The global importance of aquaculture, in particular finfish, is growing and correspondingly, the demand for high-quality feeds and additives is increasing year by year (Aquafeed Directory Issue 2013/14).

1. I N C O R P O R AT I N G
f i s h far m ing t e c h no l og y
November | December 2013
Natural additives for fish - do we have to
reinvent the wheel or is there a shortcut?
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The International magazine for the aquaculture feed industry

2. FEATURE
Natural additives for fish
- do we have to reinvent the wheel
or is there a shortcut?
by Susanne Kirwan, Malte Lohölter and Andreas Lewke, Dr Eckel, Germany
T
he global importance of aquaculture, in particular finfish, is growing
and correspondingly, the demand
for high-quality feeds and additives is increasing year by year (Aquafeed
Directory Issue 2013/14).
first documented silage-making occurring
in 1200 BC. The first commercial diets for
army horses and poultry were produced
around 1800. In comparison, the first
modern fish feeds were manufactured for
trout in the 1950s.
Independent of whether a feed is produced for land-based livestock or for
aquaculture, many of the components are
similar. Both land and aquaculture systems
use grains, legumes and animal byproducts.
Therefore, many of the risks of contamination of raw materials, the challenges of
producing and even the microorganisms
causing spoilage are exactly the same.
There may be areas where factors
important for land-based livestock are
similar to aquaculture's, such as palatability,
feed intake and nutrient efficiency with
regard to environmental pollution, which
are crucial for efficient and sustainable
systems anywhere.
Growing academic
interest in additives
Current research is understandably focused
on the basic feed components such as cereals,
marine ingredients, soya, animal byproducts,
oils and fats and their suitability for different
aquatic species. Knowledge about optimal
levels of vitamins, minerals and trace elements
This rapid growth induces diverse challenges
for different species is steadily increasing.
for feed formulation, husbandry, reproduction
Other additives have received less attenor processing that required innovative solutions.
tion from academic research but exhibit a
New species are introduced into aquaculture
vast potential in improving resource and feed
regularly (i.e. bluefin tuna) and new technologies
efficiency.
in feed production are also adopted. There is a
Technical additives, preservatives, acidiconstant supply of new raw materials to substifiers, probiotics, prebiotics, immunomodulatute ingredients which are less and less available.
tors, AGPs, phytogenics, mycotoxin binders
However, new challenges are not only
are interesting and increasingly used but the
intrinsic to the system but the general increase
suitability and uses for them in aquacultures
of aquaculture is also associated with new
are not as firmly established as for the bulk
disease challenges and new demands from
components. Particularly phytogenics as an
customers (i.e. freedom from AGPs, welfare).
innovative addition to the group of feed
All of these topics have arisen with the
additives are of increasing interest in aquaculadvent of modern aquaculture. Part of solving
ture as they offer entirely
the challenges posed is trynew applications (i.e antiing to develop feeds and
Figure 1: Residues (top) of solid acids experimentally dissolved in water
inflammatory functions).
additives to address them.
Areas of interest for
However, finding new feed
aquaculture feeds where
components and addiadditives are without
tives is a time and labour
doubt beneficial is feed
intensive process and the
presentation and hygiene.
pressure to produce higher
However there is a small
quantities and better qualamount of knowledge to
ity aquaculture produce is
draw from land-based
already on, not in ten or
systems already (i.e. high
twenty years down the
protein poultry and pet
line. So is there a potential
Ca-Acetate Ca-formate Sorbic Acid
Fumaric Acid
Acidifier
Acids-on support
feeds).
shortcut to addressing all
Improving health and
these new challenges particularly with regard to additives?
Finally, there are those factors of unique reproduction through feed is certainly of
importance to aquaculture feeds such as interest. However, due to the pronounced
very specific demands for the feeds behav- physiological differences between mammals,
Part of the answer is
iour in water such as mechanical stability, birds and aquaculture species additives used
livestock on land
Livestock feed production in land-based specific density, sinking behaviour or nutri- for this purpose in land-based systems have
to be more thoroughly re-evaluated for use in
systems has a wealth of history, with the ent leakage (i.e. Aas, et al. 2011).
38 | INterNatIoNal AquAFeed | November-December 2013

3. FEATURE
These experiments food. OP so, does
optimum temperature? If
sure. They are effective independent of fish
is commonly unavailable byof olive oil means, tional feeds and hence were conducted to providing information on (for example)temThe annual production traditional is estitable 1: Survival rate (%) of white shrimp after 60 days
table 1: Chemical composition of olive pomace (oP) and
that temperature fit or
perature, usually technically inert and well
is now used in natural spreadthe diffusion feeding behaviour and the local pellet density.
such as subsea least 2.9
mated to be atcameras. million tonnes with determine the several agricultural aquatic
fish oil (Fo) diet (% wet weight) (nasopoulou et al., 2013a)
latibon OMW being pro- inherentenvironment it is andbe used in?
to the applications with
However, most livestock. The only quesand aquacultural pellets, to further experi- accepted by a camera can only capture a limsome 15 million tonnes of Plus Me (acidifier)
ments to quantifysubstance in and variations ited volume of thehow fastathey Fo diet * in a
3. Is the the novelty of Ingredient tion remaining isoP diet at time,dissolve
cage
and displays
promising results. The speed structure or
ducedmodel In 0.3%
annually.
The (d) Control Mediterranean countries,1.2%
time
0.6%
0.9%
with though is that
negatively
watery medium, as an acidifier which dissolves
theThe model d olives c under development in the verticaldensity unlikely to in the water an unfiltered image with an array of concurrent
production of beenhas beenab major part our approach motion of pelletswe
a
has
60
85.8
88.5
91.5
93.8b 94.5a
are planned. in produc- Crude
instantaneously not 1.3
to be active
of the agricultural produce of these countries are not influence the The final results protein
since 2004, and since then has been expanded column only interested technical behaviourof information. Thisismay represent a challenge, if
44.95 ± available 46 ± 4.3
(p<0.05)
of fish but be incorporated
within the animal but 1.7 to the ± observe
is lost
for many decades (if not centuries). For every ing (novel) the feed also we or Fat into for instance the operator wishes to 2.1
from 2D to 3D, and merged with a fish behav- these experiments willin waterare during
19.4 ±
21 surroundprocessing?
ing density some in an area. Presence more
100 and olives, 35 kg of (Føre produced; it assessing the nutritional value of
iour kg of foraging model OP areet al., 2009). the model, and preliminary results suggest the water. Ifof feedacidifiers are retained of fish
Moisture
8.6 ± 0.6
9.1 ± 1.3
physical terms of of
reliably within the feed,
could, thus, be suggested pelletswhether the this the 4. Are in active com- pellets have a and debris in the image may then obstruct the
The initial distribution ofthat the production that (novel) fishall propertiescardioaquaculture systems to evaluate across
1.8 ± 0.3†
Dietary fibre
5.2 ± 0.3†
ponents stable on their table 2: Feed view,
assessment of feed denof OMW and OPare ofsustainable spread- protection, aiming, through in
cage surface using commercial rotary and the substantial influence ultimately,hydrodynamic trial diet making a visual they can subsequently
systems they target are equal interest in
6.0 ± be active operator must
0.9
8.3 ± simple
the production process
sity difficult. Consequently, the beyond1.4
availability ofspecies. use in any type of feed creating and
ers is based OP forexperimental data from properties. patenting novel func- ash
aquaculture upon
composition
23 ± 2.6
To validate the model, full-scale experi- make Diet
(pelleting/extrusion/
based 2.1 limited information
on
production and thus
Oehme et al. (2012). aquaculture should be tional fish feeds, fish anda health energy (MJ/Kg) decisions21.8 ±feed preservation in the
expansion)?
from a (%)
intestine
the animals
straightforward. OPinto thecage into (€0.1- ment is planned at a farming site, where feeddigestibility subsection of the cage. of90 ± 6.2
The the land is not expensive cubes, supplements.
model discretizes the water:
From
Protein
89
Control additive ± 4.4
5.In detail, two diets have been
Does land-based livestock
The
distribution
be
0.2/kg), it is thus
price-competitive raw
and the transport ofafeed between the cubes density will be measured at points inside the a (IU/Kg) pellet 000 ±fed. † model could †
taking land-based feed
20 000 ± 410
Vitamin
7
210
with the component
The solubility of the
ingredient compared to other vegetable oils. cageacceptone being the commercial
is calculated into aquafeeds
based on the transport equation compared: the entire array of environmental used as a tool to illustrate the parts of indiadditives
Vitamin D (IU/Kg)
3 150 ± 110
3 000 ± 120
cage that are of interest to acids operator at
vidual the and their
for fish it upon (Sparus
This cost linked to basic conceptto 8 percent one well, gilthead sea positively
(Alver illustrate thetheFeed thatremoved iden- forces anddoesacting bream the feed.
To et al. 2004). fact is 4 of the from
Fishmeal
8.0
8.0
†
258 ± †
180 time.
affect
particular
blends 3D beensimilar
fish oil diet (FO
of model suitable consume feed, or fish
theOP is ofwhen fish additives in land-based aurata) calledvoluntary feed diet) Vitamin e (mg/Kg) points in ±17 A have view19chartification needed to be included in thefeed
Isolated soy
(mg/Kg) 32.010 ± 0.7† presented, 7.3†
be
in showing
the novel one where OP
feed formulation potential a cage volume.
escapes that havethe defined promising lipid and intake?the operator (8 per- Vitamin K3 to Figure 2 can thenacterised 33 ±literature
systems outside make OP as for aquaculture, Aid for
protein
32.0
If all the
have been
the and containing confirmsource shows can be
Figure 1checklist the outputfast and common cent w/w at thefeeding regime been the most C (mg/Kg)
a short for aquaculture. a from the model
Today, thosefinal pellet) has is for Vitamin an overview of200 ±cage are easily ±fish and
20
168 14
Wheat
14.4
14.4
a 1.1
range of environmental
lab techfirst fish
Finally, the before cross section of the answered to In
across approach problema of transferring OP used (OP diet). theour the part of the operator, feed, in addition to ± able with basic ± 1.1
sense three depths andbeginning a controlled part controlled byaffirmative, farm Cu (mg/Kg)
7.0
Peas
12.0
12.0 7.5
the component possesses expert
niques. For the
from Mediterranean points in to
cage at three differentworks equally northern work, the total lipids ofpotential fedknowledge parameters important for feeding. following
trial. This approach countries time. well for which commonlyhas sea bream
*
previous study
MaizeData of FO diet from 14.0 a suitable interface will 1)
a useful additive in
A
with
(Figure
Europe model is currently latest enhanced of theOP diet This often results in †Statistically 14.0modelaccordingillustration on test have
The or to other places of develop- to
established additives, or the being the world withbe location. contained statistically a well-run
significant
to Wilcox
advantage over acidifier samples were
exclusive camera-based
fatty acids,
could in phytogenic additives. In diffusion aquafeed levels
by incorporating results from pelletthe polar decreased and is worth consid- while
ments be rationalised by extracting order to site with a highoffood utilisation Corn starch
(low FCR), an8.0
8.0
dissolved FO diet (i.e.
lipids of OP that they are of active pel- ering for the most potent biological activity experiments, the entire cage can five minexperiments, where aa range thedifferent feed exhibited an in-vivo trial. There are however control in thatthe OP diet and for be viewed
answer the questions species, culture condi- and minimal feed loss.
Fat
6.0
6.0
and that the number
components and feed presentation should
let sizes the type of therefore reducing the against platelet aggregation induced by platelet within a have been analysed a for a operator
tion and and densities (produced at Nofima substantial variations in performance between pellets) single imageutes at concentration
Minerals/
feed percent) view as
of remove parameters and the results are
words,
volume of material that needs to Norway) locations. 1:
Feed Technology Centre, Bergen, be trans- activating factor (PAF). In other Vitamins/the cannutritional fish or of (0.5from the in water.
be known in advance.
Example
Choline
4.5
4.5
The liquid 2013a).
ported the substance/blend stable in their OP-fed sea breamsystem commonly presents desired. Table 1 (Nasopoulou et al.,phase was
were released in a large tank to observe the
1. Is (Nasopoulou and Zabetakis, 2013).
The feeding had stronger cardioprotective given in
Advanced acidifier
Furthermore, the of three allows themeasmodel individual view
Values are means then strained out and the
natural diffusion and sinking properties. Pellets properties when with a range ofChrome oxide
aquatic environment? Will it leach immetheAcidifiers are very well FO-fed one.
operator compared to the
numerical
0.6
0.6
be
expressed to calculate
These data have suggested
withdiately from of 3,pellet andandmm for
a diameter fish feeds
stable
established additives on environmental urements; results rotated dried as mean ±
OP-enriched the 6, 9 of is12 fishwith displays representing various that OP could to0.2 zoomed andareresidueto observe better
Methionine
0.2
limits); data of fraction
partial as live video
low,the time and high densityour the target
medium until consumed by group has be used asfeed well substitute of fish oilonefish an area of confidence themodel is meant todiet
were tested to parameters,aas preservation, from in or SD (95% interest. The unsolved FO be
land for
The research focus in
Cellulose
0.4
with cage the top and
cover the range the feed most frequently used feed improving itsconversion inside the cage. usedfrom our previous work incameras,given
species?
improving feed cardio protective proper- are in conjunction (pictures and are row
been towards of commercial exploitation more subsea cameras located
automaticcomparison; † indicates
Figure placement at
In further here to in 0.4
in2. OP inthe substance have a windowfunc- ties reducing adds insight to the additive by can- aid enable easy of camera 1). Already the
Does order to produce
The (Nasopoulou et al., 2011). process
and camera pathogen presof commercial salmon farming. novel of
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I N C O R P O R AT I N G
F I S H FA R M I N G T E C H N O L O G Y
I N C O R P O R AT I N G
F I S H FA R M I N G T E C H N O L O G Y
Maintaining ingredient
quality in extruded feeds
I N C O R P O R AT I N G
F I S H FA R M I N G T E C H N O L O G Y
They are what they eat
I N C O R P O R AT I N G
F I S H FA R M I N G T E C H N O L O G Y
Controlling mycotoxins with
binders
Chicken viscera for fish
feed formulation
Nutritional benefits of
processed animal proteins
Niacin
– as growth promoter for adult Nile tilapia
EXPERT TOPIC
Bioenergetics
Ultraviolet
water disinfection for fish
farms and hatcheries
– channel catfish
2012
VO L U M E 1 5 I S S U E 5 2 0 1 2
The use of algae in fish feeds
as alternatives to fishmeal
Gustor Aqua and Ecobiol Aqua:
– enhancing digestion in a different manner
Fishmeal & fish oil
– and its role in sustainable
aquaculture
Nueva tecnología de extrusión
para la producción de alimentos
micro-acuáticos para camarones
Spray-dried plasma
– application in aquaculture nutrition
– one of the key B vitamins for sustaining
healthy fish growth and production
EDICIÓN 6
¿Por qué se deben chequear los
niveles de seleniometionina en
las levaduras de selenio?
Profitable aquafeed
moisture control
– in European aquafeeds
Effect of probiotic,
Hydroyeast Aquaculture
VO L U M E N 1 5
Reseña de la industria de
vacunación de peces en el RU
Transforming aquaculture
production using
oxygenation systems
Enhancing the nutritional value of live feeds
with microalgae
Fine particle filtration in
aquaculture
– from porcine blood in diets for Atlantic
salmon parrs
Options and challenges of
alternative protein and energy
resources for aquafeed
TEMA EXPERTO
Towards aquafeeds with
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The shrimp feed industry in China
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pg16_DFO_wolffish.
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Page 16
16
SCIENCE DFO
SCIENCE
Special theme
SCIENCE
Farming saltwa
The Spotted
ter fish in Queb
Wolffish shows
ec:
promise
The studies were
research centre’s also conducted in the
aquaculture
which allowed
facilities,
the
a large scale. farming to be done on
This zootechnical
demonstration,
the final results
will be known
of which
sometime in
2011, was
carried out in
collaboration
with Nathalie
Le François, a
researcher at
the Biodôme
de Montréal
and associate
professor at
the Université
du Québec à
Rimouski.
The first wolffish,
hatched at the
of fall 2008 in
the Centre aquacole end
de Grande-Rivière,
marin
were delivered
Maurice-Lamontagne
to the
Institute in
2009. Since
May
Figure 2: Spotted
their arrival
Photo: Arianne
Wolffish in
in the
these roughly
Savoie, Fisheries
farming tank
400 fish have tank,
and Oceans
handled very
Canada
Saltwater mariculture-aquacul
been
carefully.
researchers measure Every month, the
Quebec may
ture in
Université du
soon welcome
their growth rate,
conditions kept
Québec à Rimouski
arrival: the
a
as close as possible in
the Quebec
Spotted Wolffish,new
and
those found in
ministry of
threatened and
to
agriculture,
commercial fish
fisheries and
little-known species a
food.
operations.
farming
tastes delicious.
that
These measurements
First of all, the
compared with
In Quebec,
are
data gathered
fish that adapts Spotted Wolffish is a
commercial
in Norway
and Iceland,
fish farms
well to the conditions
currently limit
where Spotted
is kept in and
themselves to
it
have been raised
Wolffish
is easy
freshwater fish,
farming
develops quickly to domesticate. It
for experimental
while the mariculture
commercial
industry has
and
at very
aquaculture
focused until
temperatures
low
for about 10
years now.
and is not very
very recently
on molluscs.
Preliminary
sensitive to
In other parts
changes in
results from
the salinity
Mont-Joli show
of the
saltwater fish
of the water.
Spotted Wolffish
a growth rate
farms are located world,
slightly less
that
the ocean. Doing
can
right in
than that observed is
densities, something be farmed in high
so significantly
Norway, a
farming costs
reduces
in
that is crucial
country that
the profitability
and makes
for
has had
considerable
profitable.
of an aquaculture
them
experience in
operation (see
In Quebec,
farming the
species; thus,
Figure
installing
aquaculture equipment
rearing
though the Spotted 2). As well, even
in the ocean
Maurice-Lamontagne conditions at the
dicey prospect
Wolffish does
is a
reproduce spontaneously
because of ice
Institute still
not
some room for
winter. Previously,
cover in
have
in captivity,
improvement.
new generations
experiments
Feeding poses
can
farming saltwater
with
year using captive be produced every
one of the
fish in tanks
challenges for
the need for
obtaining optimal biggest
technical expertiserevealed
not forget another broodstock. And let’s
in farmed
as the high
important quality
as well
Spotted Wolffish.growth
cost
fish possesses:
this
commercial feed
it tastes great.
however, research of production. Today,
The
used
Aside from these
advances are
intended for salmonids until now was
the potential
showing
obvious advantages,
of the Spotted
it is important
and has not
modified. The
Wolffish.
to find out
This new mariculture
feed has too much been
species grows
how this
candidate was
wolffish that are
in captivity
fat and
first noticed
so that its
fed this type of
in the early 2000s.
potential benefit
to
food tend
to Quebec’s aquaculture
time, teams
develop
At the
industry can
liver
from the
abnormalities.
Researchers
be properly
Lamontagne
Mauricealso question
assessed. For
that reason, Denis
Institute in
whether it
offers enough
Mont-Joli,
Quebec, collected
Chabot,
protein for the
the Maurice-Lamontagne a researcher at
their first Spotted
needs of the
particular
Wolffish as part
Institute,
species. Another
approached
of the research
the feed does
problem:
by the Société was
they were
projects
not float and
développement
conducting
de
sinks to the
bottom of the
with the
de
tank, which is
(SODIM) to carry l’industrie maricole
problematic
when it comes
tests using water
to feeding fish
tanks.
raised in high
INTERNATIONAL
densities. Ideally, species
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November-December 2013 | INterNatIoNal AquAFeed | 25
29
39

4. FEATURE
visual assessment shows that the traditional
acidifier calcium formate is extremely soluble
and therefore not suitable for use in aquafeed
in its pure form. The following trial used an
acidifier which is established both in some landbased systems and aquaculture production.
Acidifier: shrimp trial
age of the investigated product
(Table 1). Vibrio counts (Graph
1) and total bacteria counts
(not shown) also showed significant improvements. This
trial showed the efficacy of a
specifically selected acidifier in
a pelleted aquaculture feed,
even a species without acid
digestion.
This trial investigated the effects of a specially formulated acidifier on shrimp survival
and vibrio spp. counts (a key pathogen for
the species) in white shrimp (Chalour, 2012). Example 2:
White shrimp (L. vannamei) were reared from Second generation
postlarvae 12 (P12) stage for 60 days. The phytogenic product
pelleted feed contained an ascending quantity
While acidifiers are wellof the investigated acidifier from 0 (control), established tools in diet formuFigure 2: Vibrio count per ml shrimp hemolymph
0.3, 0.6, 0.9 to 1.2 percent.
lation, the same approach to
The acidifier in the pelleted feed had a identify suitable additives for aquafeeds can generation phytogenic substances, unlike their
linear positive effect on shrimp survival lead- also be taken for phytogenic products. The predecessors, have been selected for maxiing to a 10 percent improvement of mortality first phytogenics employed one plant or plant mum synergy between several components
rate in the group treated with the highest dos- component targeting a single function. Second focussing on substance classes like flavonoids.
FIAAPisland:Layout 1 30/8/13 14:26 Page 1
An example of these new functions
are the anti-inflammatory effects as
exhibited by flavonoids, which are
currently a topic of great interest in
Fatten up your bottom line. Bühler high-performance animal and aqua feed production
land-based livestock nutrition.
systems are used by leading companies around the world. These producers know they
With the trend to make fish
can rely not just on the technology itself, but also on the support that accompanies it. A
farming more sustainable by using
service combining local presence with global expertise both lowers feed mill operating
fewer potentially anti-inflammacosts and increases capacity utilization. To find out more, visit www.buhlergroup.com
tory polyunsaturated fatty acids
(PUFAs) from fish oil, alternative
additives have to be found which
can provide the anti-inflammato8 – 10 April 2014 . Bangkok International Trade & Exhibition Centre (BITEC), Bangkok, Thailand
ry effects required to ensure a
healthy and functional intestinal
mucosa and gut epithelium.
Bühler AG, Feed & Biomass, CH-9240 Uzwil, Switzerland, T +41 71 955 11 11, F +41 71 955 28 96
Recent trials have focused on
fu.buz@buhlergroup.com, www.buhlergroup.com
land-based livestock (Gessner et
al. 2011) but NF-KB, the master regulator of inflammation, is
preserved with similar functions
across all vertebrate species and
has been shown to be a key element in inflammation mediation
in pylogenetically distant fish
species (Zang et al., 2012). A
positive effect as the downregulating of the NF-KB response in
mammals might therefore have
a similar beneficial effect in fish.
The main aim of the tested
phytogenic additive based on flavonoids is intestinal health, palatability
of feed, enhancing digestion and
FIAAP Asia 2014 is the only dedicated trade show and conference organised specifically for feed ingredients,
additives and formulation within the dynamic and growing region of South and South East Asia.
adsorption of nutrients through
improved antioxidant status and
New for 2014
Supported by
antimicrobial effects.
Now including the first
The Thailand Convention
ASEAN Feed Summit
and Exhibition Bureau
The product chosen as an
Specialist conferences
Co-located with
example for this group was from
The exhibition will be supported
VICTAM Asia 2014
the Anta®Phyt range, which does
by its own specialist conferences.
www.victam.com
already have a product for aquatic
They will include:
Contact details
The FIAAP Conference 2014
species and therefore has all the
For visitor, exhibition stand
Petfood Forum Asia 2014
space and conference
required specifics such as stability
Aquafeed Horizons Asia 2014
information please visit:
Innovations for a2014
better world.
in water, suitability for all water
The Thai Feed Conference
www.fiaap.com
temperatures, favourable technical
Asia’s foremost exhibition and
conferences for the ingredients
and additives used in the
production of animal feeds,
aquafeeds and petfoods
40 | INterNatIoNal AquAFeed | November-December 2013
Aqua_Feed-July_2011.indd 1
28.07.2011 12:23:44

5. FEATURE
ise for aquacultures
and could be exploited
further.
Conclusions
There is good body
of research into livestock feeds on land;
there is no need to
reinvent the wheel
when looking for suitable and economically
beneficial additives for
aquaculture.
After
removing those addiGraph 1: Effect of phytogenic additive on growth of
tives unsuitable for the
common carp
aquatic environment
(i.e. those not stable
in water or unsuitable to the production
characteristics and stability to all feed processprocess) there are many potential candidates
ing systems.
As it is a new concept on land there remaining that have promise for aquaculis only a limited body of experience, however, the results
suggest very positive effects
on production characteristics
on poultry and pigs in particular (Holl, 2013). To evaluate whether the concept, which
won the 2012 innovation award
at Victam in Bangkok, could live
up to expectations, a carp trial
with the blends was undertaken
in southern Germany.
ture. The present article selected two products from two additive groups (acidifier and
phytogenic product) that have shown their
potential in aquacultures. This highlights the
validity of this approach rather than to start
to entire selection of potential additives for
scratch to search the existing (acidifiers) or
upcoming (phytogenic) additives in land-based
farming systems for potential candidates for
aquacultures, having the potential to make
the development process both faster and
more efficient. This of course does not stop
the need to search for specific additives to
address challenges to aquacultures such as
attractants or sea lice control through feed,
but the two approaches can rather inform
each other rather than compete.
More InforMatIon:
Website: www.dr-eckel.de
OUR OUTPUT COMES
IN ALL SHAPES AND
SIZES
Carp trial (Blässe
et al. 2013)
A feeding trial was conducted
with carp having an initial body
weight of 90 g for ten weeks (until
200 g). Carp (C. carpio) were randomly allocated into eight tanks.
The diet was based on typically southern German regional
diets comprised of fishmeal, soy
protein, wheat, corn and peas
(Table 2).
Average daily gain (ADG)
was monitored for carp fed a
diet with the phytogenic additive
(dosage 0.4 percent; four tanks)
and negative controls with carp
fed the diet without any additive
(four tanks).
Carp fed the diet with the
additive showed higher body
weight from week 2 to 10,
increasing final weight by 5 percent compared to the control.
Additionally, average daily gains
were increased by 11 percent
during the 10-week period for
the carp the additive.
So the new group of phytogenic additives also hold prom-
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November-December 2013 | INterNatIoNal AquAFeed | 41

6. LINKS
This digital re-print is part of the November | December 2013 edition of International
Aquafeed magazine.
Content from the magazine is available to view free-of-charge, both as a full
online magazine on our website, and as an archive of individual features on
the docstoc website.
Please click here to view our other publications on www.docstoc.com.
• See the full issue
I N C O R P O R AT I N G
f I s h fA R m I N G T e C h N O l O G y
Animal co-product
hydrolysates:
•
Visit the International Aquafeed website
•
Contact the International Aquafeed Team
•
Subscribe to International Aquafeed
– a source of key molecules in aquaculture
feeds
Prevalence of mycotoxins in
aquafeed ingredients:
– an update
Pellet distribution modelling:
– a tool for improved feed delivery in sea cages
New functional
fish feeds to reduce
cardiovascular disease
Vo l u m e 1 6 I s s u e 6 2 0 1 3 -
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