A 4-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the performance and blood profiles of finisher broilers fed cashew pulp meal (CPM) based diets. 135 finisher broilers, “Arbor acre” strain was randomly allocated to five dietary treatments consisting of three replicates of 9 finisher broilers each. Five on-farm diets containing 0 (control), 10, 20, 30, and 40% CPM replacing maize coded as T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5, respectively, were formulated. All performance parameters measured were significantly different (P < 0.05). Final weight, daily weight gain (DWG), daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio, mortality, feed cost/kg gain (feed cost/kg gain), and cost of 1 kg feed ranged from 1042.54 to 1305.55g, 16.31 to 28.51g, 91.86 to 110.54g, 3.26 to 5.56, 0 to 22.22%, 115.43 to 135.46, and 414.23 to 611.43, respectively. Hematological profile show that packed cell volume varied from 28.67 to 31.00%, hemoglobin (Hb) 9.07 to 10.60g/dl, red blood cell 1.80 to 2.31 × 106/μl, white blood cell 213.13 to 223.67 × 103/μl, mean corpuscular volume 132.27 to 134.87 fl, means corpuscular Hb (MCH) concentration 29.80 to 31.63 g/dl, and MCH 40.10 to 41.87 pg, respectively, and were significantly (P < 0.05) different. Treatments showed significant difference (P < 0.05) all serum parameters, the obtained values were total protein 4.25–4.92 g/dl, albumin 1.73–2.37 g/dl, aspartate aminotransferase 102.33–135.67 μ/l, alanine aminotransferase 4.00–7.33 μ/l, and total cholesterol 2.37–3.73 Mmol/l. The study showed that CPM depressed live weight but did not affect birds’ health even at 40% replacement of maize.
Performance Characteristics and Carcass Yield of Indigenous Turkeys Fed Indom...iosrjce
This study evaluated the performance of turkey poults fed indomie waste (IW) based-diet. A total of
one hundred and forty-four (144) local strain of turkey poults were allotted to four dietary treatments in which
indomie waste was used to replace maize at 0%, 33.33%, 66.67%, and 100% levels, representing treatments one
to four (T1- T4) respectively. Each treatment was replicated three times with 12 poults per replicate using the
Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The study lasted for eight weeks. The initial weights of the poults were
taken while the final weight record was taken at the end of the study. The feed intake record was taken daily and
computed as total feed consumed per bird at the end of the study while weight gain, feed conversion ratio and
feed cost were calculated. Three birds were randomly selected from each replicate for carcass and organ
evaluation and were expressed as percentages of the body weight. The result showed that the IW significantly
(p< 0.05) affected the average weight gain and improved feed conversion ratio. The cost of feed per kg
decreased with increasing levels of IW in the diet. Significant differences were not observed in the carcass and
organ except in the breast yield. The lowest cost of feed was obtained at 100% inclusion level. The reduction in
feed cost is an advantage to the farmer who desires low cost of production. It was evident that IW could be
incorporated into the diet of local strain of turkey poults up to 100% level without any deleterious effect on the
performance of the turkeys, however, the 66.67% replacement which led to higher final body weight and better
feed conversion is recommended.
Meat Quality of Broiler Chickens Fed Diets Containing some Tropical Leaves as...AI Publications
Meat quality, carcass and organ characteristic of arbo acre breed of broiler chicken fed diets containing moringa, fluted pumpkin and African spinach meals and their composites as replacement for 50% synthetic methionine in diets were examined using a completely randomized experimental design involving two hundred and forty (240) chicks. Which were randomly distributed into eight dietary treatments of three replicates per treatment and ten birds per replicate. This study lasted for six weeks. At the end of the experiment, three (3) birds per replicate were randomly selected and slaughtered. The carcass and the organs characteristic were measured and thigh, breast and drumstick were separated for meat quality analysis. The carcass characteristic were all significantly (P≥0.05) differ with moringa having the highest. The organ characteristic shows that there were no significant (p≤0.05) difference in all the parameters except for the belly fat. The meat quality (P≤0.05) affected. There was improvement in thaw loss, tenderness, juiciness and overall acceptability of the meats with the inclusion of the leaf mills. The composite leaf meal inclusion gave the overall best result. It was concluded that the selected leaf meals and their composite could be used to replacement 50% synthetic methionine in poultry diet.
A study was carried out to evaluate the nutritive value and enzyme supplementation of different sources of energy in broiler diets on the growth performance and heamatological parameters of broiler chickens supplemented with Mazigrain® enzyme within the treated groups. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets less (23.17 % CP; 2831 Kcal/ME and 21.73 % CP; 2929 Kcal/ME) for the broiler starter (0 - a month) and finisher phases (5–8 months) respectively were formulated. Diet 1(maize based diet) served in as the control while diets 2, 3, 4 and 5 were supplemented with sorghum, pearl millet, cassava and sweet potatoes based diets separately. A sum of 225 day-old NAPRI X broiler chicks were haphazardly distributed to the five treatments. Every treatment comprised of 45 broilers with three repeats of fifteen birds each in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The general linear model protocol of S.A.S. 9.0. was used to analyze the collected data. Among the dietary groups significant changes (P<0.05) was found utilizing a Tukey test. Enzyme along with various energy sources have noteworthy (P<0.05) changes on every one of the parameters (final weight, daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, water intake, water to feed ratio and feed cost per kilogram weight gain) except for death rate at the starter phase. Broilers that had sorghum based diet had the best performance at starter stage (final weight; 627 g, weight gain; 576.85 g, feed cost/kg gain; ^ 187.95 k). At the finisher stage, sorghum supplemented with enzyme had the best feed conversion ratio (1.96) and feed cost/kg gain; ^ 171.15 k. The optimal performance characteristics were recorded for sorghum based diets. Feed cost / kg gain was the cheapest on birds fed sorghum based diet with enzyme supplementation which was comparable with those fed the maize based diet. However, the use of enzyme enhanced the performance of birds at both the starter and finisher phases.
An experimental study was carried over a
period of 42 days using 160 day-old commercial broiler chicks
(Ven Cobb) to study the effect of copper and flavomycin as feed
additives on growth performance in broiler chicken. The birds
were divided into four groups with four replicates of ten chicks in
each replicate. The treatment (T1) was control with standard
broiler ration and Cu as CuSO4 at 100 ppm, 200 ppm and
flavomycin at 10 ppm were supplemented in the basal diet to
form treatment 2 (T2), treatment 3 (T3) and treatment 4 (T4)
respectively.
The chemical composition of T1, T2, T3 and T4 rations
contained 15.43, 106.49, 212.54 and 18.69 ppm of Cu in broiler
starter and 12.67, 101.13, 202.72 and 20.20 ppm of Cu in broiler
finisher, respectively. The results of the present study revealed
that the supplementation of Cu as CuSO4 (100 and 200 ppm) or
flavomycin (10 ppm) showed no significant difference among the
treatment groups with regard to the feed consumption, body
weight gain and feed conversion ratio up to six weeks of age. The
carcass weight, slaughter weight, dressing percentage and giblet
yield were not influenced by dietary supplementation of either
Cu or flavomycin. It was concluded that dietary supplementation
of broiler chicken with Cu up to 200 ppm and flavomycin at 10
ppm did not have any adverse effect on production performance
of broiler chicken.
Performance Characteristics and Carcass Yield of Indigenous Turkeys Fed Indom...iosrjce
This study evaluated the performance of turkey poults fed indomie waste (IW) based-diet. A total of
one hundred and forty-four (144) local strain of turkey poults were allotted to four dietary treatments in which
indomie waste was used to replace maize at 0%, 33.33%, 66.67%, and 100% levels, representing treatments one
to four (T1- T4) respectively. Each treatment was replicated three times with 12 poults per replicate using the
Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The study lasted for eight weeks. The initial weights of the poults were
taken while the final weight record was taken at the end of the study. The feed intake record was taken daily and
computed as total feed consumed per bird at the end of the study while weight gain, feed conversion ratio and
feed cost were calculated. Three birds were randomly selected from each replicate for carcass and organ
evaluation and were expressed as percentages of the body weight. The result showed that the IW significantly
(p< 0.05) affected the average weight gain and improved feed conversion ratio. The cost of feed per kg
decreased with increasing levels of IW in the diet. Significant differences were not observed in the carcass and
organ except in the breast yield. The lowest cost of feed was obtained at 100% inclusion level. The reduction in
feed cost is an advantage to the farmer who desires low cost of production. It was evident that IW could be
incorporated into the diet of local strain of turkey poults up to 100% level without any deleterious effect on the
performance of the turkeys, however, the 66.67% replacement which led to higher final body weight and better
feed conversion is recommended.
Meat Quality of Broiler Chickens Fed Diets Containing some Tropical Leaves as...AI Publications
Meat quality, carcass and organ characteristic of arbo acre breed of broiler chicken fed diets containing moringa, fluted pumpkin and African spinach meals and their composites as replacement for 50% synthetic methionine in diets were examined using a completely randomized experimental design involving two hundred and forty (240) chicks. Which were randomly distributed into eight dietary treatments of three replicates per treatment and ten birds per replicate. This study lasted for six weeks. At the end of the experiment, three (3) birds per replicate were randomly selected and slaughtered. The carcass and the organs characteristic were measured and thigh, breast and drumstick were separated for meat quality analysis. The carcass characteristic were all significantly (P≥0.05) differ with moringa having the highest. The organ characteristic shows that there were no significant (p≤0.05) difference in all the parameters except for the belly fat. The meat quality (P≤0.05) affected. There was improvement in thaw loss, tenderness, juiciness and overall acceptability of the meats with the inclusion of the leaf mills. The composite leaf meal inclusion gave the overall best result. It was concluded that the selected leaf meals and their composite could be used to replacement 50% synthetic methionine in poultry diet.
A study was carried out to evaluate the nutritive value and enzyme supplementation of different sources of energy in broiler diets on the growth performance and heamatological parameters of broiler chickens supplemented with Mazigrain® enzyme within the treated groups. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets less (23.17 % CP; 2831 Kcal/ME and 21.73 % CP; 2929 Kcal/ME) for the broiler starter (0 - a month) and finisher phases (5–8 months) respectively were formulated. Diet 1(maize based diet) served in as the control while diets 2, 3, 4 and 5 were supplemented with sorghum, pearl millet, cassava and sweet potatoes based diets separately. A sum of 225 day-old NAPRI X broiler chicks were haphazardly distributed to the five treatments. Every treatment comprised of 45 broilers with three repeats of fifteen birds each in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The general linear model protocol of S.A.S. 9.0. was used to analyze the collected data. Among the dietary groups significant changes (P<0.05) was found utilizing a Tukey test. Enzyme along with various energy sources have noteworthy (P<0.05) changes on every one of the parameters (final weight, daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, water intake, water to feed ratio and feed cost per kilogram weight gain) except for death rate at the starter phase. Broilers that had sorghum based diet had the best performance at starter stage (final weight; 627 g, weight gain; 576.85 g, feed cost/kg gain; ^ 187.95 k). At the finisher stage, sorghum supplemented with enzyme had the best feed conversion ratio (1.96) and feed cost/kg gain; ^ 171.15 k. The optimal performance characteristics were recorded for sorghum based diets. Feed cost / kg gain was the cheapest on birds fed sorghum based diet with enzyme supplementation which was comparable with those fed the maize based diet. However, the use of enzyme enhanced the performance of birds at both the starter and finisher phases.
An experimental study was carried over a
period of 42 days using 160 day-old commercial broiler chicks
(Ven Cobb) to study the effect of copper and flavomycin as feed
additives on growth performance in broiler chicken. The birds
were divided into four groups with four replicates of ten chicks in
each replicate. The treatment (T1) was control with standard
broiler ration and Cu as CuSO4 at 100 ppm, 200 ppm and
flavomycin at 10 ppm were supplemented in the basal diet to
form treatment 2 (T2), treatment 3 (T3) and treatment 4 (T4)
respectively.
The chemical composition of T1, T2, T3 and T4 rations
contained 15.43, 106.49, 212.54 and 18.69 ppm of Cu in broiler
starter and 12.67, 101.13, 202.72 and 20.20 ppm of Cu in broiler
finisher, respectively. The results of the present study revealed
that the supplementation of Cu as CuSO4 (100 and 200 ppm) or
flavomycin (10 ppm) showed no significant difference among the
treatment groups with regard to the feed consumption, body
weight gain and feed conversion ratio up to six weeks of age. The
carcass weight, slaughter weight, dressing percentage and giblet
yield were not influenced by dietary supplementation of either
Cu or flavomycin. It was concluded that dietary supplementation
of broiler chicken with Cu up to 200 ppm and flavomycin at 10
ppm did not have any adverse effect on production performance
of broiler chicken.
EFFECT OF ENZYME SUPPLEMENTATION ON PERFORMANCE OF PULLET CHICKS FED DIFFEREN...Gabriel Ken
A study was conducted to evaluate the performance of pullet chicks fed diets containing varying levels of fibre and supplementary enzyme. One hundred and twenty 3 -week old Harco black pullet chicks averaging 249.87 – 250.23g body weight were randomly divided into 8 groups of 15 birds each.
Comparative Study of Feeding Different Levels of Black Cumin (Nigella sativa)...BRNSS Publication Hub
The present work was aimed to determine the comparative effect of feeding different levels of black cumin
on growth, feed consumption, and feed efficiency of COBB-500 broiler. Three hundred and twenty, daysold straight run COBB-500 chicks from a lot of the same hatch were brooded in an electrically operated
battery brooder for a period of 7 days, where pre-experimental diet was offered. On the 8th day, chicks
having uniform body weight were randomly allocated into four dietary treatments with four replications
(20 chicks in each). The isoproteinous and isocaloric formulated standard starter (1–10 days), grower
(11–20 days), and finisher (21–42 days) diets were supplemented with different levels of black cumin of
T1 – control, T2 – 0.25% black cumin, T3 – 0.5% black cumin, and T4 – 0.75% black cumin, respectively.
The chicks were offered ad libitum treatment diets and clean drinking water. The desired data were
recorded weekly, which included live weight, weight gain, feed consumption, and feed efficiency of
broiler birds. The obtained data were subjected to statistical analysis under completely randomized design
as per the methods of MSTAT. Final live weight of the birds was found highly significant (P < 0.01) for
all treatment groups. Highest final weight gain (2244.59 g) was found in birds fed ration supplemented
with 0.5% black cumin. Daily live weight of the birds was also found highly significant (P < 0.01) for all
treatment groups. Highest daily live weight gain (60.27 g) was found in birds fed ration supplemented
with 0.5% black cumin. Supplementation of black cumin in the broiler rations did not exhibit any
significant effect (P > 0.05) on the total feed consumption. Feed conversion ratio was found significantly
different (P < 0.01) for all treatment groups. It is, therefore, concluded that inclusion of black cumin in
the broiler rations could be economical and efficient production of broilers
Assessment of the broilers performance, gut healthiness and carcass character...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract—The objectives of the current study were to evaluate the performance responses, guts healthiness, and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens fed on formulated diets included dried coriander, turmeric and thyme. Unsexed commercially available chicks were enrolled into five experimental treatments each of eighty birds with four replicates per treatment. The birds were housed in deep litter clean pens. The experimental groups were as follow: Control; coriander; thyme; turmeric, and mixed. Two formulated diets (starter & finisher) to which all the dietary additives were added in a dried powdered form and at the level of 0.75% expect for the mixed group as each additive was used at level 0.25%. Performance parameters including weekly body development, body weights gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio were recorded during the 35-d experimental period. Also, representative samples from each replicate were gathered for the detection of carcass traits, consumer acceptability, and the gut morphometric changes. The data revealed that coriander, and turmeric significantly (p<0.05) increased the villus heights and crypt depths as compared to control which is concomitant with the improvement of performance results when incorporated solely in broilers diet at 0.75% level , but consumer acceptability was lowered specifically for the turmeric –fed group.
Insects as PROTEIN SOURCE IN POULTRY
Introduction
Insects as a alternative feed
Type of insects
Insect farming
Nutritional value of insets and functional properties
Feeding value in different sps of animals
Risk profile and major concerns
Cost economics and environmental foot print
Future research
Conclusions and recommendations
The relationship between progesterone and biochemical constituents of amnioti...Ali Olfati
Ali Olfati1, Gholamali Moghaddam1, Nasroallah Moradi Kor2*, Mitra Bakhtiari3
1Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Iran
2Department of Reproduction Physiologies, Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology, Tehran, Iran
3Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
Performance, Egg Qualities, and Blood Parameters of Layers Fed Diets Containi...BRNSS Publication Hub
A 10-week feeding trial was conducted to determine the performance, egg qualities, and hematology of layers fed diets containing sun-dried sweet orange peel meal (SOPM). A total of 140 Isa brown point of lay birds, aged 20 weeks were used for the experiment. SOPM was incorporated to replace 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40% maize. The birds were randomly assigned to the diets in a Completely Randomized Design; each diet group had 28 birds and 4 replicates with each replicate having 7 birds. Observed results showed that SOPM did not significantly (NS) (p>0.05) affect final weight and egg number. However, weight change, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, mortality, cost of 1 kg feed, and cost of feed consumed were significantly different (P < 0.05) among treatments. Egg weight and egg length were significantly (P < 0.05) different, which ranged from 56.18 to 58.73 g and 3.74–4.17 cm, respectively. Shell thickness and egg width were NS (P > 0.05) influenced, and ranged from 0.80 to 0.84 and 2.63–2.71 cm, respectively. Internal egg parameters, i.e., yolk width, yolk height, albumin weight, albumin length, and yolk index were significantly (P < 0.05) affected. Hematological profile (packed cell volume, hemoglobin, white blood cell, red blood cell, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), MCH concentration, lymphocyte, and neutrophil) of birds showed significant differences (P < 0.05). The study revealed that SOPM did not have an adverse effect on the performance of layers even at 40% replacement of maize while in lay. Its inclusion decreased the cost of feed linearly, did not compromise external and internal qualities of eggs or the health of the birds.
EFFECT OF ENZYME SUPPLEMENTATION ON PERFORMANCE OF PULLET CHICKS FED DIFFEREN...Gabriel Ken
A study was conducted to evaluate the performance of pullet chicks fed diets containing varying levels of fibre and supplementary enzyme. One hundred and twenty 3 -week old Harco black pullet chicks averaging 249.87 – 250.23g body weight were randomly divided into 8 groups of 15 birds each.
Comparative Study of Feeding Different Levels of Black Cumin (Nigella sativa)...BRNSS Publication Hub
The present work was aimed to determine the comparative effect of feeding different levels of black cumin
on growth, feed consumption, and feed efficiency of COBB-500 broiler. Three hundred and twenty, daysold straight run COBB-500 chicks from a lot of the same hatch were brooded in an electrically operated
battery brooder for a period of 7 days, where pre-experimental diet was offered. On the 8th day, chicks
having uniform body weight were randomly allocated into four dietary treatments with four replications
(20 chicks in each). The isoproteinous and isocaloric formulated standard starter (1–10 days), grower
(11–20 days), and finisher (21–42 days) diets were supplemented with different levels of black cumin of
T1 – control, T2 – 0.25% black cumin, T3 – 0.5% black cumin, and T4 – 0.75% black cumin, respectively.
The chicks were offered ad libitum treatment diets and clean drinking water. The desired data were
recorded weekly, which included live weight, weight gain, feed consumption, and feed efficiency of
broiler birds. The obtained data were subjected to statistical analysis under completely randomized design
as per the methods of MSTAT. Final live weight of the birds was found highly significant (P < 0.01) for
all treatment groups. Highest final weight gain (2244.59 g) was found in birds fed ration supplemented
with 0.5% black cumin. Daily live weight of the birds was also found highly significant (P < 0.01) for all
treatment groups. Highest daily live weight gain (60.27 g) was found in birds fed ration supplemented
with 0.5% black cumin. Supplementation of black cumin in the broiler rations did not exhibit any
significant effect (P > 0.05) on the total feed consumption. Feed conversion ratio was found significantly
different (P < 0.01) for all treatment groups. It is, therefore, concluded that inclusion of black cumin in
the broiler rations could be economical and efficient production of broilers
Assessment of the broilers performance, gut healthiness and carcass character...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract—The objectives of the current study were to evaluate the performance responses, guts healthiness, and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens fed on formulated diets included dried coriander, turmeric and thyme. Unsexed commercially available chicks were enrolled into five experimental treatments each of eighty birds with four replicates per treatment. The birds were housed in deep litter clean pens. The experimental groups were as follow: Control; coriander; thyme; turmeric, and mixed. Two formulated diets (starter & finisher) to which all the dietary additives were added in a dried powdered form and at the level of 0.75% expect for the mixed group as each additive was used at level 0.25%. Performance parameters including weekly body development, body weights gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio were recorded during the 35-d experimental period. Also, representative samples from each replicate were gathered for the detection of carcass traits, consumer acceptability, and the gut morphometric changes. The data revealed that coriander, and turmeric significantly (p<0.05) increased the villus heights and crypt depths as compared to control which is concomitant with the improvement of performance results when incorporated solely in broilers diet at 0.75% level , but consumer acceptability was lowered specifically for the turmeric –fed group.
Insects as PROTEIN SOURCE IN POULTRY
Introduction
Insects as a alternative feed
Type of insects
Insect farming
Nutritional value of insets and functional properties
Feeding value in different sps of animals
Risk profile and major concerns
Cost economics and environmental foot print
Future research
Conclusions and recommendations
The relationship between progesterone and biochemical constituents of amnioti...Ali Olfati
Ali Olfati1, Gholamali Moghaddam1, Nasroallah Moradi Kor2*, Mitra Bakhtiari3
1Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Iran
2Department of Reproduction Physiologies, Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology, Tehran, Iran
3Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
Performance, Egg Qualities, and Blood Parameters of Layers Fed Diets Containi...BRNSS Publication Hub
A 10-week feeding trial was conducted to determine the performance, egg qualities, and hematology of layers fed diets containing sun-dried sweet orange peel meal (SOPM). A total of 140 Isa brown point of lay birds, aged 20 weeks were used for the experiment. SOPM was incorporated to replace 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40% maize. The birds were randomly assigned to the diets in a Completely Randomized Design; each diet group had 28 birds and 4 replicates with each replicate having 7 birds. Observed results showed that SOPM did not significantly (NS) (p>0.05) affect final weight and egg number. However, weight change, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, mortality, cost of 1 kg feed, and cost of feed consumed were significantly different (P < 0.05) among treatments. Egg weight and egg length were significantly (P < 0.05) different, which ranged from 56.18 to 58.73 g and 3.74–4.17 cm, respectively. Shell thickness and egg width were NS (P > 0.05) influenced, and ranged from 0.80 to 0.84 and 2.63–2.71 cm, respectively. Internal egg parameters, i.e., yolk width, yolk height, albumin weight, albumin length, and yolk index were significantly (P < 0.05) affected. Hematological profile (packed cell volume, hemoglobin, white blood cell, red blood cell, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), MCH concentration, lymphocyte, and neutrophil) of birds showed significant differences (P < 0.05). The study revealed that SOPM did not have an adverse effect on the performance of layers even at 40% replacement of maize while in lay. Its inclusion decreased the cost of feed linearly, did not compromise external and internal qualities of eggs or the health of the birds.
A study was carried out to evaluate the nutritive value and enzyme
supplementation of different sources of energy in broiler diets on the growth
performance and heamatological parameters of broiler chickens supplemented with
Mazigrain® enzyme within the treated groups. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets
less (23.17 % CP; 2831 Kcal/ME and 21.73 % CP; 2929 Kcal/ME) for the broiler starter
(0 - a month) and finisher phases (5–8 months) respectively were formulated. Diet 1
(maize based diet) served in as the control while diets 2, 3, 4 and 5 were
supplemented with sorghum, pearl millet, cassava and sweet potatoes based diets
separately. A sum of 225 day-old NAPRI X broiler chicks were haphazardly distributed
to the five treatments. Every treatment comprised of 45 broilers with three repeats of
fifteen birds each in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The general linear model
protocol of S.A.S. 9.0. was used to analyze the collected data. Among the dietary
groups significant changes (P<0.05) was found utilizing a Tukey test. Enzyme along
with various energy sources have noteworthy (P<0.05) changes on every one of the
parameters (final weight, daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, water intake, water
to feed ratio and feed cost per kilogram weight gain) except for death rate at the
starter phase. Broilers that had sorghum based diet had the best performance at
starter stage (final weight; 627 g, weight gain; 576.85 g, feed cost/kg gain; ^ 187.95 k).
At the finisher stage, sorghum supplemented with enzyme had the best feed
conversion ratio (1.96) and feed cost/kg gain; ^ 171.15 k. The optimal performance
characteristics were recorded for sorghum based diets. Feed cost / kg gain was the
cheapest on birds fed sorghum based diet with enzyme supplementation which was
comparable with those fed the maize based diet. However, the use of enzyme
enhanced the performance of birds at both the starter and finisher phases.
Effect of Gonadotrophin (Pergonal®) on Haematological and Serum Biochemical P...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Twelve Ouda rams aged 2 – 2.6 years and weighed between 40.21 – 40.32kg were randomly distributed into 3 groups of 4 animals with one ram per replicate in a completely randomized design and used to determine the effect of Pergonal® on haematology and serum biochemistry. These groups were assigned to 3 levels of Pergonal® injection as treatments. The injections were 0.00i.u, 49.50i.u, and 99.00i.u Pergonal® represented as T1 (control), T2, and T3, respectively. All the treatments were administered by intramuscular injections. The injections were divided into three doses each and administered intramuscularly in the thigh for three consecutive days. The results of the study showed that apart from Alanine transaminase and eosinophils, the haematological and serum biochemical parameters and immune status of ouda rams may be affected when 49.50i.u or more of Pergonal are used for induction of spermatogenesis. These parameters should be constantly monitored during pergonal administration in ouda rams.
Influence of Different Levels of Adsorbent “Vitacorm Reo-M” on the Morphologi...IJAEMSJORNAL
The study was carried out to determine the effects of levels of adsorbent "Vitacorm REO-M" on the growth, hematology, and serum biochemistry of pigs. The pigs were separated into four groups and further randomized design and fed diets contained by weight: concentrates grain mixture consisting of barley – 43.0%, corn – 10.0%, wheat – 11.0 – 11.5%, peas – 8.0 – 8.5%, and also bran – 6.0-8.0%, soybean meal – 5.0-9.0%, sunflower meal – 6.0%, fish meal – 5.0%, soybean oil – 2.0%, premix – 2.5%. The control animals (CG) were fed the main diet and EG1, EG2 and EG3 diet included adsorbent additive "Vitacorm REO-M" in the amount of 2.0, 4.0 and 6.0 kg per ton of feed, respectively. The pigs were adequately housed, while feed and potable water were supplied ad libitum. At the end of the experiment 3 pigs were randomly sampled from each treatment (1 per replicate) and blood collected through venipuncture on veins at backside of the ears. Results showed significant (P≤0.05) effect of "Vitacorm REO-M" at a dosage of 4 kg per ton of feed allowed to obtain an additional average daily gain in EG2 (0.541 kg) 7.98% higher than in the CG. Was found that the highest content of total protein at the end of the experience was observed in CG - 68.95% (while in EG2 - 64.43%, EG1 - 64.62%, EG3 - 63.22%) and the highest level of γ-globulin content was noted in EG1 and EG3, respectively 9.33 and 9.53%. AST activity maximum increase (at a rate of 22.0-47.0 u/l) was observed in animals of the EG1 by 11.11%, and a decrease of 7.02% in EG3 relative to the CG. In the EG2, the AST index was within the normal range - 40.0 U/l. ALT activity was reduced in comparison with the CG in the EG1 by 4.23% - 3.0 U/l, in the EG2 - by 19.72% - 14.0 U/l.
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All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Assessment of Ginger and Black Pepper as Feed Additives on Growth Performance...Premier Publishers
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Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
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For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2. Oyewole, et al.: Performance and Blood Profiles of Broiler
AEXTJ/Oct-Dec-2018/Vol 2/Issue 4 235
of frozen poultry products.[5]
Due to the increasing
cost of conventional feed ingredients such as
maize, soybean, and groundnut cake among
others, animal nutritionists have been exploring
alternative potential feed ingredients which are
not of any nutritional importance to man.[5]
Most
of these alternative feed resources are either
agro-industrial by-products or waste.[2]
Cashew
(Anacardium occidentale) apple is a potential feed
resource, which has been used in starter broiler
production.[2]
The evaluation of a cashew apple
waste (CAW) that is not directly consumed by
man with broiler is germane, to reduce the cost
of production, without undermining the health of
the birds.[2]
Oke et al.[6]
reported that the blood
transports or conveys nutrients and materials to
different parts of the body, therefore whatever
affects the blood, nutrition or drugs will certainly
affect the entire body in terms of health, growth,
maintenance, and reproduction. Cashew apple
(cashew pulp) in the study location is mostly often
allowed to rot or constitute environmental menace
after removal of the nuts.
Objectives of the study
The feeding trial sought to determine the
performance and blood parameters of finisher
broilers fed diets containing graded levels of
cashew pulp meal (CPM) or CAW as a partial
replacement for maize.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study was conducted the Teaching and
Research Farm of Kogi State University, Anyigba
in Dekina Local Government Area, Kogi State,
Nigeria. The experimental site is within the
southern Guinea savannah zone of Nigeria on
Longitude 070
29’N and Latitude 070
11’E of the
Greenwich meridian.[7]
135 4 week old broilers
of Abor acre strain were allotted in a completely
randomized design to five dietary treatments of
three replicates each. Five on-farm formulated
diets were compounded, in which CPM replaced
0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% of maize in T0, T1,
T2,
T3, and T4, respectively. Each treatment had
27 birds such that each replicate had nine birds
which were raised on deep litter. The feeding
trial lasted for 4 weeks.Feed and drinking water
were provided ad libitum, and standard routine
management practices were followed.
Experimental diets
Fresh cashew pulps were collected into clean
grains bag from different cashew plantations in
Dekina Local Government Area. The pulps were
rinsed with clean water after which the juice
expressed with the aid of hydraulic press machine.
The compressed cashew pulps were spread on a
clean concrete floor to dry until the pulp became
crispy. The dried cashew pulps were milled such
that the particles could pass through 2 mm mesh
sieve.[2]
The CPM was then used to substitute 0,
10, 20, 30, and 40% of dietary maize [Table 1].
Data collection
Initial weight of birds was determined by
weighing the birds per replicate at the beginning
of the experiment and the end. Daily feed intake
(DFI) was determined by subtracting the left over
from the quantity of feed offered. Feed conversion
ratio (FCR) was determined by dividing intake
by weight gain.[2]
Economic indices estimated
included the cost of producing a unit kilogram
of the feed and cost of feed per kilogram weight
gain. Percentage of mortality was determined as
described by Oyewole et al.[2]
Blood collection hematological data
Blood samples were collected at the end of
the trial from two birds per replicate and eight
birds per treatment. The birds were bled in the
morning between 06.30 and 09.00 h to avoid
excessive bleeding. Blood samples were collected
from the wing vein using a sterile disposable
needle after sterilizing the collection site with
antiseptic [9]
. Samples for hematological evaluation
were collected into ethylene diamine tetraacetic
acid treated tubes to prevent coagulation, the
hematologicalindicesdeterminedwerepackedcell
volume (PCV), red blood cell (RBC), white blood
cell (WBC), hemoglobin (Hb), mean corpuscular
volume (MCV), means corpuscular Hb (MCH),
and mean corpuscular Hb concentration (MCHC).
Blood samples for serum biochemical profile
were collected into labeled sample bottles without
anticoagulant.[9]
Serum biochemical parameters,
namely, total protein, albumin, cholesterol, alanine
aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate amino-
transferase (AST), were determined as described
by Schalm et al.[10]
3. Oyewole, et al.: Performance and Blood Profiles of Broiler
AEXTJ/Oct-Dec-2018/Vol 2/Issue 4 236
Statistical analysis
All data collected were statistically analyzed using
analysis of variance with the aid of SPSS statistical
computer software package. Where significant
effects were obtained, means were separated with
the aid of the same SPSS software package using
Duncan’s multiple range test.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Results
The performance of birds fed diets containing
graded levels of CPM is shown in Table 2. All
parameters measured were significantly different
(P 0.05). Final weight (FW), daily weight gain
(DWG), DFI, FCR, mortality, feed cost/kg gain
(FC), and cost of 1 kg feed ranged from 1042.54
to 1305.55 g, 16.31 to 28.51 g, 91.86 to 110.54 g,
3.26 to 6.75, 0 to 22.22%, 115.43 to 135.46, and
414.23 to 611.43, respectively.
All the hematological parameters evaluated
[Table 3] were significantly (P 0.05) different
among the treatments. Observed PCV values
ranged from 29.00% to 31.00%, Hb 9.07 to
10.60 g/dl, and RBC 1.80 × 106
/µl to 2.32 ×
106
/µl, WBC ranged from 213.13 × 103
to 223.67 ×
103
/µl, MCV ranged between 132.27 and 134.87 fl,
MCHC ranged between 29.80 and 31.63 g/dl, and
MCH 40.10 and 41.87 pg. The result of serum
biochemical response of birds is shown in Table 4.
Observed results for all evaluated parameters were
Table 1: Gross composition (%) of experimental diets for finisher broilers
Ingredient Level of inclusion of CPM %
T1 (0) T2 (10) T3 (20) T4 (30) T5 (40)
Maize 44.00 39.60 35.20 30.80 26.40
CPM 0.00 4.40 8.80 13.20 17.60
Maize offal 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00
Soybean meal (full fat) 37.00 37.00 37.00 37.00 37.00
Bone meal 3.30 3.30 3.30 3.30 3.30
Methionine 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15
Common salt 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30
Vitamin‑mineral premix 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
Analyzed nutrient composition (%)
Crude protein 20.74 21.70 20.62 21.93 24.04
Crude fiber 4.14 4.35 4.50 5.30 5.89
Ether extract 5.76 5.79 5.98 5.80 5.60
Ash 9.03 9.39 9.49 11.47 12.20
Nitrogen‑free extract (%) 51.56 49.97 51.65 47.41 44.54
Calculated nutrients/energy
**Calcium 1.02 1.00 0.99 0.98 0.97
**Phosphorous 0.50 0.49 0.48 0.47 0.46
*Kcal/kgME 3064.22 3045.83 3080.90 2964.27 2924.25
**Calculated without contributions from CPM. *Calculated ME=37× %CP+81 × %EE+35.5×%NFE.[8]
CPM: Cashew pulp meal
Table 2: Performance of finisher broilers fed diets containing CPM
Parameter Level of inclusion of CPM %
T1 (0) T2 (10) T3 (20) T4 (30) T5 (40) SEM LOS
Initial weight (g) 503.70 500.00 511.11 504.40 496.30 13.45 NS
FW (g) 1305.55a
1155.56c
1211.57b
1042.54d
1112.50c
32.92 *
DWI (g) 28.51a
22.62b
23.33b
16.31d
18.86c
1.52 *
DFI (g) 91.86c
96.73b
95.62b
110.54a
97.96b
2.64 *
FCR 3.26a
4.40c
4.10b
6.75e
5.56d
0.67 *
Mortality (%) 0.00d
7.41b
3.70c
22.22a
0.00d
2.61 *
Cost of feed/kg (NN) 135.46a
130.46b
125.45c
120.44d
115.43e
1.89 *
Cost of feed/kg gain (NN) 418.79a
574.03b
414.23a
611.43c
601.78c
36.48 *
abcde
Means with different superscripts on the same row differ significantly (P0.05). NS: Not significant (P0.05), SEM: Standard error of mean, CPM: Cashew pulp meal
4. Oyewole, et al.: Performance and Blood Profiles of Broiler
AEXTJ/Oct-Dec-2018/Vol 2/Issue 4 237
statistically significant difference (P 0.05) among
treatments. Total protein ranged from 4.25 g/dl
to 4.92 g/dl, albumin 1.73 g/dl to 2.37 g/dl, AST
102.33 μ/l to 135.67 μ/l, ALT 4.00 μ/l to 7.33 μ/l,
and total cholesterol 2.37 Mmol/l to 3.73 Mmol/l.
Discussion
Observed values for the FW of birds showed
that the control diet (0% CPM) had the highest
weight and those on 30% CPM inclusion the
poorest. DWG followed a similar pattern as the
FW. Observed results showed that CPM inclusion
in the diet depressed DWG and consequently live
weight of broilers. The trend of weight gain may
suggest the efficiency of utilization of CPM by
the birds, suggesting that the control diet which is
maize-based was better utilized. Kadirvel et al.[11]
had reported a progressive decrease in the weight
gain of broilers fed CPM at 15% and above.
Depression in the life weight of starter broilers
and cockerel chicks fed CPM-based diets relative
to maize have also been reported.[2,12]
It may,
therefore, imply that the nutritional quality of the
maize-based diet was better. The birds tended to
consume CPM based diets than the control (0%
CPM), an indication that CPM inclusion in the diet
did not undermine the acceptability of the diets. It
is also probable that the birds ate to satisfy their
energy requirement. FCR followed a similar trend
as that of feed intake (the higher the feed intake,
the poorer the FCR), with birds in the control
group having the best value (3.26). Kadirvel
et al.[11]
reported that an increase in feed intake
resulted in poor feed efficiency of broilers on
CPM. CPM depressed FCR in starter broilers and
cockerel chicks.[2,12]
Mortality was recorded in all
CPM group except 40% CPM (T5), no mortality
was recorded in the control group. The observed
trend for mortality did not suggest that cashew
pulp inclusion in the diets was toxic to the birds
as there was no case of mortality in 40% CPM
groups. Cost of feed/kg significantly (P 0.05)
declined as the rate of inclusion of CPM inclusion
in the diet increased, this reduction may be as a
result of the reduced cost of CPM relative to the
cost of maize. Earlier workers[2,12]
had reported that
CPM inclusion in the diets resulted in the cheaper
feed. Cost of feed per kg gain was significantly
(P 0.05) different across the treatment means
with birds on T4 (30% CPM) having the highest
cost of 611.43 whereas those on T3 (20% CPM)
had the least cost. This indicates that the most
economic inclusion of CPM was at 20%.
Observed PCV value ranging from 29.00% to
31.00% fell within the range of 28–40% reported
for healthy birds[13]
and 28.67–37.00% by Oyewole
Table 3: Hematological parameters of finisher broilers fed cashew pulp meal based diets
Parameter Level of inclusion of CPM %
T1 (0) T2 (10) T3 (20) T4 (30) T5 (40) SEM LOS
PCV (%) 29.00bc
28.67c
30.00ab
29.00bc
31.00a
0.60 *
Hb (g/dl) 10.60a
9.07b
10.00a
9.20b
10.30a
0.29 *
RBC(×106
/µl) 1.80c
2.17b
2.21b
2.21b
2.32a
0.37 *
WBC (×103
/µl) 217.00c
213.13e
223.67a
214.13d
221.10b
2.74 *
MCV (fl) 134.87a
132.27c
131.77d
133.07b
132.30c
0.66 *
MCHC (g/dl) 31.63a
30.37c
30.20d
30.87b
29.80e
0.23 *
MCH (pg) 41.87a
40.10c
41.33b
41.33b
40.17c
0.44 *
SEM: Standard error of Mean, LOS: Level of significance, NS: Not significant (P0.05), *Significant (P 0.05), abcd
Means with different superscripts on the same row
differ significantly (P0.05), PCV: Packed cell volume, WBC: White blood cell, Hb: Hemoglobin, RBC: Red blood cell, MCV: Mean corpuscular volume, MCHC: Mean
corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, MCH: Mean corpuscular hemoglobin
Table 4: Serum biochemistry of finisher broilers fed CPM diets
Parameter Level of inclusion of CPM %
T1 (0) T2 (10) T3 (20) T4 (30) T5 (40) SEM LOS
Total protein (g/dl) 4.85a
4.25c
4.65b
4.92a
4.60b
* 0.08
Albumin (g/dl) 2.10b
2.37a
1.73c
2.10b
2.17a
* 0.07
AST (μ/l) 121.00b
113.33c
135.67a
120.33b
102.60d
* 3.34
ALT (μ/l) 7.00b
6.67c
4.00e
7.33a
5.67d
* 0.39
Total cholesterol (Mmol/l) 2.73d
2.37e
3.37b
3.73a
3.03c
* 0.14
abcde
Means on the same row with different superscripts are significantly different (P0.05). SEM: Standard error of mean, AST: Aspartate aminotransferase, ALT: Alanine
aminotransferase, LOS: Level of significance
5. Oyewole, et al.: Performance and Blood Profiles of Broiler
AEXTJ/Oct-Dec-2018/Vol 2/Issue 4 238
et al.[2]
with starter broilers on CPM-based diets.
This value indicated that the birds were healthy
and were not affected adversely by the feeding
of the experimental diets. Observed Hb value
range of 9.07–10.60 g/dl is within the range of
9.8–13.00 g/dl[14]
and 8.77–12.10[2]
for healthy
birds. It is an indication that the birds had sufficient
vitamins and minerals from the diets which helped
them to synthesize sufficient Hb which aids
oxygen and carbon dioxide transportation in the
blood. For birds fed CPM based diets the value for
WBC ranged from 213.13 × 103
to 223.67 × 103
/μl
and is within the range of 197.03 × 103
/μl–229.17
× 103
/μl reported by Oyewole et al.[2]
for starter
broilers fed CPM diets but is 237.00 × 103
–258
× 103
/μl reported by Comfort and Idorenyin[15]
for
finisher broilers fed yam peel meal based diets.
This trend in WBC does not suggest any negative
effect of CPM on the immune system of the birds.
Observed values for MCV ranged between 132.27
and 134.87fl and are 100–129.00 fl reported by
Mitruka and Rawnsley[16]
for healthy birds but
within 128.23–136.00 fl[2]
for starter broilers fed
CPM diets.The observed values for MCHC ranged
between 29.80 and 31.63 g/dl and falls within the
range of 30.97–32.27 g/dl reported by Oyewole
et al.[2]
for healthy starter broilers fed CPM based
diets. The observed value for MCH ranged from
40.10 to 41.87 pg and is within the range of 41.30–
42.70 pg reported by Oyewole et al.[2]
Values
observed for MCHC, MCH and MCV did not
suggest that the birds were anemic. Hence, birds
on CPM receive adequate vitamins and minerals
necessary for hematopoiesis and were, therefore,
not anemic. Observed total protein values of
4.25g/dl–4.92g/dl were lower than the reference
range of 5.6–5.9 g/dl for birds reported by Ayoola
et al.,[17]
but are within the range of 3.25–7.61 g/dl
observed by Ayoola et al.[18]
Oyewole et al.[2]
had
reported 3.97–4.80 g/dl with starter broilers fed
CPM diets. Observed values are therefore normal
and suggest that the experimental birds were not
under stress likely due to dehydration, disease, or
malnutrition.[19]
Total protein has been reported as
an indicator of the protein retained in the animal
body[20,21]
and is reported to depend on the quantity
and quality of dietary protein.[22,23]
Observed
albumin range of 1.73–2.37 g/dl is higher than the
range of 1.25–2.20 g/dl observed by Akinmutimi
and Onen[24]
for finisher broilers fed yam peel
meal as a replacement for maize. Oyewole et al.[2]
had reported 1.70–1.83 g/dl with starter broilers
fed CPM diets. Observed values appear normal
and suggest that substitution of maize with CPM
did not adversely affect the nutritive quality of the
experimental diets. Albumin value may suggest
good health; elevated serum albumin may indicate
poor health and is a predictor of a bad outcome.[25]
The AST values range from 102.33 μ/l to 1x/l is
higherthantherangeof101.57–121.70μ/lreported
byAbdel-Fattah et al.,[26]
and different from 115.00
μ/l to 121.33 μ/l reported by Oyewole et al.[2]
for
starter broilers fed diets containing CPM. The
ALT values range from 4.00 μ/l to 7.33 μ/l is lower
than the observed values of 18.99–20.06 μ/l by [26]
but close to 6.33–10.00 μ/l.[2]
The trend of results
observed for both AST and ALT suggest that the
birds did not experience hepatic or renal damage
due to the diets. Cholesterol (Mmol/l) increased
significantly (P 0.05) from 2.37 Mmol/l in
birds on T2 (10%) to 3.73 Mmol/l in birds on
T4 (40%). Total cholesterol observed 2.37–3.73
Mmol/l is similar to 2.88–3.46 Mmol/l reported
by Abdulazeez et al.[27]
for broiler chickens fed
graded levels of baobab (Adansonia digitata L.)
seed meal indicating that CPM did not affect the
absorption of dietary lipids and cholesterol which
is required for the synthesis of a number steroid
hormones, bile production, and building of body
tissues among other.
CONCLUSION
Inclusion of CPM in broiler finisher diet, even at
10% resulted in reduction in live weight due to
poor feed conversion. However, the reduction in
FC was achieved, and the resultant feed did not
adversely affect the health of the birds.
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