Feed for fish and shrimp raised in aquaculture needs high levels of protein and energy. Traditionally feed for carnivorous or omnivorous fish and for shrimp provides these mainly as fishmeal and fish oil, which also contributes to the health promoting aspects of fish and shrimp in the human diet.
Fish as a source of animal protein has played an important role in the nutritional budgeting of many nations. Fish production is becoming a very important source of valuable protein food. Fishmeal is the major protein source in aquaculture feeds.
When farming animals and fish, there is often a danger that we may assume that their dietary requirements match our own. However, those of the common carp, Cyprinus carpio, certainly do not.
Fish as a source of animal protein has played an important role in the nutritional budgeting of many nations. Fish production is becoming a very important source of valuable protein food. Fishmeal is the major protein source in aquaculture feeds.
When farming animals and fish, there is often a danger that we may assume that their dietary requirements match our own. However, those of the common carp, Cyprinus carpio, certainly do not.
The annual global production of fishmeal and fish oil is currently around five million tonnes of meal and one million tonnes of oil (Figure 1), except in years when the fishing in the South Pacific is disrupted by the warm waters of an El Niňo, most recently in 2010. Around 22 million tonnes of raw material is used, of which approximately 75 percent comes from whole fish and 25 percent from by-products of processing fish for human consumption (IFFO estimates).
Welcome to Expert Topic, a new feature for International Aquafeed. Each issue will take an in-depth look at a particular species and how its feed is managed. To kick off the first Expert Topic, trout takes centre stage. Over the next pages you'll find, amongst other things, a feature on the trout value chain in Peru, a glimpse behind the scenes at Bibury Trout Farm in the UK and an overview trout culture and feed in Turkey. First of all, industry experts from around the world give the inside track feed and management in their country. Enjoy.
Fish meal has been used as a feedstuff since the 19th century in Northern Europe and is now used worldwide. Global production of fish meal has been stable for the past two decades at around 5 to 6 million tons, Peru and Chile being the main producers.
A major portion (more than 60%) of fish meal produced globally is used for aquaculture (farming of finfish and shrimp). The intensification of aquaculture in Asia, and particularly in China, is increasing the demand for fish meal even though the supply cannot grow accordingly. Natural phenomena such as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation affect the fisheries along Central American Pacific coasts, leading to seasonal scarcities and increased prices. Due to these factors, the fish meal market is volatile and prices often shoot up. The search for suitable and cost-effective alternative protein sources for use in industrial aqua feeds will be the most critical factor in the development of intensive aquaculture in Asia (Kaushik, 2010; Steinfeld et al., 2006).
Spray-dried plasma from porcine blood in diets for Atlantic salmon parrsInternational Aquafeed
Since the late 1970s, Atlantic salmon aquaculture has grown into a global industry that annually produces over 1.4 million tonnes of salmon with an estimated value of US$7,812 million according to 2012 FAO statistics. The growth of salmon aquaculture has been accompanied by a continuous improvement in feed formulation and technology to maximize growth and survival of salmon at different stages of development. The search for new and alternative feed ingredients and formulations continues in order to ensure sustainability of this industry.
Quality assessment is a part of quality assurance that focuses on assessment of fulfilling quality requirements. The quality of fish and fishery products has become a major concern in fish industry all over the world. Fish, being one of the exceptionally perishable foods and as a result of globalization of food trade fish products tend to be more susceptible to rejection due to poor quality especially if the initial raw materials are of poor quality despite the technological developments in fish production. Furthermore, various outbreaks of food-borne illnesses, among which fish has been implicated as one of the vehicle foods, in various countries in the past years have led to strict food quality/safety rules and regulatory system worldwide. Most often "quality" refers to the aesthetic appearance and freshness or degree of spoilage which the fish has undergone.. To maximize the value of the fishes, freshness quality must be maintained. To increase the acceptability of the fish product, the method of quality assessment must be known. Essentially, the objective of fish and fish product assessment is to avoid the ingestion of contaminated food; to evaluate the nutritive value of food by detecting the presence of biological, chemical and physical hazards and in the end to ensure the safety of the consumer. To assess the safety of fish and fish products both instrumental and sensory methods are used. Sensory methods are the most satisfactory way of assessing the spoilage and freshness of fish and fishery products.
Nutritive Value of the Carcass of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus Burchel...IOSRJAVS
The experiment on African catfish Clarias gariepinus fingerlings 3.55±0.01g average weight and 4.09±0.05cm average length, was to know the effect of feeding frequencies on the nutritive value on the carcass, the were fed with commercial feed (Coppens) of 58% crude protein level at 5% body weight, once (at 11:00 am), twice (9:00am and 4:00pm), thrice (9:00am, 1:00pm and 4:00pm), and four times (9:00am, 11:00am, 1:00pm and 4:00pm), daily to satiation for 14 weeks. The Mean Feed Consumption show that Treatment D had the highest total feed consumption of 54.10g, while the lowest feed consumption value of 43.20g was noted Treatment A which was the fish fed once per day. The mean proximate composition of the fish carcass show that crude protein was highest in Treatment D with 62.78±0.22, while Treatment A had the least with 54.72±0.02. Moisture content show that Treatment C had the highest with 11.86±0.14, while Treatment A had the least with 7.80±0.01. Ash content show that Treatment A had the highest with 6.90±0.22, while Treatment D had 1.08±0.63, which was the least. Crude lipid show that Treatment B had the highest with 11.78±0.17, while Treatment C had the least, with 9.24±0.33. The study suggests that body the composition of African catfish fingerlings is affected by the frequency of feeding.The results on feed utilization suggests that C. gariepinus fingerlings should be fed at four times per day for maximum growth and better survival
Carbohydrates are an excellent source of energy and carbon in feed formulations. They can be easily distinguished from the other energy yielding nutrients in terms of their abundance and low price. To illustrate, the collective global production of the major cereal grains i.e., maize, wheat and rice amounted to a colossal 2.5 billion tonnes in the year 2013 (FAO). The total carbohydrate content and the digestible fraction of starch and sugars in these grains can be roughly estimated to be about 2.1 and 1.75 billion tonnes, respectively (www.feedipedia.org). Besides, the unit cost of carbohydrate sources is almost three to five fold less than that of the protein and lipid sources of interest. Therefore, the inclusion level of carbohydrates in commercial fish feed assumes direct economic significance i.e., in terms of lower feed cost per unit weight gain.
Welcome to Expert Topic, a new feature for International Aquafeed. Each issue will take an in-depth look at a particular species and how its feed is managed.
The annual global production of fishmeal and fish oil is currently around five million tonnes of meal and one million tonnes of oil (Figure 1), except in years when the fishing in the South Pacific is disrupted by the warm waters of an El Niňo, most recently in 2010. Around 22 million tonnes of raw material is used, of which approximately 75 percent comes from whole fish and 25 percent from by-products of processing fish for human consumption (IFFO estimates).
Welcome to Expert Topic, a new feature for International Aquafeed. Each issue will take an in-depth look at a particular species and how its feed is managed. To kick off the first Expert Topic, trout takes centre stage. Over the next pages you'll find, amongst other things, a feature on the trout value chain in Peru, a glimpse behind the scenes at Bibury Trout Farm in the UK and an overview trout culture and feed in Turkey. First of all, industry experts from around the world give the inside track feed and management in their country. Enjoy.
Fish meal has been used as a feedstuff since the 19th century in Northern Europe and is now used worldwide. Global production of fish meal has been stable for the past two decades at around 5 to 6 million tons, Peru and Chile being the main producers.
A major portion (more than 60%) of fish meal produced globally is used for aquaculture (farming of finfish and shrimp). The intensification of aquaculture in Asia, and particularly in China, is increasing the demand for fish meal even though the supply cannot grow accordingly. Natural phenomena such as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation affect the fisheries along Central American Pacific coasts, leading to seasonal scarcities and increased prices. Due to these factors, the fish meal market is volatile and prices often shoot up. The search for suitable and cost-effective alternative protein sources for use in industrial aqua feeds will be the most critical factor in the development of intensive aquaculture in Asia (Kaushik, 2010; Steinfeld et al., 2006).
Spray-dried plasma from porcine blood in diets for Atlantic salmon parrsInternational Aquafeed
Since the late 1970s, Atlantic salmon aquaculture has grown into a global industry that annually produces over 1.4 million tonnes of salmon with an estimated value of US$7,812 million according to 2012 FAO statistics. The growth of salmon aquaculture has been accompanied by a continuous improvement in feed formulation and technology to maximize growth and survival of salmon at different stages of development. The search for new and alternative feed ingredients and formulations continues in order to ensure sustainability of this industry.
Quality assessment is a part of quality assurance that focuses on assessment of fulfilling quality requirements. The quality of fish and fishery products has become a major concern in fish industry all over the world. Fish, being one of the exceptionally perishable foods and as a result of globalization of food trade fish products tend to be more susceptible to rejection due to poor quality especially if the initial raw materials are of poor quality despite the technological developments in fish production. Furthermore, various outbreaks of food-borne illnesses, among which fish has been implicated as one of the vehicle foods, in various countries in the past years have led to strict food quality/safety rules and regulatory system worldwide. Most often "quality" refers to the aesthetic appearance and freshness or degree of spoilage which the fish has undergone.. To maximize the value of the fishes, freshness quality must be maintained. To increase the acceptability of the fish product, the method of quality assessment must be known. Essentially, the objective of fish and fish product assessment is to avoid the ingestion of contaminated food; to evaluate the nutritive value of food by detecting the presence of biological, chemical and physical hazards and in the end to ensure the safety of the consumer. To assess the safety of fish and fish products both instrumental and sensory methods are used. Sensory methods are the most satisfactory way of assessing the spoilage and freshness of fish and fishery products.
Nutritive Value of the Carcass of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus Burchel...IOSRJAVS
The experiment on African catfish Clarias gariepinus fingerlings 3.55±0.01g average weight and 4.09±0.05cm average length, was to know the effect of feeding frequencies on the nutritive value on the carcass, the were fed with commercial feed (Coppens) of 58% crude protein level at 5% body weight, once (at 11:00 am), twice (9:00am and 4:00pm), thrice (9:00am, 1:00pm and 4:00pm), and four times (9:00am, 11:00am, 1:00pm and 4:00pm), daily to satiation for 14 weeks. The Mean Feed Consumption show that Treatment D had the highest total feed consumption of 54.10g, while the lowest feed consumption value of 43.20g was noted Treatment A which was the fish fed once per day. The mean proximate composition of the fish carcass show that crude protein was highest in Treatment D with 62.78±0.22, while Treatment A had the least with 54.72±0.02. Moisture content show that Treatment C had the highest with 11.86±0.14, while Treatment A had the least with 7.80±0.01. Ash content show that Treatment A had the highest with 6.90±0.22, while Treatment D had 1.08±0.63, which was the least. Crude lipid show that Treatment B had the highest with 11.78±0.17, while Treatment C had the least, with 9.24±0.33. The study suggests that body the composition of African catfish fingerlings is affected by the frequency of feeding.The results on feed utilization suggests that C. gariepinus fingerlings should be fed at four times per day for maximum growth and better survival
Carbohydrates are an excellent source of energy and carbon in feed formulations. They can be easily distinguished from the other energy yielding nutrients in terms of their abundance and low price. To illustrate, the collective global production of the major cereal grains i.e., maize, wheat and rice amounted to a colossal 2.5 billion tonnes in the year 2013 (FAO). The total carbohydrate content and the digestible fraction of starch and sugars in these grains can be roughly estimated to be about 2.1 and 1.75 billion tonnes, respectively (www.feedipedia.org). Besides, the unit cost of carbohydrate sources is almost three to five fold less than that of the protein and lipid sources of interest. Therefore, the inclusion level of carbohydrates in commercial fish feed assumes direct economic significance i.e., in terms of lower feed cost per unit weight gain.
Welcome to Expert Topic, a new feature for International Aquafeed. Each issue will take an in-depth look at a particular species and how its feed is managed.
Aquate Shrimp helps provide economic benefit to shrimp farmers in HondurasInternational Aquafeed
All significant commercial shrimp farming is based on the penaeid species with the Whiteleg or Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) being the most important shrimp species farmed today.
Unlocking the hidden potential of plant proteins using solid state fermentati...International Aquafeed
In the terrestrial animal feed industry the use of exogenous enzymes is a relatively common practice and today the global feed enzyme market is worth more than US$550 million. This saves the global feed market an estimated US$3-5 billion per year. To date the use of enzymes in aquaculture feeds has been limited, but interest is growing due to the increasing use of plant based protein ingredients and their by-products.
The yield from the Peruvian anchovy fishery is down and a recent report from Norway highlighted the fact we are facing a fish oil shortage within the next two-to-three years.
The monitoring of what happens within a pen at a fish farm has progressively become a greater necessity for fisheries. As the complexity and importance of monitoring the relevant behaviour of the fish developed so did the engineering solutions.
The following are a selection of reports to help investors get familiar with the investment opportunities that exist in the fisheries and aquaculture sectors.
The development of aquafeed production is followed by the growing interest in raw materials which are to be interesting, attractive and valuable, not only in terms of their properties. There is no doubt that algae are one of them. Feeds with the addition of algae are perceived as premium products. This can result from the fact that algae evoke certain associations with healthy food for humans. Animal food with algae must then trigger the same positive associations. Moreover, specially processed algae or feeds with the addition of algae offered by the producers allowed for keeping popular algae-eating freshwater and marine fish.
Soy protein concentrate: a value- added soy product for aquafeedsCJBio3
Aquaculture is the world's fastest-growing industry in the food production sector. It is projected that aquaculture will play a major role in the global food supply by doubling and intensifying its production by 2050. Fish meal is considered as “the gold standard” ingredients for aqua feed, but its unstable price and availability might decelerate the sector expansion and hurt famer’s profits. Although plant-based ingredients can be fish meal alternatives, their high content of antinutritional factors might cause some negative effects on fish growth. However, soy protein concentrate, which provides a great source of protein with less antinutrients thanks to the aqueous alcohol extraction in its refining process, are employing widely for better cost management with stable feed quality.
The article today will provide some updates about SPC using in feed production and the benefits which it brings on fish growth performance.
Duckweed is the smallest flowering plant in the world, an aquatic plant which can be found in fresh water or wetlands in most corners of the world that do not freeze too frequently. Floating on or just below the surface of still or slow-moving bodies of water, many around the world perceive it as a pest, claiming it “clogs up lakes or ponds”.
The following are a selection of reports to help investors get familiar with the investment opportunities that exist in the fisheries and aquaculture sectors.
Fishmeal used to hold an important position as a constituent of pig and poultry diets, but use in the sector declined as the aquaculture sector developed and sourced an increasing proportion of global supply of this marine ingredient. With fishmeal now regarded as less of a commodity and more of a strategic protein, another look at the benefits of this high value material is warranted.
Nutritional requirement of cultivable fin fish: larvae, juveniles and adultsDebiprasad1997
Fish is among the healthiest foods on the planet. It is loaded with important nutrients, such as protein and vitamin D. Fish is also the world's best source of omega-3 fatty acids, which are incredibly important for human body and brain.
Manufactured feeds are an important part of modern commercial aquaculture, providing the balanced nutrition needed by farmed fish.
In the development of modern aquaculture, starting in the 1970s, fishmeal and fish oil were key components of the feeds for these species. They are combined with other ingredients such as vegetable proteins, cereal grains, vitamins and minerals and formed into feed pellets.
The global supply of fish meal and fish oil is finite and fully utilized. Alternative or nontraditional feedstuffs may differ in terms of taste, smell, texture, and color, as well as nutrient composition, from the traditional feedstuffs, which are produced largely from the natural prey of the fish being raised. Alternative feedstuffs may also contain compounds and antinutritional factors that affect digestive or sensory physiology.
Another important area of fish nutrition for the next 20 years will be larval fish nutrition. Currently, the cost and difficulty of rearing a great number of species from the first feeding to the juvenile stage are the most severe bottlenecks to the development of aquaculture production of nontraditional species.
Nutritional benefits of using Processed Animal Proteins (PAPs) in European aq...International Aquafeed
After the BSE crisis in the EU in late 2001, processed animal proteins (PAPs) were banned from utilisation in feeds for aquaculture and livestock. Some products were re-introduced in 2005 (blood products, milk products, hydrolyzed proteins, gelatin) as they did not pose any risk of transferring BSE to consumption animals. Meanwhile the bulk of processed animal proteins was used for other applications and exported to markets outside Europe.
In recent years, aquaculture has gained in importance as a renewable source of dietary protein and as a viable commercial activity. To maintain this position in the future and to continue to provide a good investment opportunity, the problems the sector currently faces must be addressed. One of the more important of these concerns is the cost of feed, which is estimated to be 50-60 percent of the total cost of production. Numerous studies on the use of different feed formulations, feed ingredients and feeding techniques have been conducted (Kaushik et al., 2004; Thiessen et al., 2003; Martinez et al., 2004; Enes et al.,2006; Izquierdo et al., 2003). These studies have included assessments of various alternative raw materials, vitamins and minerals, monitoring the amount of feed provided to the fish, and the addition of pigments and other feed additives to the diet. In particular, various feed additives with growth promoting properties came into prominence in these studies (Francis et al., 2005; Haroun et al., 2006; Abdel-Tawwab et al., 2008; Lara-Flores et al., 2003; Li and Gatlin, 2004;). Growth promoting feed additives may contain different ingredients as plant extracts, organic acids, probiotics, hormones etc.
A review on microencapsulation of fish oil to improve oxidative stability Ashish Gadhave
Fish oil is the lipid fraction extracted from fish and fish by-products. Currently, the production of fish oil is becoming more demanding as there is a sizeable and growing world market demand for high quality fish oils. The most important constituents of fish oils are the omega-3 fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). These fatty acids are precursors of eicosanoids that helps to alleviate inflammation in the body and also have other health benefits. Lipid oxidation products are known to be health hazards because they are associated with aging, membrane damage, heart disease and cancer. However, fortification of foods with these nutraceuticals is confined because of extreme sensitivity of PUFA to oxidation and consequent formation of toxic hydroperoxides during the manufacture and storage. This article reviews the microencapsulation, very useful technology, of PUFA within microcarriers to retard the oxidation by minimizing the access of undesirable factors. Various techniques are being employed to form microcapsules, such as extrusion coating, fluidized-bed coating, spray drying, liposome entrapment, coacervation, inclusion complexation, centrifugal extrusion, and rotational suspension separation. Dried microencapsulated fish oil (DMFO) exists in powder form, which can easily be applied to instant powder products. There are many food products in which DMFO can easily and safely be incorporated like bread, biscuits, cakes, diet powder, fruit bars, milk powder etc.
Food Myths are common and sometimes entertaining . It was probably your mother who told you that you must not believe everything you read .Food Myths are often ridiculous "Urban Myths " driven by social media - Dominated by lifestyle nutritionists - whom differ from Registered Nutritionist
The global fish consumption for human nutrition increases. The supply of enough aquatic products is still possible, because the experienced fish capture peak in the 1990s is buffered by the increasing amount of fish from hatcheries, both onshore and offshore.
The Latin names of some aquatic species can have fascinatingly obscure meanings that provide anyone in need of a hobby with hours of joyful investigation and speculation. The channel catfish is, alas, not one of them: Ictalurus punctatus simply means ‘spotty catfish’, and the briefest glance at one will tell you why.
Similar to Options and challenges of alternative protein and energy resources for aquafeed (20)
FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY: The use of feed in recirculating aquaculture systems...International Aquafeed
One of the greatest operating costs in aquaculture is the use of commercial feed pellets, which can comprise of up to 50-60 percent of total expense in some farms.
FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY: The Faivre equipped trout farms of AbbevilleInternational Aquafeed
Amidst the picturesque countryside of Abbeville, Northern France, Darren Parris, Tom Blacker and Peter Parker from the International Aquafeed team, spent an afternoon late last year visiting trout farms. Our hosts were Phillip Jorgensen, fish farms manager, and Aubert Faivre, who is sales manager for Faivre.
The Salmonidae family, collectively known as Salmonids, comprises of salmon, trout, chars, freshwater whitefishes, and graylings, but it is the trout and Atlantic salmon, of the genus Salmo, which gives the family their name. A slender teleost fish, they can range in size between just 13 cm to a whopping 2 m in length. With a single row of sharp teeth, Salmonids are predators, choosing to feed on smaller fish, aquatic insects and small crustaceans. Despite spawning in fresh water Salmonids are mostly anadromous, spending their lives at sea, choosing only to return to rivers to reproduce.
Innovation nation - How new developments in aquaculture are boosting the Scot...International Aquafeed
With an estimated market value of over £1.8 billion and Scottish salmon exports alone reaching over £500 million, Scotland’s aquaculture sector is fast becoming a core pillar for the future growth of the Scottish economy. However, with such a steep increase in the demand for fish products, there is a real need for innovation within the sector to stay ahead of the curve and provide a sustainable supply of healthy protein; not only for the present but for the future of a market that appears set to keep growing. Ahead of Aquaculture UK, CEO of the Scottish Aquaculture Innovation Centre (SAIC), Heather Jones, shares some of the organisation’s forays into finfish research projects and the ways in which is working with both industry and academia to enhance the whole of the Scottish aquaculture sector.
The Asian catfish Pangasius, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus is recognised as a leading aquaculture food fish on world markets. The commercial culture of Pangasius was developed in the mid 1990’s in Vietnam and quickly expanded to production levels of nearly one million tons per year. Other countries including Thailand, Cambodia, Myanmar, Indonesia, Philippines, Bangladesh and India have adapted Pangasius as part of their aquaculture production. Pangasius can be successfully cultured in most tropical regions of the world however countries in the Western Hemisphere have been slow to embrace Pangasius aquaculture, in part, due to the lack of practical knowledge of the species food requirements during the larval and fry stages.
Mud crabs, also known as mangrove crabs, occur widely in estuaries and along tropical, subtropical and warm temperate coasts in the world. There are four species of mud crab (Family: Portunidae), Scylla serrata, S. tranquebarica, S. paramamosain and S. olivacea that are the focus of both commercial fisheries and aquaculture production throughout their distribution. They are among the most valuable crab species in the world, with the bulk of their commercial production sent live to market.
The European lobster (Homarus gammarus) is an ecologically important species of the North-eastern Atlantic which supports wild trap fisheries that are worth around £30 million each year to the UK alone. By weight the species is the highest-value seafood among those landed regularly in the UK and Ireland, where 75 percent of the ~5,000t annual landings for the species are made. As such, lobsters provide essential diversity to fragile inshore fisheries and vital income for rural coastal economies. However, populations across its range are pressured by rising exploitation, from which traditional fisheries management has failed to prevent extensive regional stock collapses in the recent past, and now struggles to stimulate recovery. While lobsters have long been transported as a live export commodity, chiefly to France and the Iberian peninsula, emerging markets, particularly those in East Asia, threaten to create additional demand for the species which far exceeds current capture yields. Improvements in hatchery rearing success have seen a number of recent aquaculture initiatives employed, in the hope of both generating restoration and improved sustainability of wild harvests, and instigating commercial aquaculture possibilities.
In the past 50 years, the global demand for fish products has doubled, and more than 45 percent of the world’s seafood today now comes not from wild catches, but from either land-based or offshore fish farms. To meet this rising demand for seafood worldwide, more fish have to be raised in fish farms, and aquaculture is an essential link in the agricultural chain.
Mexico, with a population of 122 million is the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world. The country is known for its Pacific and Gulf of Mexico beaches and its diverse landscape of mountains, deserts and jungles. Ancient ruins such as Teotihuacan (Aztec), Chichen Itza (Mayan) and Spanish colonial-era towns are scattered throughout the country.
The quality and digestibility of proteins is one of the most important issues in shrimp nutrition. Marine proteins (mainly fish meal) can only be partially replaced by standard vegetable proteins like soybean meal.
KRILL OIL: Phospholipids that make a difference to filet quality and quantityInternational Aquafeed
The nutritional quality of larvae diets affects fishes’ fillet quality and quantity. Studies show that phospholipids increase fish larvae growth and development; so phospholipids are an essential component of the early weaning diet.
Brewers’ yeast and derived products have been successfully used in animal nutrition, including aquafeeds, for several decades now. Leiber GmbH, with two production sites in Germany and further facilities in Poland and Russia, have manufactured brewers’ yeast products for more than 60 years.
FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY - Efficient and reliable feed system for fish farming...International Aquafeed
The main purpose of a feed barge is to provide an efficient and reliable feed system for fish farming operations. The second purpose is to provide a safe worksite for operators.
FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY - Light Emitting Diode (LED) Lighting systems for ear...International Aquafeed
Over recent times we have noticed an increasing amount of media coverage and industry chatter regarding the role of light in aquaculture. Most of this has been in relation to the use of low-energy technology to reduce costs, and in this area almost all the talk is about LED
It is often thought that vacuum coating was firs t invented in Norway. The idea might have been Norwegian, but the technology was developed in the Netherlands. It has been 25 years now since Dinnissen, together with aquafeed producer Skretting, invented the firs t vacuum coater.
The Pegasus® Vacuum Coater is intended for everyone who wishes to manufacture pelleted and extruded products in accordance with mos t modern production specifications.
It allows you to create a vacuum environment for your production process and to deal effectively with a very wide range of future challenges.
International Aquafeed spoke to Peter Raeven, Account Manager for Dinnissen, about the previous 25 years of the Pegasus® Vacuum Coater as well as any future plans that Dinnissen might have for their now well es tablished brand.
As an aquafeed processor, you are always aware that your drying operation has a significant impact on your bottom line. Drying is a very energy-intensive operation; that’s why most aquafeed producers diligently track the cost of fuel used in their drying operation.
As an aquafeed processor, you are always aware that your drying operation has a significant impact on your bottom line. Drying is a very energy-intensive operation; that’s why most aquafeed producers diligently track the cost of fuel used in their drying operation.
Much has been made of gut health recently. By unpacking the concept, we can arrive at a better understanding of the driving factors, influences, indicators and implications of gut health for aquaculture.
2. FEATURE
Options and challenges of alternative protein
and energy resources for aquafeed
by Dr Alex Obach, Managing Director, Skretting Aquaculture Research Centre, Norway
F
eed for fish and shrimp raised in Rising demand welfare and produce fish that are good
aquaculture needs high levels of Analyses of global demographics, widely to eat, both in terms of eating experience
protein and energy. Traditionally publicised by the Food and Agriculture and nutrition. It has been a main focus at
feed for carnivorous or omnivo- Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Skretting Aquaculture Research Centre for
rous fish and for shrimp provides these indicate a continuing expansion of the popu- the past decade, for example determining
mainly as fishmeal and fish oil, which lation passing nine billion by 2050. In parallel, the nutritional value of more than 400
also contributes to the health promoting economic development is providing a greater raw materials. These investigations led
aspects of fish and shrimp in the human proportion with an income that permits to AminoBalance™, where balancing of
diet. them to be more selective about their diet. amino acids increases the contribution
The main trend is to switch from vegetable such proteins make to muscle growth.
Aquaculture of fed species today takes staples to animal and fish protein. A third,
60–80 percent of the fishmeal and 80 per- but lesser, factor is the growing awareness Figure 1: Raw material options for fish
cent of the fish oil produced, mainly from of the health benefits of fish in the diet, feed (Source Skretting)
the industrial pelagic fisheries or, in a grow- providing long chain omega-3 polyun- Protein raw Starch
Fats
ing trend, from the trimmings produced saturated fatty acids (LC PUFAs) EPA materials sources
during processing for human consumption. and DHA, fish proteins and important
Trimmings are defined as by-products when vitamins and minerals such as iodine and Fish meal Fish oil Wheat
fish are processed for human consump- selenium.
Krill meal Krill oil Barley
tion or if whole fish is rejected because At the same time, a growing propor-
the quality at the time of landing does not tion of the pelagic catch, which includes algal meal algal oil Sorghum
meet requirements for human consump- the industrial fisheries, is going to the Soya products rapeseed oil tapioca
tion. The International Fishmeal and Fish more lucrative markets of processing for Sunflower meal Soybean oil Potato starch
Oil Organisation estimates trimmings are human consumption, as processing tech- rapeseed meal Sunflower oil Peas
now used for around 25 percent of fishmeal nology improves and as new consumers
Corn gluten Corn oil Faba beans
production. with different tastes enter the market.
Wheat gluten linseed oil oats
The industry is, therefore, heavily Simultaneously, the omega-3 supplements
dependent on marine resources but pro- industry is competing for the best qual- Faba beans Palm oil
duction from these resources cannot be ity fish oils and readily outbids the feed lupins Camelina oil
increased sustainably, either for human con- producers. Pea meal Poultry fat
sumption or the industrial fisheries. At best, According to the FAO report
rice products lard
sustainably managed fisheries will continue ‘The State of World Fisheries and
Poultry meal
to yield around the current harvest of five Aquaculture 2012’, aquaculture is “set
million tonnes of fishmeal and one million to remain one of the fastest grow- Feather meal
tonnes of fish oil. ing feed sectors”. Having doubled in Blood meal Marine origin
Feed producers such as Skretting require the past decade to almost 60 million Meat and Bone Vegetable raw
their marine raw material suppliers to tonnes globally, it is expected to grow meal materials
document that the fishmeal and fish oil are by up to 50 percent in the next. This Microbial
Animal
derived from responsibly managed and sus- makes identifying alternative, sustainable protein
by-products
tainable fisheries and do not include endan- sources of protein and energy a major Insect meal
gered species. Therefore, to meet a growing priority. Researchers are looking for Other raw
Worm meal
demand for fish, aquaculture must identify alternatives that will provide low feed materials
alternatives to these marine ingredients. conversion ratios, maintain high fish DDGS
22 | InternatIOnal AquAFeed | September-October 2012
3. FEATURE
Recent advance fish feed was approved by a qualified major- Atlantic salmon provided were divided and
Research progress to date means fishmeal ity of EU member states, meaning that non- fed on one of three feeds:
levels in feeds for species such as Atlantic ruminant PAPs will be authorised for fish feed Conventional grower feed (pre
salmon have been reduced. Until recently 25 from June 1, 2013. MicroBalance): 25 percent fishmeal and 13
percent appeared to be the limit below which percent fish oil with EPA + DHA comprising
performance suffered, in terms of growth rate Trial results about 10 percent of total fatty acids.
and feed conversion ratio. A 22-month trial with Atlantic salmon in OptiLine from Skretting Norway (using
In 2010 researchers at Skretting ARC final- a commercial scale farm in Norway dem- MicroBalance): 15 percent fishmeal and 13
ised a new concept known as MicroBalance™. onstrated the
MicroBalance™ technology is based on the practicality of
identification of several essential micro-nutri- MicroBalance. It
ents in fishmeal that were shown to be the followed a com-
limiting factors, not the amount of fishmeal. plete genera-
Supplementing the diet with the right bal- tion of salmon
ance of essential micro-nutrients and other from smolt to
functional micro-ingredients helped reduce harvest. The
fishmeal content in fish feed. trial was jointly
Applying the concept enabled Skretting organised by
companies to produce commercially success- Marine Harvest
ful feeds with as little as 15 percent fishmeal and Skretting
without detracting from feed performance, and conducted
fish welfare or end product quality. A key at the Centre
advantage of MicroBalance is the flexibil- for Aquaculture
ity to adapt the raw material combination in Competence
response to prices, lessening for farmers the (CAC) in
impacts of price volatility. Norway from
Today Skretting can formulate fish feed May 2009 to
with levels of fishmeal as low as 5–10 February 2011
percent. Fishmeal can be replaced solely by inclusive. CAC
vegetable raw materials or by a combination is a commercial-
of vegetable raw materials and non-ruminant scale R&D farm
processed animal proteins (PAPs). It should managed by
be noted that PAPs are widely used in coun- Marine Harvest
tries outside the EU and provide extremely and is equipped
good quality, safe nutrition to supplement to measure all
fishmeal. operational
Typical examples include blood meal also parameters just
known as haemoglobin meal, poultry meal, as precisely as
and feather meal. PAPs were banned from in a small-scale
animal feed and fish feed in the EU follow- research sta-
ing the BSE crisis in the 1990s. Recently a tion. A total
proposal for the reintroduction of PAPs in of 780,000
September-October 2012 | InternatIOnal AquAFeed | 23
4. FEATURE
example, following the introduction of the
MicroBalance concept, the fish oil will certainly
be the determining factor for the FFDR. The
dependency on wild forage fish resources
should be calculated for both FM and FO
using the following formulae.
FFDRm = (% fishmeal in feed from forage
fisheries) x (eFCR) / 22.2
FFDRo = (% fish oil in feed from forage
fisheries) x (eFCR) / 5.0
Where:
eFCR is the Economic Feed Conversion
Ratio; the quantity of feed used to produce
the quantity of fish harvested.
Only fishmeal and fish oil that is derived
Figure 2: Supply and use of fish oil (Source IFFO and Skretting)
directly from a pelagic fishery (e.g. anchoveta)
is to be included in the calculation of FFDR.
percent fish oil with EPA + DHA comprising and DHA, both for the fish and for the health The amount of fishmeal in the diet is calcu-
about 10 percent of total fatty acids. benefits of fish as food. lated back to live fish weight by using a yield
Experimental OptiLine (using Secondly the EU AquaMax project, coordi- of 22.2%. This is an assumed average yield. If
MicroBalance): 15 percent fishmeal and nine nated by NIFES in Norway with 32 international the yield is known to be different that figure
percent fish oil with EPA + DHA comprising partners around the world including Skretting should be used.
about eight percent of total fatty acids. ARC, addressed this issue directly, developing The amount of fish oil in the diet is calcu-
The parameters monitored were diets with low levels of both fishmeal and lated back to live fish weight by using a yield of
growth, FCR, quality, health, sustainability fish oil and thus reducing the fish-in fish-out five percent This is an assumed average yield.
and food safety. The total harvest weight ratios. This com-
was 3,517 tonnes. After the harvest the plements work table 1: total production of fed species in 2000, 2005, 2010, with total
taste, smell and texture of the fillets were at Skretting ARC feed used, total fishmeal and total fish oil (x 1,000 tonnes).
tested by a panel of professional tasters. to develop the Year total production total of feeds total fishmeal total fish oil
The results showed that both low fishmeal LipoBalance™ of fed species used used used
feeds gave the same growth and FCR as concept, which
the control diet. There were no observed allows combina-
1995 4,028 7,612 1,870 463
differences in fish health, or in the quality tions of oils to
parameters. be prepared that 2000 7,684 14,150 2,823 608
The salmon fed with the lowest propor- will provide the 2010 21,201 35,371 3,670 764
tion of marine products (15% fishmeal, 9% fish correct balance Source: Tacon et al. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Paper 564
oil) only needed 1.07 kg of fish in their feed of energy and
to produce 1 kg at harvest. Calculating protein nutrients, including EPA and DHA, at lowest If the yield is known to be different that figure
alone showed a positive ratio, with fish out cost. should be used.
exceeding fish in. Using these formulae it can be seen that
MicroBalance is now applied in the diets Performance ratios the FFDRs for Atlantic salmon, for example,
of several other commercial species, including Feed conversion ratios (FCRs) have were halved between 2004 and 2011. The
sea bass, sea bream, rainbow trout, turbot advanced significantly over the past three FFDRm was reduced from 1.24 to 0.56 and
and yellowtail. decades. In Atlantic salmon, for example, the the FFDRo from 4.28 to 2.05. This doubles
FCR has decreased from 1.30 in the 1980s the quantity of salmon produced from a given
Fish oil to slightly above 1.00 today, mainly due to quantity of fishmeal and fish oil.
Research to date has enabled produc- the development of high-nutrient-dense diets
ers of fish feed to supplement fish oil with and to improvements in feed management Health benefits
vegetable oils in the diets of carnivorous spe- (reducing feed waste). This represents more As mentioned, maintaining health benefits
cies by as much as 50 percent. Lower levels efficient use of feed raw materials; especially is a key objective when reducing dependency
have been tested in experimental diets with as fishmeal and fish oil contents were reduced on marine raw materials. It is being addressed
no negative effects. Much of the progress in the same period (Table 1). in several ways. The first is to determine the
results from the EU RAFOA project. RAFOA Another contributor here is the emer- minimum levels of EPA and DHA that the fish
stands for Researching Alternatives to Fish gence of functional diets that maintain or even require. The feeds with high levels of marine
Oil in Aquaculture and the project focused improve performance in adverse conditions ingredients produced fish with high levels of
on four species; Atlantic salmon, rainbow such as high or low water temperatures and long chain (LC) poly-unsaturated fatty acids
trout, sea bass and sea bream. Led by the outbreaks of disease. Better growth, reduced (PUFAs); more than needed by the fish so
Institute of Aquaculture at the University of FCR and higher survival will all contribute to that a proportion was metabolised for energy.
Stirling, partners include NIFES (the National improve the utilisation of feed resources. At lower inclusion levels the use of these lim-
Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research) Feed Fish Dependency Ratio (FFDR) is ited nutrients can be optimised, since a higher
and Skretting ARC, in Norway, the INRA the quantity of wild fish used per quantity of proportion will be retained in the muscle. At
(National Institute for Agronomic Research) cultured fish produced. This measure can be even lower levels (close to nutritional require-
in France and the University of Las Palmas, weighted for fishmeal or fish oil, whichever ment) the fish can maximise its capacity to
in the Canary Islands (Spain). The main chal- component creates a larger burden of wild elongate and desaturate, and could become a
lenge is to maintain adequate levels of EPA fish in feed. In the case of Atlantic salmon for net producer of LC PUFAs.
24 | InternatIOnal AquAFeed | September-October 2012
5. FEATURE
On average 100 g of salmon fillet has Limited progress has been with EPA. DHA is
around 16 g of fat of which at least four to a greater challenge.
five percent is omega-3 EPA and DHA (DHA Some micro-algae species are natural syn-
being the main fatty acid in the phospholipid thesisers of the longer chain fatty acids. The
fraction). Thus a 130 g portion would provide challenge here is economic; to grow them
around 930 mg of EPA and DHA. That is in bulk, either by sea farming or in vats on
equivalent to several supplement capsules. land, in sufficient volumes to make them
Two portions a week adequately provide the competitive as a feed ingredient. There are
recommended dietary levels of LC PUFAs and also reports of extracting LC PUFAs from
important vitamins and minerals in an easily yeast cultures and these would face the same
assimilated form. economic challenge.
A second approach is to explore ways of
formulating feed so that the LC PUFAs are Conclusion About the author
retained in the fillet flesh. Further research at Aqua feed producers must find alterna- Alex Obach has held the position
Skretting ARC into the functions of micro- tives to the marine ingredients fishmeal and of Managing Director at Skretting
ingredients recently led to a new salmon feed fish oil while maintaining fish welfare and Aquaculture Research Centre since
that significantly improves the feed conversion aquaculture performance as a highly effi- May 1, 2007. Originally from Barcelona,
ratio and fillet yield. Fillet analysis revealed the cient means of producing nutritious protein. Spain, he is a veterinarian with a Master
in Aquaculture from the University
micro-nutrients also raised the proportion of Eating quality and health benefits are equally
of Girona (Spain) and a PhD in fish
EPA and DHA in the muscle. important.
pathology and immunology from the
The third approach is to identify alternative However, although the supply of marine University of West Brittany (France). He
resources. There are two major contenders: ingredients from the wild catch is limited, started working at Skretting Aquaculture
genetic modifications to crop plants and with appropriate controls they will continue Research Centre in 1993 as a research-
micro-algae. Progress is being monitored by to be available. A key task for the industry er, initially within fish health then as
feed producers keen to reduce their depend- is to ensure they are used in a manner that a nutritionist. He He previously was
ence on marine ingredients. Some plants spreads the benefits through a combination Manager of ARC’s Fish Health depart-
produce PUFAs, for example rape (canola) or of supplementation, feed formulation and ment. Between 1993-1995, he was also
soya, but the carbon chains are too short. The feed management on farm. This way the engaged as lecturer at the University of
EPA carbon chain has 20 carbon atoms and growing demand for fish can be met and the Barcelona, and worked for two years
as Manager of the Marine Harvest
DHA 22. The ambition is to introduce genes benefits shared sustainably for generations
Technical Centre.
to extend 18-carbon chains already present. to come.
September-October 2012 | InternatIOnal AquAFeed | 25
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