blood meal and as a feed ingredient
blood products have been shown to be cost- Spray-dried blood, red
effective nutrient sources for farmed fish and blood cells (haemoglobin)
shrimp, it was estimated that less than five per- and plasma proteins have
cent of total global manufactured aqua feeds long been recognized as high
(21 million tonnes in 2005) contained blood quality feed ingredients for
meal (2–5% average dietary inclusion level). swine, cattle and poultry. Figure 1: Final size distribution in body weight
Blood meal is mainly used as a cost-effective Spray-dried plasma (SDP) is (BW) of Atlantic salmon fed diets containing
graded levels of spray dried plasma (SDD)
source of highly digestible animal protein, as a a feed ingredient composed
18 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | January-February 2013

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6. FEATURE
of a diverse mixture of functional proteins and The quantity of oil needed to dissolve the ated by biological, histological and biochemical
other biologically important components. SDP highest level (9%) of SDP was also used for parameters, such as growth, survival, feed
has an excellent amino acid profile with high incorporating lower levels of SDP in all the conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio
(99%) digestibility of amino acids (Bureau et al., experimental feeds. This strategy assured (PER), organisation of the intestinal mucosa,
1999) and it has been noted in multiple publica- that diets were isolipidic (31%), although proximate body composition, haematocrit,
tions that it improves animal growth, feed intake they did not have similar levels of dietary serum protein profile and blood cell count. In
and feed efficiency. In addition, SDP has been proteins (ranged from 43.3% in SDP0 diet to addition, smoltification success was assessed
recommended for inclusion in animal diets as a 50.1% in SDP9 diet). This variation in protein by evaluating fish survival, as well as, the histo-
source of immunological support due to their content of diets did not invalidate the pos- logical organisation of gill filaments and plasma
high levels of globulin proteins (Campbell et sible results of this study, since the dietary osmolality and electrolyte composition.
al., 2010). Although blood products have many protein levels tested were higher than those
good qualities, there is scarce literature on the generally recommended for this species at this Weight and size
effects of dietary SDP inclusion in fish feeds developmental stage (Bendiksen et al., 2003). At the end of the trial, the mean weight
(Johnson and Summerfelt, 2000). Different studies have reported that dietary of salmon fed different diets was similar
protein levels higher than 39-40 percent do (92.8-98.5 g) regardless of the SDP level
Effects of SDP on Atlantic not affect growth performance in this species incorporated on the feed. However, the size
salmon smolts at the tested dietary lipid level. distribution of individual body weight was
In a recent study, we evaluated the inclu- significantly affected by the diet. Size het-
sion of SDP derived from porcine blood Evaluating SDP effect erogeneity is a common feature in salmonid
(AP820P; APC Europe, SA) as a feed ingredi- Diets were tested in triplicate in Atlantic farming that affects the overall performance
ent in commercial feeds for Atlantic salmon salmon parr (45.4 ± 5.76 g) for a period of of the rearing process.
(Salmo salar) parr and its effect on growth 86 days (0 g salinity /l, 12.5ºC, 12 h L:12 h D), The results of the hierarchical size effect
performance, feed utilization, organisation and then fish were smoltified and kept in marine are the establishment of a group of dominant
functionality of the digestive system and water (35 g salinity/l, 16ºC, 18 h L:6 h D) for fish that do not allow smaller (subordinate)
haematological parameters. SDP was incor- two weeks in a IRTAMAR® recirculation unit. ones to feed normally. Therefore, under
porated into diets at increasing levels (0, 3, 6 Fish were fed four times per day (0830, 1200, conditions promoting hierarchy formation,
and 9%) and was prepared by dispersing it in 1600 and 2000 h) with automatic feeders set the largest fish at the beginning are expected
olive oil and then spraying it on commercial at the feed ratio of 0.9% of stocked biomass. to get the largest share of the feed, grow the
salmon feed (Skretting T2 Select, Skretting). The feed ratio was periodically adjusted by fastest and have the highest weight at the end
Diets were named SDP0, SDP3, SDP6 or means of intermediate samplings for weight of the production process.
SDP9 considering the inclusion levels of SDP and growth performance. Under the present experimental condi-
in experimental feeds. The effect of SDP in salmon was evalu- tions, salmon fed SDP6 had the most homo-
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8. FEATURE
geneous distribution in body weight among the intestinal mucosa of fish fed the SDP9
the tested diets. Thus, fish fed SDP6 had a diet may be linked to the ability of SDP
higher proportion of fish within the mode to support the immune-competence of
of the population (81-120 g), and a lower the fish. This hypothesis needs further
proportion of fish belonging to smaller (40-80 research in order to be validated, although
g) or larger (121-170 g) size classes in com- previous studies on other fish species
parison to the control group. The same trend seem to support this idea.
was observed when data were expressed in The nutrition provides by SDP has
standard length or using the Fulton’s condition been reported to improve immune com-
factor. These findings are of practical impor- petence in shrimp (Russell and Campbell,
tance since the improved size distribution 2008), eel (Jensen and Nielsen, 2003) and
might reduce the tasks of size selection dur- in trout challenged by Yersinia ruckeri, that
ing processing, and also diminish hierarchical in addition of the consistent results in ter-
dominance situations that ultimately maximize restrial animals, indicate the improve per-
the harvested biomass and reduce the cost formance of these animals under stressed
associated with growing fish to harvest size. farming conditions.
Survival and FCR Conclusions
All fish from different experimental groups SDP is an excellent ingredient for
were able to successfully osmoregulate and Atlantic salmon parr and smolt diets since
keep their hydromineral equilibrium of their it is a highly digestible protein source that
body fluids after smoltification, as data on improved feed and protein efficiency
plasma osmolality and electrolyte content ratios and promoted a more homogene-
indicated. Although there were no differences ous distribution of body weight in the
in survival among salmon fed different diets, tested population. The SDP9 diet result-
parr fed diets containing SDP showed a slight, ed in an increase in goblet cell number
but not significant, higher survival after smol- in the intestinal mucosa, which supports
tification in comparison to the control group the idea that SDP may provide support
(SDP0), which may be due to the higher pro- to the innate host defense mechanism
portion of small-sized parr in the SDP0 group. of the gut. Based upon the FCR and
The enhanced nutrition supplied by SDP in PER results of this study, the optimal
diets also improved FCR and PER; salmonoids dietary inclusion level of SDP in diets for
fed SDP3 and SDP6 diets had the lowest FCR Atlantic salmon parr was calculated to be
and highest PER values, respectively. These 4.1 percent. Research is being currently
results indicated that the nitrogen content conducted on the use of SDP in diets
from these diets was much more efficiently for marine fish species, in particular for
used by fish. Growth performance and proxi- gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata), and
mate biochemical composition of fish were the preliminary results are really encour-
similar among dietary groups, although fish aging and within the same line to those Figure 2: Broken analysis of food
fed SDP3 and SDP6 consumed less feed in obtained in Atlantic salmon. conversion (FCR) and protein efficiency
comparison to the control diet. The reduction rates (PER) from Atlantic salmon fed
in feed consumption and high PER coupled References different diets containing graded levels
of spray-dried plasma (SDP). The value
with the high digestibility of SDP may also
APC Inc (2003). Evaluation of BIOFEND® within the inner rectangle indicates
result in less nitrogen waste in the effluents of (spray-dried plasma) on growth and the estimated level of SDP inclusion in
aquaculture facilities, which is considered a key sur vival of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus diets considering the results of the used
element for the long-term sustainability of the mykiss) challenged with Yersinia ruckeri. methodology.
aquaculture industry. Discoveries Tech Briefs, Volume 6, 2
pages. Februar y 2003, APC Inc., Iowa, IA
Digestion and intestinal mucosa 50010, USA (www.americanprotein.com/ Jensen, S. and M. Nielsen. (2003). Effect of APC
Functionality of the digestive system was products/biofend/images/Discoveries621803. plasma additives on eels being introduced to
not affected by diets, as fish had similar activ- pdf). red head disease. Poster paper presented at
ity levels of pancreatic and intestinal diges- Bendiksen, E.A., O.K. Berg, M. Jobling, A.M Aquaculture Europe 2003, 8-12 August 2003,
tive enzymes. However, fish fed SDP9 had Arnesen and K. Masoval. 2003. Digestibility, Trondheim.
increased number of goblet cells in the intes- growth and nutrient utilisation of Atlantic salmon Johnson, J.A. and R.C. Summerfelt. 2000. Spray-
tinal mucosa, but height of intestinal villi was parr (Salmo salar L.) in relation to temperature, dried blood cells as a par tial replacement for
not modified in this group. The major func- feed fat content and oil source. Aquaculture 224: fishmeal in diets for rainbow trout Oncorhynchus
tion of intestinal goblet cells and their main 283-299. mykiss. J. World Aquac. Soc. 31: 96-104.
secretory products, mucins, is the formation Bureau, D.P., A.M. Harris, and C.Y. Cho. 1999. Russell, L. and J.M. Campbell. (2000). Trials show
of mucus layers which serve as the ‘front line’ Apparent digestibility of rendered animal protein promise for spray-dried plasma protein in shrimp
for the innate host defense mechanism. These ingredients for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus feeds. The Global Aquaculture Advocate, 3(6):42-
mucus layers play key roles in the establish- mykiss). Aquaculture 180: 345-358. 43.
ment of the commensal intestinal microbiota Campbell, J.M., J. Polo, L.E. Russell and J.D. Crenshaw. Tacon, A.G.J. 2005. The Current and Potential use
and protection from colonisation and invasion 2010. Review of spray-dried plasma's impact on of Blood products and Blood meal in Aquafeeds.
by the pathogenic microbiota. Thus, the intestinal barrier function. Livestock Science 133: Report Prepared For European Animal Protein
reported higher abundance of goblet cells in 239-241. Association, 53.
20 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | January-February 2013

9. FEATURE
FEATURE
diet. A dispensable amino acid is one that rich in energy, minerals and essential fatty A chief and readily available source
can be synthesized by the animal in quanti- acids. It is used at levels up to 50 percent in of high quality animal protein is chicken
ties sufficient for maximal growth. Most catfish fry feeds, up to 12 percent in catfish viscera which are considered as a waste
simple - stomach animals, including catfish fingerling feeds and from 0-8 percent in in the poultry industry. In the poultry
require the same 10 indispensable amino grow-out fish feeds. processing industry, viscera accounts for
acids. Fishmeal remains the major dietary pro- nearly 30 percent of the byproducts.
tein source in fish feed but escalating Fishmeal is a major protein source in aqua-
Natural Protein
Justification for chicken viscera Nutrition for Optimal Growth
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Fishmeal is the most important compo- protein sources to reduce feed cost without high prices of fishmeal with the expansion
nent in fish feed making. Fishmeal contains compromising growth. Therefore, efforts of aquaculture have made it necessary
60-80 percent protein of excellent quality, have long been directed to find alternate to search for alternative protein sources.
C
which is highly palatable to fish. Since fish- protein sources of good quality which are Moreover, price of fishmeal is often high.
M meal is a good source of essential amino less expensive and readily available as sub- It is necessary to replace fishmeal with
Y acids, it is often used to supplement feeds stitutes for fishmeal component in practical cheaper protein sources.
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