The European lobster (Homarus gammarus) is an ecologically important species of the North-eastern Atlantic which supports wild trap fisheries that are worth around £30 million each year to the UK alone. By weight the species is the highest-value seafood among those landed regularly in the UK and Ireland, where 75 percent of the ~5,000t annual landings for the species are made. As such, lobsters provide essential diversity to fragile inshore fisheries and vital income for rural coastal economies. However, populations across its range are pressured by rising exploitation, from which traditional fisheries management has failed to prevent extensive regional stock collapses in the recent past, and now struggles to stimulate recovery. While lobsters have long been transported as a live export commodity, chiefly to France and the Iberian peninsula, emerging markets, particularly those in East Asia, threaten to create additional demand for the species which far exceeds current capture yields. Improvements in hatchery rearing success have seen a number of recent aquaculture initiatives employed, in the hope of both generating restoration and improved sustainability of wild harvests, and instigating commercial aquaculture possibilities.
Mariculture and aquaculture livelihood options for the Pacific Islands regi...Iwl Pcu
Cathy Hair and Paul Southgate of James Cook University Townsville
Presentation at during the marine pre-conference workshop prior to the 5th GEF Biennial International Waters Conference
What is the stocking density of fish in semi intensive cultureihn FreeStyle Corp.
Stocking Density: Stocking density also known as per-unit stocking amount or stocking rate, refers to the quantity of fry or fingerlings per unit of water area.
Poly Culture: The concept of poly culture of fish is based on the concept of total utilization of different trophic and spatial niches of a pond in order to obtain maximum fish production per unit area. Different compatible species of fish of different trophic and spatial niches are raised together in the same pond to utilize all sorts of natural food available in the pond.
Semi Intensive Culture: Semi-intensive culture systems depend largely on natural food which is increased over baseline levels by fertilization and/or use of supplementary feed to complement natural food.
Mariculture and aquaculture livelihood options for the Pacific Islands regi...Iwl Pcu
Cathy Hair and Paul Southgate of James Cook University Townsville
Presentation at during the marine pre-conference workshop prior to the 5th GEF Biennial International Waters Conference
What is the stocking density of fish in semi intensive cultureihn FreeStyle Corp.
Stocking Density: Stocking density also known as per-unit stocking amount or stocking rate, refers to the quantity of fry or fingerlings per unit of water area.
Poly Culture: The concept of poly culture of fish is based on the concept of total utilization of different trophic and spatial niches of a pond in order to obtain maximum fish production per unit area. Different compatible species of fish of different trophic and spatial niches are raised together in the same pond to utilize all sorts of natural food available in the pond.
Semi Intensive Culture: Semi-intensive culture systems depend largely on natural food which is increased over baseline levels by fertilization and/or use of supplementary feed to complement natural food.
Presentation for first class of Oyster Farming Fundamentals, offered by Alabama Cooperative Extension System, Auburn University and Organized Seafood Association of Alabama.
1. Aquaculture – An Introduction
2.The development process
3.Major classification of aquaculture
4.Aqua farming in India… Types
5.Recent trends and status of freshwater fishculture technology in India
6.Indian freshwater fisheries
7.Available technology
8.The production processes
9.Composite fish culture
10.Trends in fish consumption and its impact on the fish production
11.Availability of fish and fishery products
12.Factors influencing the consumption
13.Trends in fish consumption
Bell Aquaculture, a pioneer in sustainable fish farming operations, is expanding its production facility in Albany, IN. Formed in 2005, Bell Aquaculture is the nation's largest yellow perch (Perca flavescens) fish farm. Ground was broken today on a $5 million expansion project.
Fish farming is the principal form of aquaculture, while other methods may fall under mariculture. Fish farming involves raising fish commercially in tanks or enclosures, usually for food. A facility that releases juvenile fish into the wild for recreational fishing or to supplement a species' natural numbers is generally referred to as a fish hatchery. Worldwide, the most important fish species used in fish farming are carp, salmon, tilapia and catfish.
There is an increasing demand for fish and fish protein, which has resulted in widespread overfishing in wild fisheries. Fish farming offers fish marketers another source. However, farming carnivorous fish, such as salmon, does not always reduce pressure on wild fisheries, since carnivorous farmed fish are usually fed fishmeal and fish oil extracted from wild forage fish. The global returns for fish farming recorded by the FAO in 2008 totalled 33.8 million tonnes worth about $US 60 billion.
Specific types of fish farms[edit source | editbeta]
Within intensive and extensive aquaculture methods, there are numerous specific types of fish farms; each has benefits and applications unique to its design.
Cage system[edit source | editbeta]
Giant gourami is often raised in cages in central Thailand
Fish cages are placed in lakes, bayous, ponds, rivers or oceans to contain and protect fish until they can be harvested. The method is also called "off-shore cultivation[7] " when the cages are placed in the sea. They can be constructed of a wide variety of components. Fish are stocked in cages, artificially fed, and harvested when they reach market size. A few advantages of fish farming with cages are that many types of waters can be used (rivers, lakes, filled quarries, etc.), many types of fish can be raised, and fish farming can co-exist with sport fishing and other water uses. Cage farming of fishes in open seas is also gaining popularity. Concerns of disease, poaching, poor water quality, etc., lead some to believe that in general, pond systems are easier to manage and simpler to start. Also, past occurrences of cage-failures leading to escapes, have raised concern regarding the culture of non-native fish species in open-water cages. Even though the cage-industry has made numerous technological advances in cage construction in recent years, the concern for escapes remains valid.
Main article: Copper alloys in aquaculture
Recently, copper alloys have become important netting materials in aquaculture. Copper alloys are antimicrobial, that is, they destroy bacteria, viruses, fungi, algae, and other microbes. In the marine environment, the antimicrobial/algaecidal properties of copper alloys prevent biofouling, which can briefly be described as the undesirable accumulation, adhesion, and growth of microorganisms, plants, algae, tube worms, barnacles, mollusks, and other organisms.
S.S. Presents
Made By Siddhartha Satyakama.
This presentation shows what is aquaculture, the different methods of aquaculture, and why aquaculture is important. Aquaculture benefits the oceans, economy, and environment. It maintains the health of our oceans, lessens the severity of overfishing, and reduces the transfer of diseases in sea creatures. It is a form of agriculture for those regions with poor soils and farming lands. In addition, aquaculture improves the health of the people by incorporating seafood into their diet.
Presentation for first class of Oyster Farming Fundamentals, offered by Alabama Cooperative Extension System, Auburn University and Organized Seafood Association of Alabama.
1. Aquaculture – An Introduction
2.The development process
3.Major classification of aquaculture
4.Aqua farming in India… Types
5.Recent trends and status of freshwater fishculture technology in India
6.Indian freshwater fisheries
7.Available technology
8.The production processes
9.Composite fish culture
10.Trends in fish consumption and its impact on the fish production
11.Availability of fish and fishery products
12.Factors influencing the consumption
13.Trends in fish consumption
Bell Aquaculture, a pioneer in sustainable fish farming operations, is expanding its production facility in Albany, IN. Formed in 2005, Bell Aquaculture is the nation's largest yellow perch (Perca flavescens) fish farm. Ground was broken today on a $5 million expansion project.
Fish farming is the principal form of aquaculture, while other methods may fall under mariculture. Fish farming involves raising fish commercially in tanks or enclosures, usually for food. A facility that releases juvenile fish into the wild for recreational fishing or to supplement a species' natural numbers is generally referred to as a fish hatchery. Worldwide, the most important fish species used in fish farming are carp, salmon, tilapia and catfish.
There is an increasing demand for fish and fish protein, which has resulted in widespread overfishing in wild fisheries. Fish farming offers fish marketers another source. However, farming carnivorous fish, such as salmon, does not always reduce pressure on wild fisheries, since carnivorous farmed fish are usually fed fishmeal and fish oil extracted from wild forage fish. The global returns for fish farming recorded by the FAO in 2008 totalled 33.8 million tonnes worth about $US 60 billion.
Specific types of fish farms[edit source | editbeta]
Within intensive and extensive aquaculture methods, there are numerous specific types of fish farms; each has benefits and applications unique to its design.
Cage system[edit source | editbeta]
Giant gourami is often raised in cages in central Thailand
Fish cages are placed in lakes, bayous, ponds, rivers or oceans to contain and protect fish until they can be harvested. The method is also called "off-shore cultivation[7] " when the cages are placed in the sea. They can be constructed of a wide variety of components. Fish are stocked in cages, artificially fed, and harvested when they reach market size. A few advantages of fish farming with cages are that many types of waters can be used (rivers, lakes, filled quarries, etc.), many types of fish can be raised, and fish farming can co-exist with sport fishing and other water uses. Cage farming of fishes in open seas is also gaining popularity. Concerns of disease, poaching, poor water quality, etc., lead some to believe that in general, pond systems are easier to manage and simpler to start. Also, past occurrences of cage-failures leading to escapes, have raised concern regarding the culture of non-native fish species in open-water cages. Even though the cage-industry has made numerous technological advances in cage construction in recent years, the concern for escapes remains valid.
Main article: Copper alloys in aquaculture
Recently, copper alloys have become important netting materials in aquaculture. Copper alloys are antimicrobial, that is, they destroy bacteria, viruses, fungi, algae, and other microbes. In the marine environment, the antimicrobial/algaecidal properties of copper alloys prevent biofouling, which can briefly be described as the undesirable accumulation, adhesion, and growth of microorganisms, plants, algae, tube worms, barnacles, mollusks, and other organisms.
S.S. Presents
Made By Siddhartha Satyakama.
This presentation shows what is aquaculture, the different methods of aquaculture, and why aquaculture is important. Aquaculture benefits the oceans, economy, and environment. It maintains the health of our oceans, lessens the severity of overfishing, and reduces the transfer of diseases in sea creatures. It is a form of agriculture for those regions with poor soils and farming lands. In addition, aquaculture improves the health of the people by incorporating seafood into their diet.
Innovation nation - How new developments in aquaculture are boosting the Scot...International Aquafeed
With an estimated market value of over £1.8 billion and Scottish salmon exports alone reaching over £500 million, Scotland’s aquaculture sector is fast becoming a core pillar for the future growth of the Scottish economy. However, with such a steep increase in the demand for fish products, there is a real need for innovation within the sector to stay ahead of the curve and provide a sustainable supply of healthy protein; not only for the present but for the future of a market that appears set to keep growing. Ahead of Aquaculture UK, CEO of the Scottish Aquaculture Innovation Centre (SAIC), Heather Jones, shares some of the organisation’s forays into finfish research projects and the ways in which is working with both industry and academia to enhance the whole of the Scottish aquaculture sector.
Best 10 Economic Importance Of Aquaculture.pdfProjitMondol1
Best 10 Economic Importance Of Aquaculture
Aquaculture
Fisheries and aquaculture make a big contribution to development in the areas of employment. Describing the importance of aquaculture is not an easy task. According to M. Shahbandeh, the number of people who were engaged in fishing and aquaculture amounted to around 40.34 million and 19.27 million respectively worldwide in 2016 and the number has been increasing day by day since 1995. The vast majority of them are from developing countries, working in fish production or fish raising, fish processing, harvesting, and small-scale fish business.
Importance of Aquaculture
Aquaculture; Image: aquaculturealliance.org
Table of Contents
Aquaculture
Aquaculture is the controlled process of rearing, breeding and harvesting of aquatic species, both animals and plants, especially for human consumption, though it is controlled aquatic environments like the oceans, lakes, rivers, ponds, and streams. It’s a similar conception to agriculture, but with fish instead of plants or livestock. It also serves various functions such as food production, restoration of threatened and endangered species populations, wild stock population enhancement, the building of aquariums, and fish cultures, and habitat restoration.
History of Aquaculture
The husbandry of fish is therefore not a new phenomenon. Ancient practices based on the modifications of natural bodies of water or wetlands to entrap young fish in enclosures until harvest have just evolved into more systematic and scientific methods and techniques.
Aquaculture has a long tradition, which is about 4 000 years, and form the beginning of the time man identified the importance of aquaculture.. Probably aquaculture began in China before very long ago, due to the wants of an emperor to have an unremitting supply of fish in his land. It is supposed that the proficiencies for keeping fish in ponds originated in China with fishermen who kept their extra catch alive temporarily in baskets submerged in rivers or small bodies of water created by damming one side of a river bed.(Ling, S.W,Aquaculture in Southeast Asia: A Historical Overview,A Washington Sea Grant Publication).
Another theory is that aquaculture arose from ancient practices for pinning down fish, with the operations steadily improving from trapping-holding to trapping-holding-growing, and finally into complete agriculture or farming practices.
Methods of Aquaculture
The methods of aquaculture’s farm-to-table process can differ from species to species. Generally, there are four stages of the production chain, starting in hatcheries and ending at the seafood counter in your grocery store. Four stages are:
stages of the production chain
Stages of Production; Image: Ruddra
Each of these stages may vary concerning its effect on the environment and the quality and safety of the seafood they produce.
The first stage in the aquaculture production chain is the hatchery. This is where the breeding of fish, hatch
Aquaculture (less commonly spelled aquaculture), also known as aquafarming, is the farming of fish, crustaceans, molluscs, aquatic plants, algae, and other organisms. Aquaculture involves cultivating freshwater and saltwater populations under controlled conditions, and can be contrasted with commercial fishing, which is the harvesting of wild fish.
Catfishes are the second major group of freshwater fishes. India, being a mega-diverse country, harbors 197 species of catfish. Catfishes, owing to their unique taste, are considered a delicacy for the fish consumers, but production of different indigenous catfishes through aquaculture is unexplored in India, although aquaculture contribution of some of the catfish varieties like Ictalurus, Silurus and Clarias spp. has been exemplary in the World scenario.
FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY: The use of feed in recirculating aquaculture systems...International Aquafeed
One of the greatest operating costs in aquaculture is the use of commercial feed pellets, which can comprise of up to 50-60 percent of total expense in some farms.
FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY: The Faivre equipped trout farms of AbbevilleInternational Aquafeed
Amidst the picturesque countryside of Abbeville, Northern France, Darren Parris, Tom Blacker and Peter Parker from the International Aquafeed team, spent an afternoon late last year visiting trout farms. Our hosts were Phillip Jorgensen, fish farms manager, and Aubert Faivre, who is sales manager for Faivre.
The Salmonidae family, collectively known as Salmonids, comprises of salmon, trout, chars, freshwater whitefishes, and graylings, but it is the trout and Atlantic salmon, of the genus Salmo, which gives the family their name. A slender teleost fish, they can range in size between just 13 cm to a whopping 2 m in length. With a single row of sharp teeth, Salmonids are predators, choosing to feed on smaller fish, aquatic insects and small crustaceans. Despite spawning in fresh water Salmonids are mostly anadromous, spending their lives at sea, choosing only to return to rivers to reproduce.
The Asian catfish Pangasius, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus is recognised as a leading aquaculture food fish on world markets. The commercial culture of Pangasius was developed in the mid 1990’s in Vietnam and quickly expanded to production levels of nearly one million tons per year. Other countries including Thailand, Cambodia, Myanmar, Indonesia, Philippines, Bangladesh and India have adapted Pangasius as part of their aquaculture production. Pangasius can be successfully cultured in most tropical regions of the world however countries in the Western Hemisphere have been slow to embrace Pangasius aquaculture, in part, due to the lack of practical knowledge of the species food requirements during the larval and fry stages.
Mud crabs, also known as mangrove crabs, occur widely in estuaries and along tropical, subtropical and warm temperate coasts in the world. There are four species of mud crab (Family: Portunidae), Scylla serrata, S. tranquebarica, S. paramamosain and S. olivacea that are the focus of both commercial fisheries and aquaculture production throughout their distribution. They are among the most valuable crab species in the world, with the bulk of their commercial production sent live to market.
In the past 50 years, the global demand for fish products has doubled, and more than 45 percent of the world’s seafood today now comes not from wild catches, but from either land-based or offshore fish farms. To meet this rising demand for seafood worldwide, more fish have to be raised in fish farms, and aquaculture is an essential link in the agricultural chain.
When farming animals and fish, there is often a danger that we may assume that their dietary requirements match our own. However, those of the common carp, Cyprinus carpio, certainly do not.
Mexico, with a population of 122 million is the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world. The country is known for its Pacific and Gulf of Mexico beaches and its diverse landscape of mountains, deserts and jungles. Ancient ruins such as Teotihuacan (Aztec), Chichen Itza (Mayan) and Spanish colonial-era towns are scattered throughout the country.
The quality and digestibility of proteins is one of the most important issues in shrimp nutrition. Marine proteins (mainly fish meal) can only be partially replaced by standard vegetable proteins like soybean meal.
KRILL OIL: Phospholipids that make a difference to filet quality and quantityInternational Aquafeed
The nutritional quality of larvae diets affects fishes’ fillet quality and quantity. Studies show that phospholipids increase fish larvae growth and development; so phospholipids are an essential component of the early weaning diet.
Carbohydrates are an excellent source of energy and carbon in feed formulations. They can be easily distinguished from the other energy yielding nutrients in terms of their abundance and low price. To illustrate, the collective global production of the major cereal grains i.e., maize, wheat and rice amounted to a colossal 2.5 billion tonnes in the year 2013 (FAO). The total carbohydrate content and the digestible fraction of starch and sugars in these grains can be roughly estimated to be about 2.1 and 1.75 billion tonnes, respectively (www.feedipedia.org). Besides, the unit cost of carbohydrate sources is almost three to five fold less than that of the protein and lipid sources of interest. Therefore, the inclusion level of carbohydrates in commercial fish feed assumes direct economic significance i.e., in terms of lower feed cost per unit weight gain.
Brewers’ yeast and derived products have been successfully used in animal nutrition, including aquafeeds, for several decades now. Leiber GmbH, with two production sites in Germany and further facilities in Poland and Russia, have manufactured brewers’ yeast products for more than 60 years.
FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY - Efficient and reliable feed system for fish farming...International Aquafeed
The main purpose of a feed barge is to provide an efficient and reliable feed system for fish farming operations. The second purpose is to provide a safe worksite for operators.
FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY - Light Emitting Diode (LED) Lighting systems for ear...International Aquafeed
Over recent times we have noticed an increasing amount of media coverage and industry chatter regarding the role of light in aquaculture. Most of this has been in relation to the use of low-energy technology to reduce costs, and in this area almost all the talk is about LED
The Latin names of some aquatic species can have fascinatingly obscure meanings that provide anyone in need of a hobby with hours of joyful investigation and speculation. The channel catfish is, alas, not one of them: Ictalurus punctatus simply means ‘spotty catfish’, and the briefest glance at one will tell you why.
It is often thought that vacuum coating was firs t invented in Norway. The idea might have been Norwegian, but the technology was developed in the Netherlands. It has been 25 years now since Dinnissen, together with aquafeed producer Skretting, invented the firs t vacuum coater.
The Pegasus® Vacuum Coater is intended for everyone who wishes to manufacture pelleted and extruded products in accordance with mos t modern production specifications.
It allows you to create a vacuum environment for your production process and to deal effectively with a very wide range of future challenges.
International Aquafeed spoke to Peter Raeven, Account Manager for Dinnissen, about the previous 25 years of the Pegasus® Vacuum Coater as well as any future plans that Dinnissen might have for their now well es tablished brand.
As an aquafeed processor, you are always aware that your drying operation has a significant impact on your bottom line. Drying is a very energy-intensive operation; that’s why most aquafeed producers diligently track the cost of fuel used in their drying operation.
As an aquafeed processor, you are always aware that your drying operation has a significant impact on your bottom line. Drying is a very energy-intensive operation; that’s why most aquafeed producers diligently track the cost of fuel used in their drying operation.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Mammalian Pineal Body Structure and Also Functions
Potential for European Lobster Mariculture
1. POTENTIAL FOR
EUROPEAN LOBSTER
MARICULTURE
by, Dr Carly Daniels and Charlie Ellis,
The National Lobster Hatchery, Padstow, UK
Photo: Dr Carly Daniels, Research and Development
Officer at the National Lobster Hatchery, holds a
juvenile European lobster reared in a sea-based
container culture system in Cornwall, UK
18 | May | June 2016 - International Aquafeed
FEATURE
2. T
he European lobster (Homarus
gammarus) is an ecologically important
species of the North-eastern Atlantic
which supports wild trap fisheries that
are worth around £30 million each
year to the UK alone. By weight the
species is the highest-value seafood
among those landed regularly in the
UK and Ireland, where 75 percent of
the ~5,000t annual landings for the species are made. As such,
lobsters provide essential diversity to fragile inshore fisheries and
vital income for rural coastal economies. However, populations
across its range are pressured by rising exploitation, from which
traditional fisheries management has failed to prevent extensive
regional stock collapses in the recent past, and now struggles to
stimulate recovery. While lobsters have long been transported
as a live export commodity, chiefly to France and the Iberian
peninsula, emerging markets, particularly those in East Asia,
threaten to create additional demand for the species which
far exceeds current capture yields. Improvements in hatchery
rearing success have seen a number
of recent aquaculture initiatives
employed, in the hope of both
generating restoration and improved
sustainability of wild harvests, and
instigating commercial aquaculture
possibilities.
Of the three major aquaculture
practices –resource enhancement,
product enhancement, and full
grow-out – the majority of hatchery
culture of H. gammarus has been
applied via resource enhancement,
the improvement of wild capture
harvests via the release of hatchery-
reared juveniles (‘hatchery
stocking’, including both restocking
and stock enhancement). These
strategies should be well suited to
H. gammarus, a high-value, fecund
species with planktonic early
life-stages which are presumed to be subject to considerable
recruitment bottlenecks in nature, and monitored trials have
demonstrated a proof-of-principle of hatchery stocking.
Having been reared from the clutches of wild-mated females,
considerable numbers of released lobsters have been recovered
in the wild, having survived, attained maturity, and mated
successfully across multiple locations and ecotypes across a
broad section of the species’ range, although direct economic
viability of the approach is still to be rigorously assessed.
Product enhancement, the captive on-growth of wild-captured
stock to improve marketability, as is practice in Tuna aquaculture,
is at present prevented in European Lobster by a lack of necessity
combined with of our enduring inability to locate wild H.
gammarus juveniles and strict fishery minimum landing sizes.
Technological progress has raised the possibility that full-
grow out aquaculture may soon attain commercial applications.
Encouraging developments in recent years have seen the captive
culture of European lobster to marketable sizes in Norway, whose
own wild fishery was decimated by stock collapse in the middle
of the twentieth century. Considerable complications arise from
the species’ slow growth rate and willingness to cannibalise when
confined communally in captivity, but significant potential has
been identified in the mariculture of hatchery-reared juveniles in
containers moored at sea. Sea-based container culture (SBCC)
avoids many of the rearing costs associated with aquaria-based
operations, and is currently the focus of research aiming to
enhance the effectiveness of stocking programs and initiate a
novel mariculture sector.
The National Lobster Hatchery
As global demand for seafood grows, we require a more
thorough understanding of methods designed to enhance the
abundance of high value species, restore depleted fisheries,
and build resilience and sustainability into seafood supply.
The work of the National Lobster Hatchery (NLH) in Padstow,
UK, focusses upon these pressing issues. The NLH is a charity
focussing on conservation, education and research, established
in 2000 with the goal of undertaking stock enhancement to help
support the sustainability of the local H. gammarus fishery.
Recent years have seen substantial advances in the charity’s
outputs, with over 150,000 juvenile lobsters admixed into local
stocks around the coasts of Cornwall and the nearby Isles of
Scilly since 2009. A harbour side visitor centre, from which
visitors can view the hatchery rearing process, routinely attracts
over 43,000 people per year, and has been complemented in
recent years by an outreach programme that visits schools,
universities and community groups to introduce seafood
conservation issues and highlight the need for sustainable
fisheries and aquaculture.
The project also supports a specialist research team, who have
helped further our understanding of wild lobster biology via a
range of ecological studies, as well as providing biotechnical
advances to improve and stabilise hatchery production. The NLH
is a founding member of ELCE – the European Lobster Centre
of Excellence – a network of specialists in lobster biology and
culture who collaborate in research and meet to share knowledge
and experiences to further the shared goals of developing lobster
conservation, stocking and aquaculture programmes. The NLH
research team is now attracting national and international
recognition for its work tackling some of the remaining barriers
to the development of clawed lobster aquaculture.
The Lobster-Grower projects
The NLH has spent a proportion of the past the past six years
investigating the potential for rearing lobsters at sea in container
systems, following initial success with clawed lobsters across
Lobsters share their rearing
containers with a diverse
community of organisms which
settle around them and provide
plentiful food. Self-seeded scallops
readily co-habit with lobsters,
raising the prospect of multi-species
shellfish culture.
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3. costs, no immediate need for valuable seafront buildings,
and even no requirement for processed feed; the lobsters
are thought to initially feed on planktonic organisms before
subsisting on animals and algae which settle on and encrust
the container. Some trials have suggested that growth and
survival rates in SBCC can exceed those attained in hatchery
on-growing vessels, despite SBCC lobsters experiencing lower
average temperatures. Rearing lobsters at sea also appears
to promote natural behaviours, and traits that are likely to be
important to wild survival. The performance of maricultured
lobsters in these trials raises hopes that the SBCC method
could provide a dual opportunity to develop sustainability
and resilience in the lobster supply chain; as well as raising
the possibility of initiating aquaculture applications, rearing
at sea may well fulfil an important role in the ecological
conditioning of hatchery lobsters destined for wild release.
Although hatchery lobsters innately develop some behaviours
which are critical to their post-release survival, settlement
success is enhanced by adaptation to the natural environment,
and the comparatively enriched semi-wild SBCC environment
appears to promote attributes which are likely to enhance the
effectiveness of stock enhancement and restocking schemes,
increasing their overall benefit to fishery recruitment.
As well as supporting the development of juvenile lobsters,
SBCC systems provide an ideal settlement environment for a
variety of other valuable shellfish species, including mussels
and scallops, inviting the prospect that they could support
multi-species coastal mariculture operations of considerable
value and exceptional sustainability credentials. While no
lobsters have yet been reared to current fisheries landing sizes
in SBCC systems, there may be considerable appetite among
consumers and luxury seafood suppliers for lobsters which are
slightly smaller than those currently accessible to the fishery.
The realisation of commercial-scale lobster mariculture
could facilitate this market diversification and help to offset
pressure on dwindling natural stocks, and the NLH hopes to
be at the forefront of efforts to conserve both the species’ wild
populations and the livelihoods of coastal communities who
target them.
several countries during the previous decade. In 2014, the NLH
engaged a diverse consortium of expert partners to assist in
the development of the equipment and techniques required to
pioneer and evaluate the mariculture of hatchery-reared lobster
juveniles. This project, named ‘Lobster Grower’ and jointly
funded by Innovate UK and the Biotechnology and Biological
Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), designed and lab
tested bespoke containers compatible with the developmental
requirements of lobsters and integration into existing UK
mariculture operations, a step further on from previous trials
which focussed on the use of oyster spat containers.
A follow-up project, Lobster Grower 2, has now been
awarded by the same funders, allowing the diverse set of
partners to field-test these bespoke containers. Alongside
the NLH, the University of Exeter, Westcountry Mussels of
Fowey (WMoF), the Centre for Environment, Fisheries and
Aquaculture Science (CEFAS) and Falmouth University
will be investigating the performance of these novel
rearing containers to support semi-intensive lobster culture
in the ocean environment. Over the next three years the
consortium will be assisting WMoF to rear lobsters alongside
their existing rope-grown bivalve culture operations, and
developing and testing novel systems for securing containers.
An extensive environmental monitoring program will help
reveal the influence of environmental conditions on the growth
and survival of lobsters, as well as detecting any impacts of
lobster culture on the surrounding ecosystem. Biological,
ecological and hydrodynamic data arising from the project
will be combined with information on social, operational and
financial requirements to create an aqua-economic model
which will be available to potential industry start-ups to help
predict production and economic returns.
Benefits of Sea Based Container Culture
SBCC has significant advantages over recirculation-based
rearing methods, which are often associated with high capital
and operational costs, including: having no continuous energy
Dr Carly Daniels, Research
and Development Officer
at the National Lobster
Hatchery, deploys a
mature stack of rearing
containers in Cornwall, UK,
under the watchful eye
of Mr Gary Rawle, who is
hosting the lobster rearing
trials at his Westcountry
Mussels of Fowey shellfish
farm.
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FEATURE
4. Complete Plants and Machines
for the Production of Fish Feed
Contrary to conventional extruders, the KAHL extruder OEE is equipped
with a hydraulically adjustable die.
AMANDUS KAHL GmbH & Co. KG · Dieselstrasse 5-9 · D-21465 Reinbek / Hamburg · Phone: +49 40 727 71 0
info@akahl.de · www.akahl.de
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