COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF NORMAL AND TUMOR TISSUE, SARDINELLA LONGICEPS (VALENCIENNES, 1847) FROM NAGAPATTINUM SOUTHEAST COAST OF INDIA
This document summarizes a study on the nutritional value of normal and tumor tissue in Sardinella longiceps fish from India. The study found that protein levels were higher in normal tissue (29.15%) compared to tumor tissue (18.93%). Fatty acid analysis revealed higher levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids like linolenic acid in normal tissue. Vitamin A levels were also higher in normal tissue. The study analyzed minerals, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins and other biochemical components to determine the nutritional composition and value of S. longiceps fish tissue. The results show that S. longiceps is a valuable food source for humans due to its high quality protein and balanced nutritional profile.
Five diets (diets incorporated with folic acid, vitamin B, vitamin C, vitamin/
mineral mix and control) were used to determine their effects on survival, digestive
enzyme activity, protein profiling and growth of striped snakehead Channa striatus
fingerlings. All vitamin diets showed significant difference in enzyme activity like
protease, amylase and lipase, when compared to that of control. The fingerlings fed
with vitamin C diet showed significantly (P<0.05) better performance in terms of
survival rate, weight gain and Specific Growth Rate (SGR) when compared to the rest
of the four diets. The electrophoretic studies revealed that high molecular weight
fractions were added up in muscle tissue of C. striatus fed with vitamin and mineral
supplemented diets.
Five diets (diets incorporated with folic acid, vitamin B, vitamin C, vitamin/
mineral mix and control) were used to determine their effects on survival, digestive
enzyme activity, protein profiling and growth of striped snakehead Channa striatus
fingerlings. All vitamin diets showed significant difference in enzyme activity like
protease, amylase and lipase, when compared to that of control. The fingerlings fed
with vitamin C diet showed significantly (P<0.05) better performance in terms of
survival rate, weight gain and Specific Growth Rate (SGR) when compared to the rest
of the four diets. The electrophoretic studies revealed that high molecular weight
fractions were added up in muscle tissue of C. striatus fed with vitamin and mineral
supplemented diets.
Information about composition of deep-sea edible part might raise their value as table food. Proximate composition of few fin fish species from North Atlantic, eastern North Pacific has been reported. No literature is available for either fin fish or shell fish from deep waters off the Indian EEZ.
Carbohydrates are an excellent source of energy and carbon in feed formulations. They can be easily distinguished from the other energy yielding nutrients in terms of their abundance and low price. To illustrate, the collective global production of the major cereal grains i.e., maize, wheat and rice amounted to a colossal 2.5 billion tonnes in the year 2013 (FAO). The total carbohydrate content and the digestible fraction of starch and sugars in these grains can be roughly estimated to be about 2.1 and 1.75 billion tonnes, respectively (www.feedipedia.org). Besides, the unit cost of carbohydrate sources is almost three to five fold less than that of the protein and lipid sources of interest. Therefore, the inclusion level of carbohydrates in commercial fish feed assumes direct economic significance i.e., in terms of lower feed cost per unit weight gain.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Soy protein concentrate: a value- added soy product for aquafeedsCJBio3
Aquaculture is the world's fastest-growing industry in the food production sector. It is projected that aquaculture will play a major role in the global food supply by doubling and intensifying its production by 2050. Fish meal is considered as “the gold standard” ingredients for aqua feed, but its unstable price and availability might decelerate the sector expansion and hurt famer’s profits. Although plant-based ingredients can be fish meal alternatives, their high content of antinutritional factors might cause some negative effects on fish growth. However, soy protein concentrate, which provides a great source of protein with less antinutrients thanks to the aqueous alcohol extraction in its refining process, are employing widely for better cost management with stable feed quality.
The article today will provide some updates about SPC using in feed production and the benefits which it brings on fish growth performance.
Investigation of different biochemical parameters in three economical importa...Innspub Net
The aim of present study was to evaluate the biochemical composition in gills, liver and muscle of different fish species like Catla catla, Cirrhinus mrigala and Labeo rohita of different weight captured from ponds of Kashmore district. In this regard valuable biochemical factors were evaluated such as crude protein, % of fat and % of ash and also compared the outcomes with concentration found in samples of Indus River. Fish samples were caught with help of professional fishermen by using different size of fish nets. The samples of all three species Catla catla, Cirrhinus mrigala and Labeo rohita of four different weights were collected i.e. 250g, 500g, 750g and 1000g respectively were dissected with stainless steel cutters and required amount of specimens were extracted from fish samples. Further analytical processes were carried out in zoology laboratory for completion of possible objectives. The results revealed as protein contents, % of fat and % ash were found significantly high in Catla catla fish as compared to Cirrhinus mrigala and Labeo rohita. The concentration of biochemical parameters were found in greater quantity in gills of all fish species which were subjected in this research. Furthermore the comparative studies showed that the concentrations of all biochemical parameters were found high as compared to Samples of Indus River at Kashmore bank.
Evaluation of the Biochemical Composition of Four Marine Algae and Its Nutrit...IOSR Journals
Microalgae are utilized in aquaculture as a live feed for the crustaceans, ablone, zooplanktons, etc. The present study was aimed to examine the nutritional status of Artemia sp. nauplii enriched with four different algal sources namely Chaetoceros calcitrans, Skeletonema coastaum, Duniella salina & D. bardawil and also the amount of beta-carotene assimilated when enriched with the two green algae. Artemia sp. nauplii enriched with D. salina showed high amounts of protein and carbohydrate, whereas Artemia sp. fed with Chaetoceros calcitrans showed high amounts of lipid. The protein profile of Artemia sp. enriched with different algal sources did not show prominent differences in the polypeptide bands. However, high amount of beta-carotene was assimilated in Artemia sp. nauplii when enriched with D. salina. Hence this study showed that the microalgae D. salina can be used as a potential feed to improve the nutritional status of Artemia sp. nauplii.
Nutritional requirement of cultivable fin fish: larvae, juveniles and adultsDebiprasad1997
Fish is among the healthiest foods on the planet. It is loaded with important nutrients, such as protein and vitamin D. Fish is also the world's best source of omega-3 fatty acids, which are incredibly important for human body and brain.
Manufactured feeds are an important part of modern commercial aquaculture, providing the balanced nutrition needed by farmed fish.
In the development of modern aquaculture, starting in the 1970s, fishmeal and fish oil were key components of the feeds for these species. They are combined with other ingredients such as vegetable proteins, cereal grains, vitamins and minerals and formed into feed pellets.
The global supply of fish meal and fish oil is finite and fully utilized. Alternative or nontraditional feedstuffs may differ in terms of taste, smell, texture, and color, as well as nutrient composition, from the traditional feedstuffs, which are produced largely from the natural prey of the fish being raised. Alternative feedstuffs may also contain compounds and antinutritional factors that affect digestive or sensory physiology.
Another important area of fish nutrition for the next 20 years will be larval fish nutrition. Currently, the cost and difficulty of rearing a great number of species from the first feeding to the juvenile stage are the most severe bottlenecks to the development of aquaculture production of nontraditional species.
Production of shell eggs enriched with n-3 fatty acidsiosrphr_editor
Unsaturated long chain fatty acids (n-3 FAs) have been proposed in a human diet to reduce the risk of atherosclerosis and therefore the risk of stroke. N-3 FAs also play an important role in retinal and brain tissue development in the neonate. The main natural source of n-3 FA is marine fish. The aim of this work was to create shell egg enriched with n-3 FAs using natural golden marine algae (MA) as a supplement in hen's diet. Three experiments were conducted: (1) hundred hens from the hybrid Lohmann Brown were fed with diet containing 1.27% MA; (2) hundred hens from the same hybrid were fed with diet containing 1.77% MA; (3) hundred hens were the control group. The duration of the experiments was 4 weeks. Slight enriching of the shell egg yolk at the both groups fed with diet containing MA happened after the end of the second week. The concentration of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; C22:6, n=3) at the 1st experimental group was 90.3 mg/100 g of egg mass, and 112.1 mg/100 g of egg mass at the 2nd experimental group. The concentration of DHA at the control group was 54.5 mg/100 g of egg mass. After the 3rd week the concentration of DHA at the 1st group increased to 201.2 mg/100 g of egg mass and to 304.9 mg/100 g of egg mass at the 2nd group. At that time the concentration of the DHA at the control group remained unchanged. At the end of the 4th week the concentration of DHA reached the maximum level: 224.5 mg/100 g of egg mass at the 1st group and 328.4 mg/ 100 g of egg mass at the 2nd group. The concentration of the DHA at the control group was 51.9 mg/100 g egg mass. It is interested to note that eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; C20:5, n=3) appeared in low concentrations of 10-15 mg/100g of egg mass at the end of the 4th week of the experiment at the 2nd experimental group.
Powdered seaweed or seaweed flour is already used as an ingredient in terrestrial and aquatic feeds. The seaweed is usually a single species and publications over the years have demonstrated a range of benefits, for instance improved resistance to viral and bacterial pathogens.
A review on microencapsulation of fish oil to improve oxidative stability Ashish Gadhave
Fish oil is the lipid fraction extracted from fish and fish by-products. Currently, the production of fish oil is becoming more demanding as there is a sizeable and growing world market demand for high quality fish oils. The most important constituents of fish oils are the omega-3 fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). These fatty acids are precursors of eicosanoids that helps to alleviate inflammation in the body and also have other health benefits. Lipid oxidation products are known to be health hazards because they are associated with aging, membrane damage, heart disease and cancer. However, fortification of foods with these nutraceuticals is confined because of extreme sensitivity of PUFA to oxidation and consequent formation of toxic hydroperoxides during the manufacture and storage. This article reviews the microencapsulation, very useful technology, of PUFA within microcarriers to retard the oxidation by minimizing the access of undesirable factors. Various techniques are being employed to form microcapsules, such as extrusion coating, fluidized-bed coating, spray drying, liposome entrapment, coacervation, inclusion complexation, centrifugal extrusion, and rotational suspension separation. Dried microencapsulated fish oil (DMFO) exists in powder form, which can easily be applied to instant powder products. There are many food products in which DMFO can easily and safely be incorporated like bread, biscuits, cakes, diet powder, fruit bars, milk powder etc.
Evaluation of the Nutritional composition (Proximate, Mineral and Amino acids...Premier Publishers
Nutrient constituents of Tilapia zillii and Sarotherodon galilaeus vis-à-vis proximate, mineral and amino acid contents were evaluated. A total of One hundred fish samples, comprising of 50 T. zillii and 50 S. galilaeus, with weights ranging from 500-800g procured from Agbalata market, Badagry, Lagos. The fish species were subjected to proximate, mineral and amino acid analysis using the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC), Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS), and Gas chromatography (GC) methods. Fat contents of 5.40±0.02 (T. zillii) and 3.39±0.03 (S. galilaeus) were detected in both species. Highest crude protein (CP) values of 49.14±0.06 and 47.74±0.19 and ash with the lowest values of 4.20±0.02 and 5.75±0.04 in T. zillii and S. galilaeus were observed. Mean body mineral constituents differed significantly (P<0.05) between the two species except for ash. Bioaccumulation of Cd, Pb and Ni were found to be very low in both species. Among the 18 amino acids detected; glycine (3.83±0.14 and 4.45±0.06), alanine (5.58±0.35 and 5.76±0.10), threonine (3.52±0.29 and 4.18±0.20), histidine (4.93±0.65 and 2.79±0.20) and tryptophan (1.49±0.01 and 1.63±0.04) in T. zillii and S. galilaeus were discovered to be significantly different at p<0.05. Tryptophan and cysteine were the lowest at (1.49±0.01 and 1.63±0.04) and (1.40±0.05 and 1.30±0.05), for T. zillii and S. galilaeus respectively. Both fish species contains all the essential amino acids in appreciable concentrations. Due to the abundant nutrients found in the two species examined, they are recommended for human consumption.
Information about composition of deep-sea edible part might raise their value as table food. Proximate composition of few fin fish species from North Atlantic, eastern North Pacific has been reported. No literature is available for either fin fish or shell fish from deep waters off the Indian EEZ.
Carbohydrates are an excellent source of energy and carbon in feed formulations. They can be easily distinguished from the other energy yielding nutrients in terms of their abundance and low price. To illustrate, the collective global production of the major cereal grains i.e., maize, wheat and rice amounted to a colossal 2.5 billion tonnes in the year 2013 (FAO). The total carbohydrate content and the digestible fraction of starch and sugars in these grains can be roughly estimated to be about 2.1 and 1.75 billion tonnes, respectively (www.feedipedia.org). Besides, the unit cost of carbohydrate sources is almost three to five fold less than that of the protein and lipid sources of interest. Therefore, the inclusion level of carbohydrates in commercial fish feed assumes direct economic significance i.e., in terms of lower feed cost per unit weight gain.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Soy protein concentrate: a value- added soy product for aquafeedsCJBio3
Aquaculture is the world's fastest-growing industry in the food production sector. It is projected that aquaculture will play a major role in the global food supply by doubling and intensifying its production by 2050. Fish meal is considered as “the gold standard” ingredients for aqua feed, but its unstable price and availability might decelerate the sector expansion and hurt famer’s profits. Although plant-based ingredients can be fish meal alternatives, their high content of antinutritional factors might cause some negative effects on fish growth. However, soy protein concentrate, which provides a great source of protein with less antinutrients thanks to the aqueous alcohol extraction in its refining process, are employing widely for better cost management with stable feed quality.
The article today will provide some updates about SPC using in feed production and the benefits which it brings on fish growth performance.
Investigation of different biochemical parameters in three economical importa...Innspub Net
The aim of present study was to evaluate the biochemical composition in gills, liver and muscle of different fish species like Catla catla, Cirrhinus mrigala and Labeo rohita of different weight captured from ponds of Kashmore district. In this regard valuable biochemical factors were evaluated such as crude protein, % of fat and % of ash and also compared the outcomes with concentration found in samples of Indus River. Fish samples were caught with help of professional fishermen by using different size of fish nets. The samples of all three species Catla catla, Cirrhinus mrigala and Labeo rohita of four different weights were collected i.e. 250g, 500g, 750g and 1000g respectively were dissected with stainless steel cutters and required amount of specimens were extracted from fish samples. Further analytical processes were carried out in zoology laboratory for completion of possible objectives. The results revealed as protein contents, % of fat and % ash were found significantly high in Catla catla fish as compared to Cirrhinus mrigala and Labeo rohita. The concentration of biochemical parameters were found in greater quantity in gills of all fish species which were subjected in this research. Furthermore the comparative studies showed that the concentrations of all biochemical parameters were found high as compared to Samples of Indus River at Kashmore bank.
Evaluation of the Biochemical Composition of Four Marine Algae and Its Nutrit...IOSR Journals
Microalgae are utilized in aquaculture as a live feed for the crustaceans, ablone, zooplanktons, etc. The present study was aimed to examine the nutritional status of Artemia sp. nauplii enriched with four different algal sources namely Chaetoceros calcitrans, Skeletonema coastaum, Duniella salina & D. bardawil and also the amount of beta-carotene assimilated when enriched with the two green algae. Artemia sp. nauplii enriched with D. salina showed high amounts of protein and carbohydrate, whereas Artemia sp. fed with Chaetoceros calcitrans showed high amounts of lipid. The protein profile of Artemia sp. enriched with different algal sources did not show prominent differences in the polypeptide bands. However, high amount of beta-carotene was assimilated in Artemia sp. nauplii when enriched with D. salina. Hence this study showed that the microalgae D. salina can be used as a potential feed to improve the nutritional status of Artemia sp. nauplii.
Nutritional requirement of cultivable fin fish: larvae, juveniles and adultsDebiprasad1997
Fish is among the healthiest foods on the planet. It is loaded with important nutrients, such as protein and vitamin D. Fish is also the world's best source of omega-3 fatty acids, which are incredibly important for human body and brain.
Manufactured feeds are an important part of modern commercial aquaculture, providing the balanced nutrition needed by farmed fish.
In the development of modern aquaculture, starting in the 1970s, fishmeal and fish oil were key components of the feeds for these species. They are combined with other ingredients such as vegetable proteins, cereal grains, vitamins and minerals and formed into feed pellets.
The global supply of fish meal and fish oil is finite and fully utilized. Alternative or nontraditional feedstuffs may differ in terms of taste, smell, texture, and color, as well as nutrient composition, from the traditional feedstuffs, which are produced largely from the natural prey of the fish being raised. Alternative feedstuffs may also contain compounds and antinutritional factors that affect digestive or sensory physiology.
Another important area of fish nutrition for the next 20 years will be larval fish nutrition. Currently, the cost and difficulty of rearing a great number of species from the first feeding to the juvenile stage are the most severe bottlenecks to the development of aquaculture production of nontraditional species.
Production of shell eggs enriched with n-3 fatty acidsiosrphr_editor
Unsaturated long chain fatty acids (n-3 FAs) have been proposed in a human diet to reduce the risk of atherosclerosis and therefore the risk of stroke. N-3 FAs also play an important role in retinal and brain tissue development in the neonate. The main natural source of n-3 FA is marine fish. The aim of this work was to create shell egg enriched with n-3 FAs using natural golden marine algae (MA) as a supplement in hen's diet. Three experiments were conducted: (1) hundred hens from the hybrid Lohmann Brown were fed with diet containing 1.27% MA; (2) hundred hens from the same hybrid were fed with diet containing 1.77% MA; (3) hundred hens were the control group. The duration of the experiments was 4 weeks. Slight enriching of the shell egg yolk at the both groups fed with diet containing MA happened after the end of the second week. The concentration of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; C22:6, n=3) at the 1st experimental group was 90.3 mg/100 g of egg mass, and 112.1 mg/100 g of egg mass at the 2nd experimental group. The concentration of DHA at the control group was 54.5 mg/100 g of egg mass. After the 3rd week the concentration of DHA at the 1st group increased to 201.2 mg/100 g of egg mass and to 304.9 mg/100 g of egg mass at the 2nd group. At that time the concentration of the DHA at the control group remained unchanged. At the end of the 4th week the concentration of DHA reached the maximum level: 224.5 mg/100 g of egg mass at the 1st group and 328.4 mg/ 100 g of egg mass at the 2nd group. The concentration of the DHA at the control group was 51.9 mg/100 g egg mass. It is interested to note that eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; C20:5, n=3) appeared in low concentrations of 10-15 mg/100g of egg mass at the end of the 4th week of the experiment at the 2nd experimental group.
Powdered seaweed or seaweed flour is already used as an ingredient in terrestrial and aquatic feeds. The seaweed is usually a single species and publications over the years have demonstrated a range of benefits, for instance improved resistance to viral and bacterial pathogens.
Similar to COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF NORMAL AND TUMOR TISSUE, SARDINELLA LONGICEPS (VALENCIENNES, 1847) FROM NAGAPATTINUM SOUTHEAST COAST OF INDIA
A review on microencapsulation of fish oil to improve oxidative stability Ashish Gadhave
Fish oil is the lipid fraction extracted from fish and fish by-products. Currently, the production of fish oil is becoming more demanding as there is a sizeable and growing world market demand for high quality fish oils. The most important constituents of fish oils are the omega-3 fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). These fatty acids are precursors of eicosanoids that helps to alleviate inflammation in the body and also have other health benefits. Lipid oxidation products are known to be health hazards because they are associated with aging, membrane damage, heart disease and cancer. However, fortification of foods with these nutraceuticals is confined because of extreme sensitivity of PUFA to oxidation and consequent formation of toxic hydroperoxides during the manufacture and storage. This article reviews the microencapsulation, very useful technology, of PUFA within microcarriers to retard the oxidation by minimizing the access of undesirable factors. Various techniques are being employed to form microcapsules, such as extrusion coating, fluidized-bed coating, spray drying, liposome entrapment, coacervation, inclusion complexation, centrifugal extrusion, and rotational suspension separation. Dried microencapsulated fish oil (DMFO) exists in powder form, which can easily be applied to instant powder products. There are many food products in which DMFO can easily and safely be incorporated like bread, biscuits, cakes, diet powder, fruit bars, milk powder etc.
Evaluation of the Nutritional composition (Proximate, Mineral and Amino acids...Premier Publishers
Nutrient constituents of Tilapia zillii and Sarotherodon galilaeus vis-à-vis proximate, mineral and amino acid contents were evaluated. A total of One hundred fish samples, comprising of 50 T. zillii and 50 S. galilaeus, with weights ranging from 500-800g procured from Agbalata market, Badagry, Lagos. The fish species were subjected to proximate, mineral and amino acid analysis using the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC), Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS), and Gas chromatography (GC) methods. Fat contents of 5.40±0.02 (T. zillii) and 3.39±0.03 (S. galilaeus) were detected in both species. Highest crude protein (CP) values of 49.14±0.06 and 47.74±0.19 and ash with the lowest values of 4.20±0.02 and 5.75±0.04 in T. zillii and S. galilaeus were observed. Mean body mineral constituents differed significantly (P<0.05) between the two species except for ash. Bioaccumulation of Cd, Pb and Ni were found to be very low in both species. Among the 18 amino acids detected; glycine (3.83±0.14 and 4.45±0.06), alanine (5.58±0.35 and 5.76±0.10), threonine (3.52±0.29 and 4.18±0.20), histidine (4.93±0.65 and 2.79±0.20) and tryptophan (1.49±0.01 and 1.63±0.04) in T. zillii and S. galilaeus were discovered to be significantly different at p<0.05. Tryptophan and cysteine were the lowest at (1.49±0.01 and 1.63±0.04) and (1.40±0.05 and 1.30±0.05), for T. zillii and S. galilaeus respectively. Both fish species contains all the essential amino acids in appreciable concentrations. Due to the abundant nutrients found in the two species examined, they are recommended for human consumption.
Nutritive Value of the Carcass of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus Burchel...IOSRJAVS
The experiment on African catfish Clarias gariepinus fingerlings 3.55±0.01g average weight and 4.09±0.05cm average length, was to know the effect of feeding frequencies on the nutritive value on the carcass, the were fed with commercial feed (Coppens) of 58% crude protein level at 5% body weight, once (at 11:00 am), twice (9:00am and 4:00pm), thrice (9:00am, 1:00pm and 4:00pm), and four times (9:00am, 11:00am, 1:00pm and 4:00pm), daily to satiation for 14 weeks. The Mean Feed Consumption show that Treatment D had the highest total feed consumption of 54.10g, while the lowest feed consumption value of 43.20g was noted Treatment A which was the fish fed once per day. The mean proximate composition of the fish carcass show that crude protein was highest in Treatment D with 62.78±0.22, while Treatment A had the least with 54.72±0.02. Moisture content show that Treatment C had the highest with 11.86±0.14, while Treatment A had the least with 7.80±0.01. Ash content show that Treatment A had the highest with 6.90±0.22, while Treatment D had 1.08±0.63, which was the least. Crude lipid show that Treatment B had the highest with 11.78±0.17, while Treatment C had the least, with 9.24±0.33. The study suggests that body the composition of African catfish fingerlings is affected by the frequency of feeding.The results on feed utilization suggests that C. gariepinus fingerlings should be fed at four times per day for maximum growth and better survival
Achieving factual sustainability in fish farming needs the addition of most of the fish meal exploited as feed stuffs. The current experiment described two feeding trials, that resulted in the complete replacement of fish meal in the fingerling of Tilapia mossambicus. The initial trial was accompanied with three stages of fish meal replacement (50, 75 and 100% of dietary protein) viz., one level of soy protein and two levels of Lactat ® Probiotic (0 (or) 0.3% of the diet). Since probiotic has been reported to promote gut health, it was incorporated inorder to examine the growth enhancement and whether it would ease high levels of fish meal replacement in T. mossambicus. Lipids were provided by Cod liver oil. The better weight gain was observed in the treatments 50/50+ of fish meal replacement and 0/100+ of fish meal replacement. The optimum Specific Growth Rate, Food Conversion Ratio and Survival were also observed in 50/50+ fish meal replacement and 0/100+ fish meal replacement. The higher serum Acetyl Choline, Leucocytes, and Erythrocyte were observed in 50/50+ and 0/100 + than the other diets. The Lysozyme activity was higher in 0/100+ and 50/50+ than the other diets.
In the Second feeding trial, fish meal was replaced by various carbohydrate sources on the growth performance and hepatic carbohydrate metabolic enzyme activities of the fingerlings of T. mossambicus. Five experimental diets were formulated to contain glucose, sucrose, maltose, dextrin, corn starch and control were maintained separately. The results indicated that the better weight gain, SGR, FCR and survival were also better in starch, dextrin and sucrose diet fed fish. There were significant differences in the total plasma, glucose and triglyceride concentration in fish fed with different carbohydrate sources. Plasma total protein, red blood cell, leucocytes and hemoglobin were significantly affected by various carbohydrate sources. The activities of glucose 6-Phosphate dehydrogenase, (G6PD), 6- Phospho fructokinase (PFK) and fructose 1, 6 – bisphosphatase (FBase) were significantly affected by these carbohydrate sources. While this two feeding trail indicated that the 50/50+ and 0/100+ of soy flour replacement with fish meal showed the optimum growth performance and in carbohydrate sources the corn starch, dextrose, and sucrose showed the better growth for tilapia fingerlings.
Replacement of Fish Meal with Fish Head Meal in the Diet on the Growth and Fe...theijes
The availability of fish head meal (FHM) as a substitute for fish meal (FM) was evaluated in lobster (initial weight: ±0.02) diets containing three levels of FHM (from 0, 25% and 50%). After 90 days, weight gain averages were g for fish fed diet in which FM was partially substituted with 100, 75, and 50 % FHM, and feed conversion ratios were 3.20, 3.05, 4.01, 3.65 and 4.46, respectively. No differences were obtained in weight gain, FCR, FE and SR for all treatments. The lobster fed diet C (50% FM : 50% FHM) was highest in FE and followed by the shrimp fed diet B (75% FM),diet A (100% FM), respectively. SR was highest in the lobster fed diet C and the lowest was found in the lobster fed diet A. This study concluded that FHM could replace FM up to 50% in the diet without compromising growth and survival rate of rock lobster juvenile.
Austin Journal of Aquaculture and Marine Biology is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles related to original and novel fundamental research in the field of Aquaculture and Marine Biology.
The aim of the journal is to provide a forum for research scholars, scientists and other professionals to find most original research in the field Aquaculture research.
Austin Journal of Aquaculture and Marine Biology accepts original research articles, review articles, case reports and short communication on all the aspects of Aquaculture and its Research.
Effect of Cooking on the Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid and Antioxidant Propertie...IJERA Editor
The effect of cooking method on the polyunsaturated fatty acid and antioxidant properties of small indigenous freshwater fish species, Amblypharyngodon mola and Puntius sophore of the Eastern Himalayas were determined. In the raw and fried samples, docosahexaenoic acid was significantly higher (2.907 and 1.167mg/100g) in Amblypharyngodon mola and lowest (0.749 and 0.291mg/100g) were recorded in Puntius sophore. The eicosapentaenoic acid of raw, fried and curried samples of Amblypharyngodon mola were recorded higher. In DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging assay of IC50 value of the raw fish extract were 2.9μg/ml and 1.66μg/ml respectively. The highest antioxidant activity was found in fish curry of Amblypharyngodon mola (0.11μg/ml). It shows that the Maillard reaction product forms the melanoidin during cooking, increases the antioxidant property of the fish curry and also improved the taste.
The Latin names of some aquatic species can have fascinatingly obscure meanings that provide anyone in need of a hobby with hours of joyful investigation and speculation. The channel catfish is, alas, not one of them: Ictalurus punctatus simply means ‘spotty catfish’, and the briefest glance at one will tell you why.
Effect of feeding management of broodstock on breeding performance of bata (L...AbdullaAlAsif1
Labeo bata is one of the important minor carps in Bangladesh with great demand as good table fish. The study was conducted to observe the breeding performance at different management practices in Mafatema, Rupali, Modhumoti and Anan fish hatchery and disinfection treatments of water, eggs and fry in Jessore, Bangladesh during 10 March 2014 to 15 May 2015. An improvement in broodstock nutrition and feeding has been shown to greatly improve seed production. Protein and lipid percentage of broodstock diet have been identified as major dietary factors. Protein level was 24.77%, 23.47%, 18.08%, 17.78% and lipid level was 11.07%, 9.50%, 7.74%, 8.14% in Mafatema, Rupali, Modhumoti and Anan fish hatchery respectively. Three concentrations of four chemical-formalin (10, 20, 30 mg/L), malachite green (1, 3, 5 mg/L), NaCl (1, 2, 3 g/L) and methylene blue ( 1, 3, 5 mg/L) treatment regimes and a control were compared for efficacy in treating L. bata eggs to prevent fungus and bacterial infection and improve hatch and survival rate of fry. Highest correlation value between absolute fecundity and body weight (r=.938, p<.05) and total length (r=.891, p<.05) and gonadosomatic index (26.2%) were found in Mafatema fish hatchery among four experimental hatcheries at 24.77% protein and 11.07% lipid level. Better fertilization rate (84.2±5.17%) and hatching rate (82.0±4.30%) were found in Mafatema and Rupali fish hatchery respectively that has significant difference (P<0.05) from that of Modhumoti and Anan fish hatchery at higher protein and lipid level. Lowest deformity rate (6.05+2.65) was observed in Mafatema fish hatchery that was significantly different (P<0.05) from that of Modhumoti fish hatchery. In case of disinfection treatment, methylene blue at 1mg/L bath treatment daily for 4 days showed significantly higher hatching rate (92.33±3.51%) and survival rate (94.33±4.73%).
Oral Administration of Pulverized Wood Charcoal on Growth, Feed Utilization, ...ijtsrd
A 35 day feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of pulverized wood charcoal PWC on the growth, feed utilization, survival and waste excretion of red tilapia Oreochromis sp. . Ninety red tilapias with an initial weight of 7.32 ± 1.31 g were acclimatized and randomly introduced into 9 aquaria in 3 groups with 10 fish per aquarium. Different levels of PWC 0 T0 , 1 T1 , and 2 T2 were incorporated in the diets of red tilapia for four weeks. After the experiment, average body weight ABW , specific growth rate SGR , relative growth rate RGR weight gain WG , feed conversion ratio FCR and survival rate SR of the experimental fish were computed. No significant differences were observed on feed utilization, survival, and waste excretion of the fish. Furthermore, ABW and WG of the experimental fish did not show any significant difference, however, significantly higher P 0.05 SGR and RGR were observed from T1 compared to the other treatments. Consequently, this study showed that supplementation of 1 PWC in the diet is the most suitable in improving the growth performance of red tilapia. Jaypee. S. Samson ""Oral Administration of Pulverized Wood Charcoal on Growth, Feed Utilization, Survival and Waste Excretion of Red Tilapia (Oreochromis Sp)"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23724.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/allied-sciences/23724/oral-administration-of-pulverized-wood-charcoal-on-growth-feed-utilization-survival-and-waste-excretion-of-red-tilapia-oreochromis-sp/jaypee-s-samson
Phytochemical screening and proximate composition of the sea grasses Enhalus ...Innspub Net
Knowledge of the chemical composition of seagrass is important both for the assessment of the nutritional value of marine invertebrate or vertebrate herbivores and for the evaluation of potential sources of protein, carbohydrates, and lipids for commercial use or for possible human consumption. While phytochemical screening provides basic information about the medicinal importance of the plant extract and are lead compound for drug discoveries. Proximate composition and phytochemical analyses were determined on the seagrass Enhalus acoroides and Thalassia hemprichii using standard methods on a dry basis. The result of the proximate composition showed that Enhalus acoroides contained 9.35% crude protein, 0.07% crude lipid, 54.94% carbohydrate contents and 35.64% ash. While Thalassia hemprichii contained 14.98% crude protein, 0.17% crude lipid, 52.87% carbohydrate contents and 31.98% ash. The phytochemicals detected in the methanolic extracts of Enhalus acoroides were alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, tannins, and steroids. While for Thalassia hemprichii were alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, tannins, triterpenoids and steroids. The results indicate that seagrass Enhalus acoroides and Thalassia hemprichii are good potential sources of highly nutritious feed stuff and the different active secondary metabolites along with significant bioactive potential might be helpful for the future pharmaceutical applications.
Dr. Abhijit Mitra, Associate Professor and former Head, Dept. of Marine Science, University of Calcutta (INDIA) has been active in the sphere of Oceanography since 1985. He obtained his Ph.D as NET qualified scholar in 1994. Since then he joined Calcutta Port Trust and WWF (World Wide Fund), in various capacities to carry out research programmes on environmental science, biodiversity conservation, climate change and carbon sequestration. Presently Dr. Mitra is serving as the advisor of Oceanography Division of Techno India University, Kolkata. He has to his credit about 388 scientific publications in various National and International journals, and 34 books of postgraduate standards. Dr. Mitra has successfully completed about 16 projects on biodiversity loss in fishery sector, coastal pollution, alternative livelihood, climate change and carbon sequestration. Dr. Mitra also visited as faculty member and invited speakers in several foreign Universities of Singapore, Kenya, Oman and USA. In 2008, Dr. Mitra was invited as visiting fellow at University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth, USA to deliver a series of lecture on Climate Change. Dr. Mitra also successfully guided 29 Ph.D students. Presently his domain of expertise includes environmental science, mangrove ecology, sustainable aquaculture, alternative livelihood, climate change and carbon sequestration.
International Journal of Excellence Innovation and Development
||Volume 2, Issue 1, Jan. 2019||Page No. 029-040||
Similar to COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF NORMAL AND TUMOR TISSUE, SARDINELLA LONGICEPS (VALENCIENNES, 1847) FROM NAGAPATTINUM SOUTHEAST COAST OF INDIA (20)
CHITINASE AS THE MOST IMPORTANT SECONDARY METABOLITES OF STREPTOMYCES BACTERISIJSIT Editor
Fungal phytopathogens pose serious problems worldwide in the cultivation of economi cally
important plants.
Chemical fungicides are extensively used in current agriculture.However, excessive use of chemical
fungicides in agriculture has led to deteriorating human health , environmental pollution, damaged to
ecosystem and development of pathogen resistance to fungicide.
Because of the worsening problems in fungal disease control , a serious search is needed to identify
alternative methods for plant protection, which are less dependent on chemicals and are more
environmentally friendly. Microbial antagonists are widely used for the biocontrol of fungal plant diseases.
Many species of actinomycates, particulary those belonging to the genus sterptomyces, are well known as
antifungal biocontrol agents that inhibit several plant pathogenic fungi.
Another way biological control has been developed as an alternative of chemicals to tock with plant
pathogenic fungi. Considering high presence of chitin in fungal cell wall, chitinase enzyme is camped as an
effective biocontrol agent against phytopathogenic fungi. Streptomyces bacteria are able to produce various chitinase enzymes, chitinases produced by streptomyces belong to the families 18 and 19 glycosyl hydrolases.
The antifungal activity is mostly shown by fomily 19 Chitinases. In comparison with bacterial family 18
chitinases, the specific hydrolyzing activity of chitinase 19 against soluble and in soluble chitinous substrates
has been markedly higher. Considering the importance of family to investigate antifungal potential of
streptomyces bacteria isolated from east Azarbijan region soils based on molecular identification of family 19
chitinase. encoding gene in these bacteria.
To aim the purpose 110 soil samples were collected from East Azarbaijan and 310 strepomyces
isolates were selected using macroscopic and microscopic observations. DNA genomic of all of the isolates
were extracted and PCR reactions was done using chitinase 19 designed primers as marker.
Totally isolates were selected with molecular selection and antagonistic test were done. One of the isolates
exhibit the most strong antifungal activity.
The strain was identified using 16srDNA gene, and the chitinase encoding gene were amplified partially to
prove the PCR selection. Finally the bacterium were introduced as potentially biological fertilizer.
MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF BACTERIAL GENE CODING CHITINASE ENZYMES, FAMILY 19 STR...IJSIT Editor
Fungal phytopathogens pose serious problems worldwide in the cultivation of economically
important plants.
Chemical fungicides are extensively used in current agriculture.However, excessive use of chemical
fungicides in agriculture has led to deteriorating human health , environmental pollution, damaged to
ecosystem and development of pathogen resistance to fungicide.
Because of the worsening problems in fungal disease control , a serious search is needed to identify
alternative methods for plant protection, which are less dependent on chemicals and are more
environmentally friendly. Microbial antagonists are widely used for the biocontrol of fungal plant diseases.
Many species of actinomycates, particulary those belonging to the genus sterptomyces, are well known as
antifungal biocontrol agents that inhibit several plant pathogenic fungi.
Another way biological control has been developed as an alternative of chemicals to tock with plant
pathogenic fungi. Considering high presence of chitin in fungal cell wall, chitinase enzyme is camped as an
effective biocontrol agent against phytopathogenic fungi. Streptomyces bacteria are able to produce various chitinase enzymes, chitinases produced by streptomyces belong to the families 18 and 19 glycosyl hydrolases.
The antifungal activity is mostly shown by fomily 19 Chitinases. In comparison with bacterial family 18
chitinases, the specific hydrolyzing activity of chitinase 19 against soluble and in soluble chitinous substrates
has been markedly higher. Considering the importance of family to investigate antifungal potential of
streptomyces bacteria isolated from east Azarbijan region soils based on molecular identification of family 19
chitinase. encoding gene in these bacteria.
To aim the purpose 110 soil samples were collected from East Azarbaijan and 310 strepomyces
isolates were selected using macroscopic and microscopic observations. DNA genomic of all of the isolates
were extracted and PCR reactions was done using chitinase 19 designed primers as marker.
Totally isolates were selected with molecular selection and antagonistic test were done. One of the isolates
exhibit the most strong antifungal activity.
The strain was identified using 16srDNA gene, and the chitinase encoding gene were amplified partially to
prove the PCR selection. Finally the bacterium were introduced as potentially biological fertilizer.
THE EFFECTS OF HELPING BACTERIA (PSEUDOMONAS SPP.) IN NITROGEN GREEN BEANS F...IJSIT Editor
Some- bacteria settle in the rhizosphere of legume plants and enhance the performance of ribosome
bacteria to nitrogen fixation and nodulation. In this paper, we used four isolated from two species of
Pseudomonas containing P.putida, P.fluorescens Chao, P.Flouresence Tabriz, P.flouresence B119 and Rhizobium
leguminosarumbv.phaseoli. In a factorial experiment with complete randomized blocks were used 5 levels of
helping bacteria(Pseudomonas spp.) and two rhizobium levels, four replicates were employed. Jamaran418
green bean was utilized as host plant. At the end, nodulation, growth and plant’s nitrogen indexes were
measured. The results showed that all above mentioned helping bacteria enhance the growth and nodulation
performance of green bean. It should be said that P.putida had the highest effect on the green bean
nodulation increase along with rhizobium (130%) followed by P.fluorescens Tabriz, P. fluorescens Chao and
P.fluorescens B119, ( 83, 63 and 17%, respectively). Also, we observed 45, 33, 22 and 8% performance
increase under the effect of P.putida, P. fluorescens Chao, P. fluorescens Tabriz and P. fluorescens B119,
respectively.
ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTY OF AQUEOUS AND PETROLEUM ETHER LEAF EXTRACTS OF JATRO...IJSIT Editor
The experiment was carried out to investigate the antimicrobial property of aqueous and Petroleum
ether leaf extracts of Jatrophacurcas against some gram positive micro-organisms: Staphylococcus aureus,
Bacillus subtilis and some gram negative micro-organisms: Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi using
antibiotics; Gentamycin as control. The phytochemical screening of aqueous and petroleum ether extracts
showed the presences of cardiac glycosides, steroids and terpenes, tannins, phlobatannins, anthraguinones
and saponins. The disc diffusion techniques was used to test the sensitivity of the micro-organism to the
extracts of Jatrophacurcas the results obtained show mean zones of inhibition between (19 + 0.6mm) to (30 +
0.3mm) for aqueous extract and (24 + 0.5mm) to (35 + 0.8mm) for petroleum ether extract. Micro-organisms
showed sensitivity in the following order: E.coli;(17 + 0.3mm) and (25 + 0.8mm), S.aureus; (26 + 0.2mm) and
(28 + 0.6mm), B.subtilis; (16 + 0.1mm) and (20 + 0.7mm), and S.typhi (25 + 0.2mm) and (27 + 0.6mm) for
aqueous and petroleum ether extracts respectively. The minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) for both
extracts show that the extracts inhibited the growth of the entire test organism at concentration 0.6mg/ml.
This result thus suggests the potency of Jatrophacurcas as an antimicrobial agent especially at the
concentration employed.
BIO CHEMICAL EFFECT OF 1, 5-BIS (3, 5-DIMETHYLPYRAZOL-1-YL)-3- OXAPENTANE-DIA...IJSIT Editor
The present study provides evidence that 1,5-Bis (3,5-Dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)-3-oxapentane-diacetatocopper has an antidiabetic effect, as hypoglycemic agent and as antilipolytic agent, but with many abnormalities. It affected blood and liver biochemistry in rats. Sera of animals treated with 1,5-Bis(3,5-Dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)-3-oxapentane-diacetatocopper in the present study revealed a significant decrease in serum glucose and albumin, while reported a significant increase in ALT and AST. Moreover, significant decrease in body weight.
THE EFFECT OF ALSTONEA BOONEI STEM BARK PLUS CISPLATININDUCED RENAL INSUFFIC...IJSIT Editor
The bark of Alstoniaboonei stem was analysed for the medicinal and the effect of extracts on induced
renal insufficiency. The plant material was collected in August-September 2012 and Rats 100-150g body
weights were subjected to the study. Normal saline as control, Cisplatin, and cisplatin plus Alstoneiboonei
stem bark extract were administered and the result summary for serum creatinine in cisplatin treated Rats
(2.69±0.32mg/dl) and in Rats administrates cisplastin plus Alstoniaboonei stem bark extract
(2.5±0.01mg/dl) were elevated compared to saline control (1.89±0.89mg/dl). Serum urea in cisplatin treated
Rats was (38.4 ±2.98mg/dl) compared to Rats administrates with cisplatin plus the extract (38.4±2.98mg/dl)
and saline control (24.94±3.76mg/dl). The study indicates Alstoniaboonei stem bark extract reduced the
renal insufficiency in rats.
The study was carried out to investigate the effect of the aqueous extracts of
Myristicafragrans(Nutmeg), Murrayakoenigi(curry leaf) and Aframomummelegueta(Guinea pepper) on Some
Biochemical and haematologicalParameters. Sixteen (16) wister strain rats weighing between 130 – 180g
were divided into four (4) groups of four (4) rats each and for 21 days fed the following diets: Group A –
normal diet + myristicafragrans (Nutmeg) aqueous extract, Group B – normal diet + murrayakoenigi (curry
leaf) aqueous extract, Group C – normal diet + aframomummelegueta (Guinea pepper) aqueous extract, Group
D – normal diet (control). After a period of 21 days the rats were sacrificed and the serum was taken for the
following estimations: total protein, albumin, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, aspartate transaminase, alanine
transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and
glucose. The whole blood was taken for packed cell volume and white blood cell count. The results indicated
that oral administration of myristicafragrans, murrayakoenigi and aframomummelegueta to rat’s exhibit
remarkable hypolipidaemic activity and lowering glucose concentration. The oral administration of these
three spices exhibit protein increasing activities compared with the control rats. The packed cell volume and
white cell values of all the rats decreased after feeding with experimental diet (aqueous extract) compare
with the control rats. It is clear from this study thatMyristicafragrans(Nutmeg), Murrayakoenigi(curry leaf)
andAframomummelegueta (Guinea pepper) contain significant amounts of phytochemicals and exhibit
hypolipidaemic activity when consumed.
THE INFLUENCE OF SILICONE ANTIFOAM FROM LEATHER AND DYING WASTE WATER EFFLUE...IJSIT Editor
This study investigates the influence of silicone antifoam agent on waste water from Gashash leather
and Nigerian Spinning and Dying industries (NSD). Waste water from the outlet of the industries were
collected and analyzed for physicochemical parameters. Silicone antifoam was added to the wastewater to
determine the impact of the silicone antifoam on turbidity and chemical oxygen demand (COD)
concentrations. The result shows that both turbidity and COD values significantly increased even when small
concentration of the silicone antifoam was added. Further, independent t-test was used to identify the
variance between the mean value of the wastewater from leather, spinning and dying industries, the results
indicated that there are no significant differences (observed t 0.544, critical t 2.015, and p value 0.589)
between the waste water in leather and dying industries.
WATER INTAKE CHARACTERISTICS OF DIFFERENT SOIL TYPES IN SOUTHERN BORNO NIGERIA IJSIT Editor
The water intake characteristics of soils under arable crop practice were studied with a view to
obtaining useful information for the design of irrigation and drainage system and for effective soil
management techniques. Parameters determined; infiltration, hydraulic conductivity, permeability, bulk
density, particle density, porosity and moisture content. The textural class of the soils from the three sites
was found to be clay. The result obtained indicates that infiltration was high initially but decreases later. This
may be due to the soil reaching a saturation point. On the average the infiltration rate was observed to
decrease with time. The coefficient of permeability was found to be 9.26 x 10 , 7.66 x 10 and 2.15 x 10 cm/s
for site A, B and C respectively. Information on infiltration and permeability are useful tools in irrigation and
other engineering design.
DETERMINATION OF ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF POMEGRANATE FRUIT TO CALCULATION ...IJSIT Editor
In avoiding damage to fruit species the permissible falling height and permissible static pressure are
of great importance. The former is important in planning harvesting and handling operations, the latter in
selecting the height of transport containers. Fruits are generally transported in containers. The static and
dynamic forces which then act on the fruit will cause damage if they exceed given value. The static force may
be calculated from the weight of the fruit column being transported while the dynamic load is a consequence
of vibration caused by transport. The permitted static load for a given fruit may be determined
experimentally. In this study, physical properties of interest were determined for fresh pomegranate fruit
then calculations for the design of a suitable height were conducted based on the measured properties using
Ross and Isaacs’s theory. Maximum height for packing and storing of fresh pomegranate fruit in the box was
determined to be less than 123 cm based on a rupture force of 40.7 N.
COMPARSION OF ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF DIMOCARPUS LONGAN LOUR. EXTRACTS AND ...IJSIT Editor
The present study was carried out to evaluate antioxidant activity of Dimocarpus longan stems
extracts and also to investigate the main phytoconstituents in the bio-active extract. N-hexane,
dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol 80% extract were tested for free radical scavenging activity on
model reaction with stable 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH). The results showed that ethyl
acetate was the most active one as antioxidant agent and phytochemical analysis of that extract revealed the
presence of triterpenes, flavonoids, tannins and carbohydrates. The results may help to discover new
chemical classes of natural antioxidant substances that could serve as selective agents for infectious diseases.
DIRECT EXPANSION GROUND SOURCE HEAT PUMPS FOR HEATING AND COOLINGIJSIT Editor
This article is an introduction to the energy problem and the possible saving that can be achieved
through improving building performance and the use of ground energy sources. The relevance and
importance of the study is discussed in the paper, which, also, highlights the objectives of the study, and the
scope of the theme. This study discusses some of the current activity in the GSHPs field. The basic system and
several variations for buildings are presented along with examples of systems in operation. Finally, the GCHP
is presented as an alternative that is able to counter much of the criticism leveled by the natural gas industry
toward conventional heat pumps. Several advantages and disadvantages are listed. Operating and installation
costs are briefly discussed.
BIOMINERALISED SILICA-NANOPARTICLES DETECTION FROM MARINE DIATOM CULTURE MEDIAIJSIT Editor
Diatoms are unicellular algae the most spectacular among the microorganisms assemble into a
micro-shell with a distinct 3-D shape and pattern of fine nanoscale features. In this investigation, we present
results; Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy images show the presence of ordered arrays of silica
nanoparticles. A number of diatoms with partially opened valves were observed on the surface of the diatom,
which indicates that cell contents inside of diatoms could release the nanoparticles into the culture solution.
We believe that the film forming silica nanoparticles are either released by the diatoms during reproduction
or after cell death due to bacterial action. Further research will investigate whether the silica nanoparticles
are produced intracellular and then released or whether synthesis occurs in cell culture medium. This
approach provides an environmentally friendly means for fabricating silica nanoparticles for drug delivery,
disease diagnostics, artificial opal films, decorative coatings and novel optical materials.
ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF SELECTED MEDICINAL PLANT EXTRACS AGAINST PLANT PATHOG...IJSIT Editor
The aim of this work was to find an alternative to chemical fungicides currently used in the control
plant pathogenic fungi Rhizoctoniasolani ,ColletotrichummusaeandFusariumoxysporum,. The antifungal
activity of the methanol extracts of six medicinal plants used in native medicine in Sri Lanka is reported.All
plant extracts were screened for their fungistatic, fungicidal activities and minimum inhibitory dilution (MID)
against above fungi. The media amended with methanol and recommended fungicide for respective fungal
strain were consider as negative and positive control respectively.Results showed that radial growth in all the
three tested organisms was significantly impaired (p<0.05) by the addition of the extracts in the culture
medium used. The test fungi differed in their reaction to the different extracts but on the whole, growth
inhibition increased with the concentration of each extract. The most active extracts, shows a marked effect of
the 20% methanol extracts from sweet flag with inhibition values of 91%, 86% and 84 % for F. oxysporum,R.
solani and C.muceawhereas those from wild basil inhibited the growth of the same pathogens by 89%, 84%
and 74%.The results showed minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were 5 % (v/v) for sweet flag and wild
basil and 20% (v/v) for all other plant crude extracts. Out of six plants extract screened, wild basil and sweet
flag showed more than 80% fungal inhibition after 6 hour immersion and other extracts could not exceed
60% inhibition after any exposure time. The study revealed that methanol crude extract of sweet flag and
wild basil exhibit strong fungistatic and fungicidal activities against tested fungi. These results support the
potential use of these plant extracts in the management of diseases caused by tested plant pathogenic fungi.
OUTCOME OF TUNNELED CATHETERS IN HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS: FIVE YEARS SINGLE CE...IJSIT Editor
Introduction: The tunneled hemodialysis catheters(THCs) are preferred for the patients who are expected to
poor survival and the attempts to arteriovenous fistulas (AVF) are failure. In our study,in hemodialysis
patients who are implemented tunneled catheter it is evaluated the mean duration for the catheters , their
complications and the factors which affect the period of the catheters.
Methods: At the Antalya Research and Education Center Hemodialysis Unit it is retrospectively evaluated the
data of 297 hemodialysis patients who are implemented tunneled catheter during 5 years .
Results: The mean duration time of the tunneled catheters has been 224.9+162.9 days. The duration time of
right internal jugular vein(RIJV) is considerably higher than left internal jugular vein(LIJV) and subclavian
veins (235.8+96.6 days). In diabetic hemodialysis patients, the duration time of the catheter is rather lower
than the other end stage renal disease reasons(184.4±72.1 days).
Conclusions: THCs must be considered as an alternative but not a permanent vascular access in hemodialysis
patients. Because of relatively short duration times than AVF, high infection risks and thrombosis , it must be
used only in patients who have problems with the creating permanent vascular access or patients with
expected low survival time. Moreover, it must be taken into consideration the duration time of the catheter is
low in diabetic hemodialysis patients. According to our results, catheter duration time was longer in RIJV than
in other insertion sites and RIJV must be preferred as first place to placement of THCs.
ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF Citrus limonON Acnevulgaris (PIMPLES) IJSIT Editor
Research was carried out on antibacterial activity of Citrus limon on Acnevulgaris (Pimples). Samples
were obtained from individuals having Pimples, by swabbing their faces, backs and chests. Samples were
collected from Amanawa hospital in sokoto, Nigeria using Swab sticks. The sticks were transported to the
Microbiology Laboratory of the Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto. Citrus limon juice was used at different
concentrations of (20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%) on Propionibacteriumacnes, the bacteria that cause
Acnevulgaris (Pimples). The Citrus limon juice was found to be effective at all Concentrations used.
Conventional Cleanser was used as positive control, and it was only found to be effective at higher
concentrations of (60%, 80% and 100%) and was not effective at Lower Concentrations (20% and 40%). The
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of Citrulimon on Propionibacterium acnes was taken and presence
of growth was observed at concentrations of 20%, 40% and 60%, and absence of growth was observed at
80% and 100%. The minimum inhibitory concentration of conventional cleanser indicated the presence of
growth at 20% and 40% and absence of Growth at 60%, 80% and 100%. The Minimum bactericidal
Concentration (MBC) taken on Propionibacteriumacnes using both Citrus limon juice and cleanser all showed
absence of growth at all the concentrations used (20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%). From the research
conducted it was observed that lemon juice have strong anti Acne vulgaris effect morethan the convensional
cleansers used for the treatment of Acne vulgaris.
COMPARATIVE STUDY ON HEAVY METAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LEACHATE FROM MUNICIPAL ...IJSIT Editor
Rapid urbanization and population growth are largely responsible for very high increasing rate of
solid waste in the urban areas, its proper management and recycling is major problems of Municipal
Corporation. The analytical analysis revealed that the leachate show high concentration of heavy metals viz.,
Pb, Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu. However, their high concentration in municipal solid waste leachate may cause
contaminants for environmental pollution. Therefore, present investigation deals with analyze the heavy
metals concentration in municipal solid waste leachate.
PHARMACOGNOSTICAL AND PHYTO–CHEMICAL EVALUATION OF RAKTADUSHTIHAR YOGAIJSIT Editor
The Rakta has vital role in the maintenance of health. If Rakta is in proper quantity and having desirable
qualities too, it promotes health, improves complexion, strength and vigor. Raktadushtihara Yoga was
formulated to assess its role in the management of Raktadushti. The present study deals with the
standardization of Raktadushtihara Yoga through the Pharmacognostical and pharmaceutical standards.
Organoleptic features of coarse powder were within normal range. The pH value was 6.5, water soluble
extract 46.9% w/w, methanol soluble extract 25.9%, ash value 8.73%, loss on drying 9.63% and average
weight was 512 mg. HPTLC was carried out after organizing appropriate solvent system in which maximum 2
spots were distinguished at 254 nm.
ESTIMATION OF THE REPRODUCTION NUMBER OF THE NOVEL INFLUENZA A, H1N1 IN MALA...IJSIT Editor
In June 2009, the World Health Organization (WHO) confirmed that the novel influenza A, H1N1 as a
pandemic. After six months, as of December 29, 2009, it was reported by WHO that more than 208 countries
and territories were affected by the pandemic accounting for about 150,000 infected cases and at least 11,516
death. In Malaysia, during the first wave, there are about 14,912 cases were reported from May, 15, 2009
until June, 4, 2010 and a total number of 88 deaths were recorded across the country in 2010. The aim of this
study is to assess the transmissibility of this pandemic in Malaysia by estimating the basic reproduction
number, Ro, which is the average number of secondary cases generated by a single primary case. The value of
Ro is a summary measure of the transmission potential in a given epidemic setting and has been estimated to
range from 1.4 – 1.6 in Mexico, from 2.0 – 2.6 in Japan, 1.96 in New Zealand and 1.68 in China for this current
pandemic.
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
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COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF NORMAL AND TUMOR TISSUE, SARDINELLA LONGICEPS (VALENCIENNES, 1847) FROM NAGAPATTINUM SOUTHEAST COAST OF INDIA
1. A. Gopalakrishnan -et al., IJSIT, 2013, 2(5),432-443
COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF NORMAL AND
TUMOR TISSUE, SARDINELLA LONGICEPS (VALENCIENNES, 1847)
FROM NAGAPATTINUM SOUTHEAST COAST OF INDIA
A. Gopalakrishnan*, K. Sinduja and A. Sakthivel
Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai
– 608 502, Tamil Nadu – India
ABSTRACT
Fish are at present in high demand in food markets, they are widely consumed in many parts of the
world because they posses high protein content, saturated fat and also contain omega fatty acids known to
support good health. The present study deals with biochemical composition of common fish,Sardinella
longiceps. The proximate composition of protein, carbohydrate, lipid, amino acids and fatty acids were
studied. The results of proximate composition in S. longiceps showed the percentage of protein was high in
the normal and tumor infected fish tissue (29.15 &18.93%), followed by the carbohydrate (5.81 & 2.42 %)
and lipid (15.61 & 9.28 %). The percentage compositions of essential and non-essential amino acids are
presented in normal tissue and tumor infected tissue were found to be as 46.09 % & 41.47 % and 37.23% &
40.63%. In the analysis, the fatty acid profile by gas chromatography revealed the presence of higher amount
of PUFA (Linolenic acid 32.74 %) in normal tissue. The details of the vitamins detected in S. longicepstissue.
Among them, vitamin A was found in higher levels (91.16 mg/gm) at normal tissue. In the present study,
totally 5 macro minerals and 2 trace minerals were reported. The S. longiceps normal and infected tissue
contributed maximum sodium (289.6 mg/gm) and Potassium (166.5 mg/gm) of minerals. The result shows
that marine fish (S. longiceps) tissue is a valuable food recipe for human consumption, due to its high quality
protein and well-balanced amino acids fatty acids and vitamins and minerals.
Key words: Marine fish, S. longiceps, proximate composition, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins and minerals.
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2. A. Gopalakrishnan -et al., IJSIT, 2013, 2(5),432-443
INTRODUCTION
The knowledge on biochemical composition of any edible organisms is extremely important since
the nutritive value is reflected in its biochemical contents [1]. A new species should be recommended for
human consumption only after assessing the nutritive value of the species with regards to its nutritional
qualities [2]. The demand for protein rich food is increasing, especially in developing countries, stimulating
the exploration of unexploited or non-traditional resources. Marine fish are commercially valuable species
and easy to cultivate in coastal areas. Marine fish are important for marine ecology and human diet, since it
is an important source of nutrients. Consumption of marine fish provides an inexpensive source of protein
with a high biological value, essential minerals and vitamins. Additionally, the fish muscle contains little
saturated fat and significant amount of Vitamin C. Fish is also a good source of minerals such as calcium,
potassium, zinc, iron, phosphorus and copper.
Protein is the essential substance of life and accordingly exists in the largest quantity of all
nutrients as a component of the living beings. The ratio of carbohydrate was less when compare to the other
nutrients such as proteins and lipids in animal tissues, especially in aquatic animals [3]. Lipids are the major
sources of metabolic energy and essential materials for the formation of cell and tissue membranes [4]. Fish
proteins are rich in essential amino acids (EAA). They are required for the maintenance of growth,
reproduction and synthesis of vitamins. Aquatic animal fats are good sources of essential fatty acids that are
not synthesized in the human body. Fatty acids in fish oil have a very distinctive character compared to fatty
acids from other sources. They consist not only essential fatty acids, but also a significant source of omega-3
fatty acids-especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5n3) and docosahexanoic acid (DHA, C22:6n3). These
fatty acids play a vital role in human nutrition, disease prevention and health promotion [5]. Vitamins are
organic compounds representing a minor fraction in the day today life. Fish is a good dietary source of
vitamin B complex, Niacinamide and Folic acid. Fish is a good source of vitamins A and D; fatty fish have
higher level of vitamins than the lean fish. Vitamin content may be considerably influenced by methods of
handling, storage and preparation of sea food [6]. Seafood includes the following important macro minerals:
Ca, P, Mg and the electrolytes (Na and K). Trace minerals present in marine organisms are Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn,
Ni, Mo and Cr (essential), Al, Ti, V and Ag (non-essential) and Pb and Cd (toxic). Marine organisms are good
sources of I, Ca and P which ranged from 70 to 80% in the skeleton of fishes.
As the world population is growing, the per capita consumption of seafood is also increasing
rapidly. Because of health consciousness, the modern day man is interested in taking seafood more in view
of its nutritional superiority than all other sources of food accessible to him. There remain no considerable
comparative studies on normal and infected tumor fish with regard to their nutritive value. Hence, the
present work was planned to study the proximate composition of S. longiceps through estimating their
major biochemical components such as total protein, carbohydrate and lipid content in the whole body
tissue apart from the amino acids, fatty acids profile, vitamins and minerals content.
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MATERIALS AND METHODS
The marine normal and tumor infected fishS. longiceps were collected from the Nagapattinum (Lat.
110 15’ N Long. 790 46’ E) Southeast coast of India.S. longiceps is purely marine and estuarine habited. They
were brought to the laboratory, the animal body was removed and tissue were dried at 55 ºC in an oven and
used for biochemical analysis. The proximate compositions of the experimental samples were determined
by using standard methods; viz., protein [7], carbohydrate [8] and lipid [9]. The experimental fish samples
were dried at 55ºC for 24 hours in an oven and the dried samples were finely ground for estimating the
amino acids in the HPLC (Merck Hitachi L-7400) following the method of [10]. For fatty acid analysis, the
samples (body tissue) were homogenized with chloroform: methanol (2:1 v/v) mixture and the samples
were extracted using the method of [11]. After the fat was extracted, it was esterified with 1% H 2SO4 and
fatty acid methyl esters were prepared by following the procedure of [12]. Identification and quantification
of fatty acids were done using Gas chromatography (Hewlett Packard 5890 model). The vitamins were
estimated the fat soluble vitamins A, D, E and K and the water soluble vitamins B1, B2, B6, B12 and C were
analysed in the HPLC (Merk Hitachi L-74000) following the method described by [13]. The folic acid was
estimated by following the calorimetric procedure of [14]. The pyridoxine, panthothenic acid and vitamin
B12 were estimated by following methods suggested in USP NF 2000 Asian edition. The minerals were
estimated soft tissue S. longicepsby following the method of [15].
RESULTS
The proximate composition (%) such as protein, carbohydrate and lipid contents ofS.
longicepstissue (normal and non- infected) arepresented. The results of the present study revealed that the
protein composition were high (29.15 &18.93%), followed by carbohydrate (5.81 & 2.42 %) and lipid
(15.61 & 9.28 %). The percentage compositions of essential and non-essential amino acids are presented in
normal tissue (Table 1). The total essential amino acids were found to be as 46.09 % and non-essential
amino acids were 41.47 %. Among the essential amino acids Phenylalanine were found high as 11.64 % on
dry matter basis in fish tissue and the non-essential amino acids Glutamate were found maximum as 8.15 %
(Table1). The percentage compositions of essential (37.23%) and non-essential amino acids (40.63%) are
presented in tumor infected tissue (Table 2). Among the essential and non essential amino acidsThreonine
&Aspartate were found high as 8.47 &9.96 % on dry matter basis in fish infected tissue (Table 2).
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Figure 1: Showed the normal and tumor infected fish
EAA
% of amino acids
NEAA
% of amino acids
Phenylalanine
12.64
Glycine
6. 87
Lysine
5.14
Serine
9. 16
Histidine
4.65
Glutamic acid
3.95
Methionine
6.72
Cystine
2.63
Arginine
1.81
Glutamate
5.23
Leucine
6.27
Alanine
1.62
Threonine
4.25
Proline
0.48
Isolucine
2.94
Aspartate
3.82
Valine
1.83
Tyrosin
5. 95
Tryptophan
0.65
Aspertic acid
1.76
Table 1. Essential and non essential amino acids of normal tissue
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5. A. Gopalakrishnan -et al., IJSIT, 2013, 2(5),432-443
EAA
% of amino acids
NEAA
% of amino acids
Phenylalanine
2.77
Glycine
3.53
Lysine
5.82
Serine
6.14
Histidine
6.03
Glutamic acid
5.63
Methionine
2.19
Cystine
4.75
Arginine
0.12
Glutamate
3.15
Leucine
3.58
Alanine
0.83
Threonine
8.47
Proline
1.85
Isolucine
4.45
Aspartate
9.96
Valine
3.52
Tyrosin
1.77
Tryptophan
0.28
Aspertic acid
3.02
Table 2: Essential and non essential amino acids of tumor infected tissue
In S. longiceps, 7 different fatty acids were found in normal tissue; they are three saturated fatty
acids (36.67), one monounsaturated fatty acids (14.84) and three polyunsaturated fatty acids (43.48).
Among the PUFA Linolenic acid were the major acids (Table.3). The percentage availability of SFA, MUFA
and PUFA content was 27.09, 9.48 & 43.11 % in infected tissue (Table.4). In Linolenic acid was the major
acids found.
S. No
Fatty acids
Carbon atom (n)
% of fatty acids
Saturated Fatty Acids
1
Palmitic acid
C16:0
22.54
2
Margaric acid
C17:0
3.61
3
Stearic acid
C18:0
10.52
Total
36.67
Mono Unsaturated Fatty Acids
4
Oleic acid
C18:1
Total
14.84
14.84
Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids
5
Linolenic acid
C18:3
32.74
6
Alpha Linolenic acid
C18:3
2.43
7
Stearidonic or Moroctic acid
C18:4
8.31
Total
43.48
Table 3: Fatty acid profile of normal
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S. No
Fatty acids
Carbon atom (n)
% of fatty acids
Saturated Fatty Acids
1
Palmitic acid
C16:0
16.45
2
Margaric acid
C17:0
3.08
3
Stearic acid
C18:0
8.37
Total
27.09
Mono Unsaturated Fatty Acids
4
Oleic acid
C18:1
Total
9.48
9.48
Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids
5
Linolenic acid
C18:3
26.58
6
Alpha Linolenic acid
C18:3
7.72
7
Stearidonic or Moroctic acid
C18:4
5.81
Total
43.11
Table 4: Fatty acid profile of infected fish
The details of the vitamins detected in normal and infected tissueare presented in Table 5. Among them,
vitamin A were found in higher levels, whereas vitamin BE were noticed as lower levels in normal tissue
(0.17) and vitamin A was high in infected tissue.
S. No
Vitamins
Normal
Infected
1
Retinol (A)
91.16
38.1
2
Calciferol (D)
5.89
2.18
3
Tocopherol (E)
0.17
0.11
4
Vitamin (K)
5.48
0.58
5
Pyridoxin (B6)
2.56
0.54
6
Cobalamin (B12)
4.08
9.74
7
Vitamin (C)
6. 23
2.86
Table 5:Vitamin content of S. longiceps(mg/g of the sample)
The quantity of minerals present in the tissue samples (Table.6). Totally, 5 macro minerals and 2
trace minerals were detected. Among the macro minerals, sodium (289.6), potassium (166.5 mg/g) and
copper (2.56 mg/g) were observed at higher and lower levels in normal tissue, whereas other macrominerals magnesium and calcium were in negligible level. The trace minerals such as iron (3.07 mg/g)
and zinc (0.24 mg/g) were also detected. The macro minerals, Potassium (102.7 mg/g) were observed at
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higher levels in infected tissue.
S. No
Minerals
Normal
Infected
Macro
1
Calcium
35.9
56.47
2
Sodium
289.6
89.64
3
Potassium
166.5
4
Copper
2.56
8.45
5
Magnesium
21.6
35.25
6
Iron
3.07
8.23
7
Zinc
0.24
0.37
142.7
Trace
Table 6:Minerals content of S. longiceps(mg/g of the sample)
DISCUSSION
Fish is a major source of animal protein and it also contains vitamins. Fish is widely consumed in
many parts of the world by humans because it has high protein content, low saturated fat and also contains
omega fatty acids known to support good health. Marine foods are very rich sources of mineral components.
The total content of minerals in the raw flesh of marine fish and invertebrates is in the range of 0.6–1.5%
wet weight. Mineral components such assodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, iron, phosphorus and
iodine are important for human nutrition [16]. Hence, the present work was planned to study the proximate
composition of S. longiceps through estimating their major biochemical components such as total protein,
carbohydrate and lipid content in the whole body tissue apart from the amino acids, fatty acids profile,
vitamins and minerals content.
Biochemical components such as protein, carbohydrates and lipids are essential for body growth
and maintenance. Protein is essential for the sustenance of life and exists in largest quantity of all nutrients
as a component of the human body [17]. The present investigation revealed that the maximum level of
protein content in normal and infected tissue is 29.15 &18.93 %. Similarly,[18] reported that the protein
(%) 19.41 ± 1.44, 19.11 ± 1.63 and 17.86 ± 1.14 is the major biochemical component in the Atherina boyeri,
Atherina lagunae and Atherina sp. [19]
estimated maximum level of (17.9%) of protein in Gadus
macrocephalus. Agreeing to the above the normal and tumor infected of S. longiceps in the present study
also exhibited variations in protein content in tissue. In the present study the percentage of carbohydrates
in the body tissue of 5.81 & 2.42 %. [20] reported that the carbohydrate 2.12-4.82%, 1.14-3.92%, 2.144.75% and 1.55-5.48% is the major biochemical component in the Sardinella longicephs, Rastrelliger
kanagurta, Lates calcarifer andEpinephelus tauvina. In S. longiceps, generally the carbohydrate content was
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8. A. Gopalakrishnan -et al., IJSIT, 2013, 2(5),432-443
found to be low as it is high when compared to other fish. The lipids are highly efficient as source of energy,
in that they contain more than twice the energy of carbohydrate and proteins. Spawning in oil sardine is
prolonged and fishes with gravid gonads were observed throughout the year [21]. In the present study lipid
content of tissue were15.61 & 9.28 %. [22] Who studied to lipid composition in the lantern fish Benthosema
Pterotum found that for protein fat 3.4%. [23] reported that the lipids constituents from the ovary of S. niger
at maturation III and IV stage is high value 11.83 ± 1.00 &16.33 ± 1.04 %.Lipids comprise only (20%) dry
weight of their ovaries [24]. In the present study, the high lipid values were observed in normal tissue.
Biological value of protein is obviously reflected upon its essential amino acids concentration. In
general, the finfishes have a balanced distribution of all essential amino acids required for an adult per day.
The percentage compositions of essential and non-essential amino acids are presented in normal tissue. The
total essential amino acids were found to be as 46.09 % and non-essential amino acids were 41.47 %. Among
the essential amino acids Phenylalanine were found high as 11.64 % on dry matter basis in fish tissue and the
non-essential amino acids Glutamate were found maximum as 8.15 %. The percentage compositions of
essential (37.23%) and non-essential amino acids (40.63%) are presented in tumor infected tissue. Among
the essential and non essential amino acidsThreonine &Aspartate were found high as 8.47 &9.96 % on dry
matter basis in fish infected tissue. [20] reported that the R. Kanagurtta, L. Calcorifer, E.tauvina was essential
amino acids and non essential amino acids 50.24 & 42.5, 52.72 & 42.46 and 48.44 & 44.87%. [25] analysed
amino acid and fatty acid nutritional quality of muscles of Pampus sp and they reported that Pomfret protein
contained a high amount of glutamic acid. [26] reported that the higher amount of glutamic acid in all their
four species (Clupea harengus, Scomber scombrus, Trachurus trachurus and Urophycis tenuis) studied. [27]
reported that the higher amount of EAA and NEAA in Myrophis platyphynchus in which the amino acids range
from 47.28% and 52.72%. Leucine is generally high in fish protein [28] relatively low values were reported in
Indian shark, Silver belly and sole.In the present study, fish value of Phenylalanine was noticed high in normal
tissue and low value in infected tissue. The result revealed in this study showed that moonfish,S. longiceps
tissue is a potential source for food value due to high quality protein, as well as balanced essential amino
acids.
In S. longiceps, 7 different fatty acids were found in normal tissue; they are three saturated fatty
acids (SFA), one monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and three polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Among
the PUFA Linolenic acid were the major acids. The percentage availability of SFA, MUFA and PUFA content
was 36.67, 14.84 & 43.48 % in S. longiceps. The percentage availability of SFA, MUFA and PUFA content was
27.09, 9.48 & 43.11 % in infected tissue. In Linolenic acid was the major acids found.[18] contributed that
the total monounsaturated fatty acids (especially C16:1 and C18:1) were more abundant inAtherina
lagunae, A. boyeri and Atherina sp. (36.2, 25.37 and 32.65% respectively). [29] reported that the the amount
of total lipids and fatty acids both in muscle and liver, varied by months and seasons (P<0.05).[30] reported
that the Palmitic acid showed its higher level in both species (5.78 and 3.89%) in Dussumieria acuta and
Sardinella brachysoma, respectively. [31] the percentages of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were
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higher than the percentages of saturated fatty acids (SFA) and double the percentages of monounsaturated
fatty acids (MUFA). [32] studied that the nutritional value of Stolephours waitei, Chirocenttrus nudus and
Pomadasys kaakan its suitability for consumption. In which the SFA, MUFA and PUFA fatty acids range from
35.87 to 0.39%, 28.74 to 0.41% and 18.81 to 0.42% respectively. The main dominant PUFA was DHA
(22:6n-3), followed by EPA (20:5n-3), AA (20:4n-6), LA (18:2n-6) and ALA (18:3n-3). These results are in
agreement with studies of fatty acids composition of fishes [33]. The PUFA content in the case of marine fish
ranges from 28 to 57% with C20:5 and C22:6 predominating and constituting about 50% in most cases [34].
In the present study, S. Longiceps showed the dominance of linolenic acid (C18:3) of polyunsaturated fatty
acids in normal tissue.
Vitamins are organic chemical compounds essential for promoting growth, reproduction and
maintenance of normal body health and function. [35] Fish liver oils are the richest sources of vitamin A and
D, and the flesh is rich in vitamin B complex, especially niacin and B12. [6] stated that the flesh of fish and
shell fish flesh in nut considered to be important sources of vitamin A while high of at fishes (e.g. eel,
mackerel end menhaden) contain moderate amounts. The details of the vitamins detected in normal and
infected tissue. Among them, vitamin A were found in higher levels, whereas vitamin BE were noticed as
lower levels in normal tissue (0.17) and vitamin A was high in infected tissue. [20] reported that soluble
vitamins A were more than D and E in S. Longiceps. In the present study, the vitamin A was more in S.
longicepsnormal fish tissue.
Minerals are the chemical elements, which are involved in the building of organisms and are
necessary for its proper functioning. [36] explained the importance of Ca, Mg, and K in the human nutrition.
The main aim of the present studies totally, 5 macro minerals and 2 trace minerals were detected. Among
the macro minerals, sodium (289.6), potassium (166.5 mg/g) and copper (2.56 mg/g) were observed at
higher and lower levels in normal tissue, whereas other macro-minerals magnesium and calcium were in
negligible level. The trace minerals such as iron (3.07 mg/g) and zinc (0.24 mg/g) were also detected. The
macro minerals, Potassium (102.7 mg/g) were observed at higher levels in infected tissue. The potassium
content of raw rainbow trout was found to be 306mg/100g [37]. [21] Reported that potassium content was
more in R. kanagurta followed by phosphorus and sodium. [38] Found the sodium content of individual
species of salt water fish to range from 39 to 96 mg/100g with the average of 68mg/100g. [35] Reported
that sea foods in general are excellent sources of I, Ca, P, Na, Fe, Zn and oysters are good sources of Fe and
Cu. When compared to the other fish, the calcium content of raw rainbow trout was found to be
63.2mg/100g [37]. In the present study normal tissue showed higher levels of sodium and potassium.
Consumption of finfishes especially S. longiceps tissue enriches of minerals.
In general, seafood is one of the most nutritionally balanced foods. The seafood diet helps to control
weight and goes a long way towards preventing heart diseases. Studies on fatty acid composition of
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commercial seafood in India are limited. This might be due to lack of awareness on benefits of these
nutrients particularly from fish tissue. The nutritional values of fish are not brought to the limelight so far,
so consumption of these nutrient rich fish has not attracted attention. The results of the present study
provide information about the amino acids and fatty acid composition, but also suggest the consumption of
this fish tissue. It is rich in amino acids (Phenylalanine), fatty acids (linolenic acid) and minerals (sodium,
potassium). Further, the presence of amino acids (Phenylalanine) and fatty acids (linolenic acid) in S.
longiceps tissue adds more value through the possibility. From the above observation it is clear that the
normal tissue of S. longicepswith rich nutritive value can be used for alternate source as a regular sea food
which supplies nutrients for the growing children, pregnant women and people suffering from malnutrition.
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Babu A, Kesavan K, Annaduri D, Rajagopal S. Bursa spinosa-A mesogastropod fit for human
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