This study evaluated the growth performance, carcass characteristics, serum parameters, and tissue residue depletion of finishing young bulls in confinement with or without monensin sodium in their feed ration. Thirty-six bulls were fed a diet of 50% corn silage and 50% concentrate, with or without monensin, for 94 days. The inclusion of monensin improved feed efficiency and increased average daily weight gain, final live weight, and hot carcass weight compared to the control group. Monensin residues in edible tissues were below legal limits when animals were off the additive for at least 16 hours before slaughter. The results indicate that monensin promotes growth performance benefits without compromising meat safety for consumers.
How Low Can We Go: Nitrogen in Dairy Rations- Mike Van AmburghDAIReXNET
Mike Van Amburgh presented this material during DAIReXNET's March 7, 2011 webinar on nitrogen in dairy rations. He discussed how low we can formulate nitrogen in rations, as well as what this means for the cost of the ration and for environmental impact.
Dr. Dean Boyd - Improving Finish Pig Viability By Using XylanaseJohn Blue
Improving Finish Pig Viability By Using Xylanase - Dr. Dean Boyd, The Hanor Company, from the 2015 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 19-22, 2015, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2015-leman-swine-conference-material
Effects of mannanase and distillers dried grain with solubles on growth perfo...Pig Farm Solution
Effects of mannanase and distillers dried grain with solubles on growth performance nutrient digestibility, and carcass characteristics of grower-finisher pigs S. Y. Yoon, Y. X. Yang, P. L. Shinde, J. Y. Choi, J. S. Kim, Y. W. Kim, K. Yun, J. K. Jo, J.
H. Lee, S. J. Ohh, I. K. Kwon and B. J. Chae J Anim Sci
published online Sep 11, 2009
Dr. Young-Dal Jang - Evaluating Nutrient Uplift When Feeding XylanaseJohn Blue
Evaluating Nutrient Uplift When Feeding Xylanase - Dr. Young-Dal Jang, from the 2015 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 19-22, 2015, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2015-leman-swine-conference-material
Overview Of Enzymes - Dr. Pedro Urriola, from the 2015 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 19-22, 2015, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2015-leman-swine-conference-material
Can proteases play a role in enteric health- Langhout, P. Presentation for Workshop 4, at the Feed Proteases and enzyme presentation, The Netherlands, 2014
Peas (Pisum sativum) are one of the four most important crops next to soybean, groundnut, and beans. It is a particularly important legume in temperate areas with numerous food (dry seed, vegetable) and feed (seed, fodder) usages.
A description and the results of research carried out on broiler chickens in order to explore the efficacy of phytase products on ileal digestibility of phosphorus.
The reseach results found that phytase supplementation was effective in improving the growth performance, ileal phosphorus digestibility and the bone mineralization parameters when included in the low phosphorus diet.
Visit us at: http://www.dsm.com/markets/anh/en_US/home.html
Zoo-technical performances of weaner rabbits fed Nutryzyme® supplemented dietsAI Publications
The study assessed the zoo-technical performances of weaner rabbits fed Nutrizyme supplement diets. This study aimed at determining the zoo-technical performances of the weaner rabbits fed Nutrizyme supplement diets while we specifically determined the zoo-technical performances, the apparent nutrient digestibility as well as the hematological and serum Biochemical of weaner rabbits fed Nutrizyme supplement diets. Eighteen rabbits were allotted into three dietary treatments with each having three replicates in a completely randomized design format. Each replicate (unit) housed two rabbits. The Nutrizyme powder was incorporated in the diets at 0, 125, and 250 ppm respectively. The parameters appraised include average daily feed intake, feed efficiency, average final weight and the heamatological and serum profiles. All data generated were subjected to analysis of variance using statistical packages for social sciences (SSPM) packages. There were significant (p<0.05) differences in the total weight, average daily weight, average daily feed intake as well as the feed efficiency. Rabbits fed diets 3 (250mg/kg Nutrizyme inclusion) had the best result in terms of the total weight (1068g), average daily (0.25), respectively. There were significant (p<0.05) differences in the digestibility of nutrients among the rabbits as indicated in the results. The crude protein digestibility improved with increased enzyme inclusion in the diets. Rabbits fed the control diet had the least nutrient digestibility. The heamoglobin concentrations, white blood cells and serum metabolites were not significantly influenced (p<0.05) by dietary treatments. The packed cell volumes (PCV) of 36.03 to 41.06% were within the normal values of 35 to 45%, also red blood cell counts and the mean cell heamoglobin concentration (MCHC), were within the range reported for rabbits. Enzyme was found to be good nutrient metabolite that could enhance the growth of weaned rabbits. The already established quantity (125g/ton of feed) should be maintain as either increase or decrease in the internationally recommended quantity did not significantly (p<0.05) affect the zoo-technical performances nutrient digestibility, heamatological and serum metabolites of weaner rabbits.
This slides contains information on precision feeding in dairy cattle and requirement of energy, protein, fat, minerals and vitamins of a dairy cattle during lactation. Precision feeding protects reproductive health and milk production while reducing the nutrient loss in manure.
Only 25-35% of the N in feed goes into milk, with the rest excreted in feces and urine.
Dairy diets often have 120-160% of the P and that the excess is excreted in the manure.
Cost of feed can be reduced.
Precision feeding helps to improve water quality
Improving the efficiency of use of feed N.
Reduce SARA condition.
Controlled-release urea in dairy cattle feed.
Straw treatment-Ammoniation.
Reducing Enteric Methane Losses from Ruminant Livestock.
Phase feeding in dairy cattle.
Feeding bypass fat in early lactation.
Use of chelated minerals in dairy animals.
Nutraceuticals in dairy animal precision feeding.
10. Use of area specific mineral mixture to precise dairy animal nutrition.
11. TMR in precision nutrition.
12. Manipulation of dietary CAD.
Five distinct feeding phases can be defined to attain optimum production, reproduction and health of dairy cows:
Early lactation—0 to 70 days (peak milk production) after calving (postpartum).
Peak DM intake—70 to 140 days (declining milk production) postpartum.
Mid and late lactation—140 to 305 days (declining milk production) postpartum.
Dry period—60 days before the next lactation.
Transition or close-up period—14 days before to parturition.
Feed top quality forage.
Make sure the diet contains adequate amounts of CP, DIP and UIP.
Increase grain intake at a constant rate after calving.
Consider adding fat (0.4-0.6 kg/cow/day) to diets.
Allow constant access to feed.
Minimize stress conditions.
Limit urea to 80-160g/day.
Buffers, such as Na bicarbonate alone or in combination with Mg oxide (rumen pH)
In Transition period
Increase grain feeding, so cows are consuming 4.5-6 kg grain/day at calving (1% of B.wt)
Increase protein in the ration to between 14 - 15 % of the ration DM
Limit fat in the ration to 0.1kg. High fat feeding will depress DM intake.
Maintain 2.5-4kg of long hay in the ration to stimulate rumination.
Feed a low-Ca ration (< 0.20%, reduce Ca intake to 14 to 18 g/d)
Also, feed a diet with a negative dietary electrolyte balance (-10 to -15meq/100 g DM) may alleviate milk fever problems
Niacin (to control ketosis) and/or anionic salts (to help prevent milk fever) should be included in the ration during this period.
How Low Can We Go: Nitrogen in Dairy Rations- Mike Van AmburghDAIReXNET
Mike Van Amburgh presented this material during DAIReXNET's March 7, 2011 webinar on nitrogen in dairy rations. He discussed how low we can formulate nitrogen in rations, as well as what this means for the cost of the ration and for environmental impact.
Dr. Dean Boyd - Improving Finish Pig Viability By Using XylanaseJohn Blue
Improving Finish Pig Viability By Using Xylanase - Dr. Dean Boyd, The Hanor Company, from the 2015 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 19-22, 2015, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2015-leman-swine-conference-material
Effects of mannanase and distillers dried grain with solubles on growth perfo...Pig Farm Solution
Effects of mannanase and distillers dried grain with solubles on growth performance nutrient digestibility, and carcass characteristics of grower-finisher pigs S. Y. Yoon, Y. X. Yang, P. L. Shinde, J. Y. Choi, J. S. Kim, Y. W. Kim, K. Yun, J. K. Jo, J.
H. Lee, S. J. Ohh, I. K. Kwon and B. J. Chae J Anim Sci
published online Sep 11, 2009
Dr. Young-Dal Jang - Evaluating Nutrient Uplift When Feeding XylanaseJohn Blue
Evaluating Nutrient Uplift When Feeding Xylanase - Dr. Young-Dal Jang, from the 2015 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 19-22, 2015, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2015-leman-swine-conference-material
Overview Of Enzymes - Dr. Pedro Urriola, from the 2015 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 19-22, 2015, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2015-leman-swine-conference-material
Can proteases play a role in enteric health- Langhout, P. Presentation for Workshop 4, at the Feed Proteases and enzyme presentation, The Netherlands, 2014
Peas (Pisum sativum) are one of the four most important crops next to soybean, groundnut, and beans. It is a particularly important legume in temperate areas with numerous food (dry seed, vegetable) and feed (seed, fodder) usages.
A description and the results of research carried out on broiler chickens in order to explore the efficacy of phytase products on ileal digestibility of phosphorus.
The reseach results found that phytase supplementation was effective in improving the growth performance, ileal phosphorus digestibility and the bone mineralization parameters when included in the low phosphorus diet.
Visit us at: http://www.dsm.com/markets/anh/en_US/home.html
Zoo-technical performances of weaner rabbits fed Nutryzyme® supplemented dietsAI Publications
The study assessed the zoo-technical performances of weaner rabbits fed Nutrizyme supplement diets. This study aimed at determining the zoo-technical performances of the weaner rabbits fed Nutrizyme supplement diets while we specifically determined the zoo-technical performances, the apparent nutrient digestibility as well as the hematological and serum Biochemical of weaner rabbits fed Nutrizyme supplement diets. Eighteen rabbits were allotted into three dietary treatments with each having three replicates in a completely randomized design format. Each replicate (unit) housed two rabbits. The Nutrizyme powder was incorporated in the diets at 0, 125, and 250 ppm respectively. The parameters appraised include average daily feed intake, feed efficiency, average final weight and the heamatological and serum profiles. All data generated were subjected to analysis of variance using statistical packages for social sciences (SSPM) packages. There were significant (p<0.05) differences in the total weight, average daily weight, average daily feed intake as well as the feed efficiency. Rabbits fed diets 3 (250mg/kg Nutrizyme inclusion) had the best result in terms of the total weight (1068g), average daily (0.25), respectively. There were significant (p<0.05) differences in the digestibility of nutrients among the rabbits as indicated in the results. The crude protein digestibility improved with increased enzyme inclusion in the diets. Rabbits fed the control diet had the least nutrient digestibility. The heamoglobin concentrations, white blood cells and serum metabolites were not significantly influenced (p<0.05) by dietary treatments. The packed cell volumes (PCV) of 36.03 to 41.06% were within the normal values of 35 to 45%, also red blood cell counts and the mean cell heamoglobin concentration (MCHC), were within the range reported for rabbits. Enzyme was found to be good nutrient metabolite that could enhance the growth of weaned rabbits. The already established quantity (125g/ton of feed) should be maintain as either increase or decrease in the internationally recommended quantity did not significantly (p<0.05) affect the zoo-technical performances nutrient digestibility, heamatological and serum metabolites of weaner rabbits.
This slides contains information on precision feeding in dairy cattle and requirement of energy, protein, fat, minerals and vitamins of a dairy cattle during lactation. Precision feeding protects reproductive health and milk production while reducing the nutrient loss in manure.
Only 25-35% of the N in feed goes into milk, with the rest excreted in feces and urine.
Dairy diets often have 120-160% of the P and that the excess is excreted in the manure.
Cost of feed can be reduced.
Precision feeding helps to improve water quality
Improving the efficiency of use of feed N.
Reduce SARA condition.
Controlled-release urea in dairy cattle feed.
Straw treatment-Ammoniation.
Reducing Enteric Methane Losses from Ruminant Livestock.
Phase feeding in dairy cattle.
Feeding bypass fat in early lactation.
Use of chelated minerals in dairy animals.
Nutraceuticals in dairy animal precision feeding.
10. Use of area specific mineral mixture to precise dairy animal nutrition.
11. TMR in precision nutrition.
12. Manipulation of dietary CAD.
Five distinct feeding phases can be defined to attain optimum production, reproduction and health of dairy cows:
Early lactation—0 to 70 days (peak milk production) after calving (postpartum).
Peak DM intake—70 to 140 days (declining milk production) postpartum.
Mid and late lactation—140 to 305 days (declining milk production) postpartum.
Dry period—60 days before the next lactation.
Transition or close-up period—14 days before to parturition.
Feed top quality forage.
Make sure the diet contains adequate amounts of CP, DIP and UIP.
Increase grain intake at a constant rate after calving.
Consider adding fat (0.4-0.6 kg/cow/day) to diets.
Allow constant access to feed.
Minimize stress conditions.
Limit urea to 80-160g/day.
Buffers, such as Na bicarbonate alone or in combination with Mg oxide (rumen pH)
In Transition period
Increase grain feeding, so cows are consuming 4.5-6 kg grain/day at calving (1% of B.wt)
Increase protein in the ration to between 14 - 15 % of the ration DM
Limit fat in the ration to 0.1kg. High fat feeding will depress DM intake.
Maintain 2.5-4kg of long hay in the ration to stimulate rumination.
Feed a low-Ca ration (< 0.20%, reduce Ca intake to 14 to 18 g/d)
Also, feed a diet with a negative dietary electrolyte balance (-10 to -15meq/100 g DM) may alleviate milk fever problems
Niacin (to control ketosis) and/or anionic salts (to help prevent milk fever) should be included in the ration during this period.
Effects of Probiotics Feeding Technology on Weight Gain of Indigenous Chicken...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Use of Silage Acid Devil Fish (Pterygoplichthys spp.) as Protein Supplement i...criollito
Animal nutrition is one of the most important limiting factors in animal production, especially in ruminants, providing
proteins being the main constraint, due to the limited availability and high cost of protein sources (oilseed meals). Currently in the dam
“El Infiernillo” in Michoacán México, has a large population of devil fish (Pterygoplichthys spp.), which is an economic and ecological
problem, because it is not consumed by humans and causes pollution to be discarded directly into the environment. For that reason the
objective of this study was to evaluate the use of silage acid devil fish (SADF) in fattening beef cattle as a protein supplement. SADF is
defined as a product semi-liquid or pasty mixed with formic acid, which leads to a decrease in pH to near 4.0. Used 18 young bulls (Bos
taurus × Bos indicus) for 60 days with a starting weight of 278.9 ± 51.2 kg, housed in individual pens with food and water ad libitum
were randomly assigned to three treatments with different levels of inclusion SADF (0%, 12% and 18%). They were weighed to the
beginning of the experiment and later every 30 days, previous fasting of 24 hours. To determine the food consumption, weigh every day
the offered food and the surplus. There were no significant differences (P < 0.05) among treatments with different levels of inclusion of
SADF with respect to daily weight gain, with values of 952 ± 324, 927 ± 322 and 854 ± 307 g/day, respectively. The dry matter intake
(DMI) was 8.9, 9.3 and 7.7 kg/day to 0%, 12% and 18% of SADF, respectively. In the same values for feed conversion were 9.34, 10.03
and 9.01 kg DMI/kg of weigh live, and carcass yield of 60.6%, 60.3% and 58.5%, respectively. It is concluded that fish silage acid devil
is an excellent alternative in feeding beef cattle as a protein supplement.
Performance by Layer upon Substitution of Soybean Meal with Mung Bean Protein...Premier Publishers
This experiment assessed substitution level of soybean meal by mung bean protein concentrate (MBPC) in layer’s diet. Unsatiating demand for animal protein, the need to prudently utilize feeding resources and minimize footprints in food chain/business, use of local raw-material is imperative. 180 ISA Brown2000 hens, assigned to 9 treatments (2 replications, 10 hens each) were fed experimental diets for 4 periods (49-52wks) and were evaluated for their performance. Their diet contained 2 grades of MBPC (70% CP and 75% CP). T1 was control diet. T2-T5 contained MBPC (70% CP) at 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% substitution levels, respectively. T6-T9 contained MBPC (75% CP) at 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% substitution levels, respectively. The results revealed that egg production (%) and egg mass were not significantly different in 1st three periods but it was in the 4th period (P<0.05). T1 had the highest egg production (%) but not significantly different in overall periods. Progressively decreasing egg production and FCR was observed through the periods without a significant difference. Egg weight was significantly different in 4th period. Economic benefit returns (EBR) was not significantly different among treatments. It is concluded that MBPC (70% & 75% CP) can substitute 25% SBM in layer’s diet without adverse effect on performance and EBR.
Manipulations of rumen function that can augment livestock productivity are;
Correction of concentrate to roughage ratio
Feed bypass or escaped nutrients
Defaunation of rumen
Use of yeast as probiotics
Use of anaerobic fungi
Use of other feed additives
Dr. Andres Gomez - Microbiome studies in swine systems: challenges and opport...John Blue
Microbiome studies in swine systems: challenges and opportunities - Dr. Andres Gomez, from the 2018 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 15-18, 2018, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2018-leman-swine-conference-material
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Manipulation of rumen function to augment livestock productivityUCV&AS IUB
Manipulations of rumen function that can augment livestock productivity are;
Correction of concentrate to roughage ratio
Feed bypass or escaped nutrients
Defaunation of rumen
Use of yeast as probiotics
Use of anaerobic fungi
Use of other feed additives
Achieving factual sustainability in fish farming needs the addition of most of the fish meal exploited as feed stuffs. The current experiment described two feeding trials, that resulted in the complete replacement of fish meal in the fingerling of Tilapia mossambicus. The initial trial was accompanied with three stages of fish meal replacement (50, 75 and 100% of dietary protein) viz., one level of soy protein and two levels of Lactat ® Probiotic (0 (or) 0.3% of the diet). Since probiotic has been reported to promote gut health, it was incorporated inorder to examine the growth enhancement and whether it would ease high levels of fish meal replacement in T. mossambicus. Lipids were provided by Cod liver oil. The better weight gain was observed in the treatments 50/50+ of fish meal replacement and 0/100+ of fish meal replacement. The optimum Specific Growth Rate, Food Conversion Ratio and Survival were also observed in 50/50+ fish meal replacement and 0/100+ fish meal replacement. The higher serum Acetyl Choline, Leucocytes, and Erythrocyte were observed in 50/50+ and 0/100 + than the other diets. The Lysozyme activity was higher in 0/100+ and 50/50+ than the other diets.
In the Second feeding trial, fish meal was replaced by various carbohydrate sources on the growth performance and hepatic carbohydrate metabolic enzyme activities of the fingerlings of T. mossambicus. Five experimental diets were formulated to contain glucose, sucrose, maltose, dextrin, corn starch and control were maintained separately. The results indicated that the better weight gain, SGR, FCR and survival were also better in starch, dextrin and sucrose diet fed fish. There were significant differences in the total plasma, glucose and triglyceride concentration in fish fed with different carbohydrate sources. Plasma total protein, red blood cell, leucocytes and hemoglobin were significantly affected by various carbohydrate sources. The activities of glucose 6-Phosphate dehydrogenase, (G6PD), 6- Phospho fructokinase (PFK) and fructose 1, 6 – bisphosphatase (FBase) were significantly affected by these carbohydrate sources. While this two feeding trail indicated that the 50/50+ and 0/100+ of soy flour replacement with fish meal showed the optimum growth performance and in carbohydrate sources the corn starch, dextrose, and sucrose showed the better growth for tilapia fingerlings.
A study was carried out to evaluate the nutritive value and enzyme supplementation of different sources of energy in broiler diets on the growth performance and heamatological parameters of broiler chickens supplemented with Mazigrain® enzyme within the treated groups. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets less (23.17 % CP; 2831 Kcal/ME and 21.73 % CP; 2929 Kcal/ME) for the broiler starter (0 - a month) and finisher phases (5–8 months) respectively were formulated. Diet 1(maize based diet) served in as the control while diets 2, 3, 4 and 5 were supplemented with sorghum, pearl millet, cassava and sweet potatoes based diets separately. A sum of 225 day-old NAPRI X broiler chicks were haphazardly distributed to the five treatments. Every treatment comprised of 45 broilers with three repeats of fifteen birds each in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The general linear model protocol of S.A.S. 9.0. was used to analyze the collected data. Among the dietary groups significant changes (P<0.05) was found utilizing a Tukey test. Enzyme along with various energy sources have noteworthy (P<0.05) changes on every one of the parameters (final weight, daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, water intake, water to feed ratio and feed cost per kilogram weight gain) except for death rate at the starter phase. Broilers that had sorghum based diet had the best performance at starter stage (final weight; 627 g, weight gain; 576.85 g, feed cost/kg gain; ^ 187.95 k). At the finisher stage, sorghum supplemented with enzyme had the best feed conversion ratio (1.96) and feed cost/kg gain; ^ 171.15 k. The optimal performance characteristics were recorded for sorghum based diets. Feed cost / kg gain was the cheapest on birds fed sorghum based diet with enzyme supplementation which was comparable with those fed the maize based diet. However, the use of enzyme enhanced the performance of birds at both the starter and finisher phases.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
1. 697
Semina: Ciências Agrárias, Londrina, v. 39, n. 2, p. 697-710, mar./abr. 2018
Received: Mar. 09, 2017 - Approved: Nov. 24, 2017
DOI: 10.5433/1679-0359.2018v39n2p697
Growth performance and safety of meat from cattle feedlot finished
with monensin in the ration
Desempenho produtivo e inocuidade da carne de bovinos
terminados em confinamento com monensina na ração
Mikael Neumann1
; Robson Kyoshi Ueno2
; Julio Cezar Heker Junior3*
; Eloize
Jaqueline Askel4
; André Martins de Souza4
; Gabriela Letícia Delai Vigne5
; Milaine
Poczynek6
; Marina Gavanski Coelho6
; Augusto Kendi Eto7
Abstract
Monensin is an ionophore antibiotic, the inclusion of which in the feed of beef cattle favors the best
use of feed nutrients, via ruminal modulation. However, there are concerns regarding the residence
of residues in the carcass from metabolism of monensin. The objective of this study was to evaluate
the productive performance, carcass characteristics, serum parameters, tissue residual depletion and
economic benefit of finishing of young bulls in confinement with monensin in the ration. Thirty-
six animals were confined, and given 50% corn silage feed and 50% more concentrated feed. The
experimental design was completely randomized, with two treatments (with or without monensin) and
10 replicates for the control group and eight for the monensin group. The use of monensin reduced the
dry matter intake in relation to live weight (2.36% vs 2.55%), and improved feed conversion (8.61 vs
10.06 kg kg−1
); the animals presented higher live weight (511 vs 494 kg), higher warm carcass weight
(285 vs 272 kg) and an increase in fat thickness (4.97 vs 4.25 mm) compared to control animals. These
increases in performance gave higher economic results, with a profit margin of R$ 122.84 per animal.
A waiting period of 16 h before slaughter resulted in monensin concentrations below 0.25 µg kg−1
in
edible organs and tissues, values well below those permitted by legislation. The use of monensin for
young bulls in confinement promoted improvements in productive and economic performance, without
leaving residues in edible tissues.
Key words: Feed conversion. Growth promoter additive. Ionophores. Waiting period.
1
Engo
Agro
, Prof. Dr., Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produção Vegetal, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, UNICENTRO,
Guarapuava, PR, Brasil. E-mail: neumann.mikael@hotmail.com
2
Médico Veterinário, Prof. Dr., Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade Guarapuava, Guarapuava, PR, Brasil. E-mail:
robsonueno@hotmail.com
3
Médico Veterinário, M.e, Discente, Curso de Doutorado do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produção Vegetal, UNICENTRO,
Guarapuava, PR, Brasil. E-mail: jr_heker@hotmail.com
4
Discentes, Curso de Medicina Veterinária, UNICENTRO, Guarapuava, PR, Brasil. E-mail: elojaque@gmail.com; andrems_92@
hotmail.com
5
Médica Veterinária, Discente de Mestrado, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, UNICENTRO, Guarapuava,
PR, Brasil. E-mail: gabivigne@hotmail.com
6
Médicas Veterinárias, Discentes de Mestrado em Ciência Animal e Pastagens, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”,
ESALQ/USP, Piracicaba, SP, Brasil. E-mail: milainepoc@gmail.com; mariinagcoelho@gmail.com
7
Auxiliar de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Impextraco Latin America Ltda. Curitiba, PR, Brasil. E-mail: augusto@impextraco.
com.br
*
Author for correspondence
2. 698
Semina: Ciências Agrárias, Londrina, v. 39, n. 2, p. 697-710, mar./abr. 2018
Neumann, M. et al.
Resumo
A monensina é um antibiótico ionóforo, cuja inclusão na alimentação de bovinos de corte favorece o
melhor aproveitamento dos nutrientes da ração, via modulação ruminal. Porém há preocupações no
que tange a permanência de resíduos na carcaça, provenientes da metabolização da monensina. Assim,
objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho produtivo, as características de carcaça, os parâmetros séricos,
a depleção residual tecidual e a economicidade da terminação de tourinhos em confinamento com
monensina na ração. Foram confinados 36 animais com ração 50% de silagem de milho mais 50%
concentrado. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com 2 tratamentos (com ou
sem monensina) e 10 repetições para o grupo controle e 8 para o grupo com monensina. O uso de
monensina reduziu o consumo de matéria seca em relação ao peso vivo (2,36 vs 2,55%), melhorou
a conversão alimentar (8,61 vs 10,06 kg kg-1
), os animais apresentaram maior peso vivo (511 vs 494
kg), maior peso de carcaça quente (285 vs 272 kg) e aumento na espessura de gordura (4,97 vs 4,25
mm) comparativamente aos animais da ração controle. Tais acréscimos em desempenho conferiram
maiores resultados econômicos, com margem de lucro de R$ 122,84 por animal. O período de carência
de 16 horas antes do abate apresentou concentrações de monensina inferiores a 0,25 µg kg-1
nos órgãos
e tecidos comestíveis, valores muito abaixo dos permitidos na legislação. O uso de monensina para
tourinhos em confinamento promoveu melhorias no desempenho produtivo e econômico, sem deixar
resíduos nos tecidos comestíveis.
Palavras-chave: Aditivo promotor de crescimento. Conversão alimentar. Ionóforos. Período de
carência.
Introduction
Efficiency in beef cattle is increasingly needed,
taking into account the growing demand for food
and meat of good quality by consumers, and the
sustainability of production systems. With these
arguments, there is support for intensive production
systems that exploit the productive potential of
superior animals through quality nutrition, aiming at
the greater and better use of the nutrients and energy
provided via feed, and maximum performance.
In this context the importance of food additives,
which act as performance enhancers for beef
cattle, is mentioned. According to Millen et al.
(2009), 98.7% of the Brazilian feedlots attended by
nutritionists interviewed in their research use feed
additives in the feed. Sodium monensin is a food
additive in the ionophore group, an ingredient in
commercial diets for beef and dairy cattle.
Sodiummonensinisproducedbythefermentation
of Streptomyces cinnamonensis, and it promotes
the ionic destabilization of Gram-positive bacteria
by means of the flow of Na+
ions into the cell,
compromising the osmotic and electrolytic balance
of the microorganisms. In the rumen environment, it
will act on lactic acid bacteria (Streptococcus bovis
and Lactobacillus spp.), reducing the incidence
of metabolic and ruminal diseases, such as lactic
acidosis (NOGUEIRA et al., 2009; RANGEL et
al., 2008; ZANINE et al., 2006), caused by a high
proportion of concentrate in the feed, and favoring
a reduction in methane production by the reduction
of Gram-positive bacteria that have hydrogen as the
final product (KOBAYASHI, 2010; RANGEL et al.,
2008).
Thus, there is an increase in the participation
of Gram-negative bacteria, such as propionate
producers and lactate users, in the rumen,
considering that propionate is the most efficient
source of energy for ruminants during ruminal
fermentation. Concomitantly, there is a decrease
in the acetate : propionate relation in the rumen,
increasing the metabolizable energy due to a
reduction in acetate production (PRADO et al.,
2010). There is greater availability of food-derived
protein in the small intestine, due to a decrease in
proteolytic and fermentative amino acid bacteria,
favoring protein metabolism (RANGEL et al.,
2008).
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Growth performance and safety of meat from cattle feedlot finished with monensin in the ration
Despite the evident benefits, in the European
Union, the use of antibiotics as growth promoters
in feed has been associated with resistance to
antibiotics in humans who consume the products
and co-products of these animals, presumably due
to the presence of residual residues, and has been
banned since 2006 (GATTÁS et al., 2008). However,
according to Russell and Houlihan (2003), the
resistance of humans to antibiotics is not linked to
resistance to ionophores in ruminants, since they are
not used for treatment of human diseases.
Given the significance of monensin sodium
as an additive in ruminant feed, the objective of
the present study was to verify the productive
performance of young bulls fed with or without the
inclusion of monensin sodium in the feed, and to
verify the level of residual depletion at slaughter,
for different periods of ionophore deficiency, in
order to confirm the safety of food for consumers.
Materials and Methods
The work was carried out at the Animal
Production Center (NUPRAN) of the State
University of the Central-West, in Guarapuava,
Paraná, Brazil. Thirty-six crossbred Angus ×
Canchim young bulls were used, with an average
age of 10 months and an initial average weight of
377 kg. The treatments consisted of the supply of a
feed made of 50% corn silage and 50% concentrate
on a dry basis, with ionophore (sodium monensin)
or without ionophore (control).
The ionophore tested was monensin sodium
(Rumimpex®
, Impextraco Latin America Ltda.), at
a dosage of 1.25 g animal−1
day−1
, enough to provide
250 mg animal−1
day−1
of monensin.
The animals were housed in 18 semi-covered
confinement stables, each with an area of 15 m2
,
a concrete feeder and a water tank regulated by a
float. Each stable with two animals was considered
an experimental unit. Confinement lasted 94 days,
with the initial 10 days for adaptation and three
sequential periods of 28 days for evaluation. The
animals were weighed at the beginning and at the
end of each period, after 12 h of solids fasting. Food
management was performed twice a day at 06h00
and at 17h00. Adjustment in the supply was made
daily, in order to offer food ad libitum, considering
leftovers of 5% of dry matter (DM).
The feed was formulated to provide a gain of
1.5 kg of animal live weight day−1
(NRC, 2000).
Food was supplied as fully mixed feed (TMR), and
monensin was offered in TMR in order to guarantee
total ingestion. The feed consisted of 50% corn
silage and 50% concentrate. In preparation of the
concentrate, the following foods were used: ground
corn (70%) with a commercial protein core (30%)
composed of soybean meal, soybean hull, barley
radish, ground corn kernels, calcitic limestone,
dicalcium phosphate, common salt, livestock urea
and vitamin and mineral premix.
Samples of the rations and leftovers were
collected during the experiment. Crude protein
(CP), mineral matter (MM), ethereal extract (EE),
neutral detergent fiber (NDF) with thermostable
α-amylase enzyme and acid detergent fiber (ADF) in
the samples was determined according to Silva and
Queiroz (2009). The total digestible nutrient content
(TDN) was calculated according to the equations
proposed by Weiss et al. (1992). The results of the
analyses are shown in Table 1.
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Table 1. Bromatological analysis of foods and experimental feed.
Parameter Corn silage Corn kernel Protein concentrate Feed1
Dry matter content, % 37.35 90.03 89.99 63.68
Mineral matter (% MS) 2.42 0.76 21.03 4.63
Crude protein (% MS) 5.91 7.60 42.71 12.02
Ethereal extract (% MS) 3.03 3.73 2.34 3.17
Neutral detergent fiber (% MS) 53.61 17.13 22.85 36.23
Fiber in acid detergent (% MS) 29.04 5.93 10.77 18.21
Total digestible nutrients (% MS) 67.51 83.69 69.70 73.50
1
Composition: 50% corn silage + 35% ground corn kernel + 15% protein nucleus.
Estimated total digestible nutrients according to Weiss et al. (1992), by equation NDT (% MS) = CNFvd + PBvd + (EE − 10) ×
2.25 + FDNvd − 70 (CNFvd = truly digestible non-fibrous carbohydrates; PBvd = truly digestible crude protein; FDNvd = truly
digestible neutral detergent fiber; and 70 = discount constant of fecal metabolic constituents).
In evaluation of productive performance during
confinement, daily dry matter intake (DMI),
consumption expressed as a percentage of the live
weight (PDMI), average daily weight gain (ADG)
and feed conversion ratio (FC) were measured.
On days 0, 28, 56 and 84, blood samples were
collected to evaluate the serum biochemical
profile of liver and renal function indicators. A
sample of 20 mL of blood from one animal was
collected per experimental unit, 10 mL of which
was stored in a heparin sodium anticoagulant tube
for quantification of fibrinogen, and 10 mL stored
in tubes for the quantification of gamma glutamyl
transferase (GGT) and aspartate aminotransferase
(AST) enzymes, total serum protein, albumin, urea
and creatinine.
In order to evaluate the apparent digestibility
(AD) of DM of the rations, the total fecal production
of each experimental unit was collected during three
consecutive days; a composite sample of the feces
was sent for dehydration, and the AD of the feed
was determined by mean of the expression: AD (%)
= [(g of MS consumed − g of excreted MS) ÷ g of
MS consumed] × 100.
At the end of the confinement period, after 12
h of solids fasting, the animals were weighed and
sent to the refrigerator. Slaughter followed the
normal flow of the commercial slaughterhouse, in
accordance with the laws in force for the slaughter
of cattle. In the warm carcasses, the weight was
calculated for the return, carcass length, arm length,
arm perimeter, thigh thickness and subcutaneous
fat thickness at the 12th
rib level, according to
the methodologies described by Muller (1987).
In addition, non-integral body components were
weighed.
In order to evaluate the residual depletion of
monensin in edible tissues, the 16 animals receiving
the ionophore were fed without adding the product
for 56 h (four animals), 32 h (six animals) and
16 h (six animals) before slaughter. Fat, muscle,
liver and kidney samples were collected during
slaughter. Only one animal in the control group had
the samples analyzed for calibration purposes for
residue detection. These procedures were performed
according to recommendations contained in VICH
GL48 (2015).
The tissue samples were frozen at −20 °C and
sent to Quimiplan Análises e Consultoria Ltda. for
quantification of monensin by high performance
liquid chromatography coupled to sequential mass
spectrometry. The limit of quantification (LIQ) was
4 μg kg−1
for muscle, liver and kidney, and 12.5 μg
kg−1
forfat,adequatetorespecttherecommendations
of maximum residue limits (MRLs) in Brazil
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Growth performance and safety of meat from cattle feedlot finished with monensin in the ration
(Brazil, 2008), and those observed in the Japanese
Positive List (Japan, 2014) and by Health Canada
(Canada, 2017).
For economic analysis, the average regional
prices occurring in 2014 were considered, which
were: beef cattle at R$ 120.29 per @, beef cattle
at R$ 4.61 per kg live, corn silage at R$ 0.25 per
kg of DM, concentrated feed mixture at R$ 0.72
per kg of DM, and monensin at R$ 16.01 per kg of
Rumimpex®
product.
In the statistical analyses, for data regarding
the productive performance in confinement and for
the evaluation of serum biochemical profile, the
experimental design was completely randomized,
in a scheme of plots subdivided by time into three
periods of evaluation. The data collected were
submitted to analysis of variance with the Tukey
test at 5% significance using the statistical program
SAS (1993).
For the parameters related to AD of the feed, the
experimental design was completely randomized,
where the stable with two animals was considered
by repetition.As for the characteristics of the carcass
and non-carcass components, each animal was a
repetition. The data collected for each variable were
submitted to analysis of variance with a comparison
of the average by the F test at 5% significance, with
the statistical program SAS (1993).
Statistical analyses of residual depletion of
monensin in tissues were performed according to
the model established in the EMEA guide (1996). It
recommends that the waiting period and depletion
products are traced from linear regression analysis
by “Withdrawal-time Calculation Program WT1.4”
software, with a 95% confidence interval. And
in order to be able to draw the depletion curve to
determine the waiting period, at least three datasets
(three restriction times of the active principle before
slaughter) are required, at least one set with higher
values and one with values below the MRL.
Inordertomeettherequirements,testsoflinearity
(F test), homogeneity of variances (Bartlett’s test)
and normality (Shapiro-Wilk) were performed.
The work was developed after approval of
the project by the ethics committee on the use of
animals (CEUA/UNICENTRO) under letter no.
002/2014 of March 12th
, 2014.
A completely randomized design was used,
consisting of two treatments with 10 replicates
for the control treatment and eight replicates for
the treatment with monensin, in a scheme of plots
subdivided by time for some variables.
Results and Discussion
According to Table 2, there was no significant
interaction (P > 0.05) between treatments and
evaluationperiodsforADG,orbetweenconfinement
treatments for DMI, but for DMI there was a
difference (P < 0.05) between periods, showing
an increase in consumption by animals. PDMI
and FC presented a difference (P < 0.05) between
treatments, demonstrating that the animals treated
with monensin showed lower PDMI and better FC.
FC, however, worsened over time. This is due to the
lower energy efficiency and the metabolism of the
animals as maturity progresses, because, according
to Owens et al. (1993), the deposition of adipose
tissue occurring in later stages requires a greater
energetic contribution in relation to the deposition
of muscle tissue.
In this experiment, there was a small decrease in
DMI for the monensin group, but not significantly
different from that for the control group (10.79 vs
11.29kganimal−1
,respectively).PDMIinmonensin-
treated animals decreased by 7% (2.36% vs 2.55%),
with a 14% improvement in FC (8.61 vs 10.06 kg
kg−1
) (Table 2), and in feed efficiency (12.16% vs
10.84%) compared to those fed the control feed,
with no significant changes in ADG. Duffield et
al. (2012) collected data from 64 studies, including
articles and reports on monensin feeding in beef
cattle from the last 40 years. They obtained from the
compilation of data a decrease in DM consumption
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in the order of 3%, improvement in daily weight
gain of 2.5% and an increase in feed efficiency of
6.4% when monensin was included in the feed at
an average concentration of 28.1 ppm, in relation to
the control feed. These findings were also verified
in the present study, in which the decrease in DMI
was 4.43%, the improvement in daily weight gain
was 6.71% and the increase in food efficiency was
10.86% for monensin treatment, corroborating the
data presented by Duffield et al. (2012).
This happens, according to Ladeira et al. (2014),
because of changes in the ruminal microbiota which
increase the proportion of propionate and alter
satiety mechanisms, reducing the amount of food
ingested and increasing the frequency of meals,
since propionate is oxidized in the liver as a source
of energy. The physiological effect of the energy
level regulates consumption, and, in this case, an
increase in energy efficiency favors the reduction of
consumption (FERREIRAAND ALVES, 2016).
Table 2. Effect of monensin on the productive performance of young bulls in confinement.
Treatment
Confinement period (days)
Average
1st
period (0–28) 2nd
period (29–56) 3rd
period (57–84)
Daily gain of average weight (kg animal−1
)
Control 1.266 1.230 1.175 1.224 A
Monensin 1.371 1.290 1.275 1.312 A
Average 1.318 a 1.260 a 1.225 a
Daily consumption of dry matter (kg animal−1
)
Control 10.75 11.21 11.91 11.29 A
Monensin 10.12 10.91 11.34 10.79 A
Average 10.43 b 11.06 ab 11.63 a
Consumption in relation to live weight (%)
Control 2.63 2.52 2.49 2.55 A
Monensin 2.41 2.38 2.30 2.36 B
Average 2.52 a 2.45 a 2.39 a
Food conversion (kg kg−1
)
Control 8.96 10.28 10.94 10.06 A
Monensin 7.66 8.87 9.29 8.61 B
Average 8.31 b 9.58 ab 10.11 a
Averages, followed by capital letters, in a column, are different by F test at 5%.
Averages, followed by lowercase letters, in a row, are different by Tukey test at 5%.
Concomitant with these effects, changes in the
ruminal fermentation parameters expected through
the effects of monensin promoted an increase (P
< 0.05) of 17 kg in farm live weight and of 13 kg
in warm carcass weight, in addition to an increase
in subcutaneous fat thickness (4.97 vs 4.25 mm)
(Table 3).
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Growth performance and safety of meat from cattle feedlot finished with monensin in the ration
Table 3. Effect of monensin on the carcass traits of confined finishing young bulls.
Parameter
Treatment
Average Prob. CV (%)
Monensin Control
Farm live weight (kg) 511.0 a 494.0 b 502.0 0.024 2.8
Warm carcass weight (kg) 285.0 a 272.0 b 278.0 0.014 3.4
Carcass return (%) 55.72 a 55.03 a 55.38 0.075 1.4
Carcass length (m) 1.28 a 1.27 a 1.27 0.828 1.6
Thigh width (cm) 22.06 a 21.63 a 21.84 0.635 9.1
Arm width (cm) 38.53 a 37.98 a 38.25 0.377 3.5
Arm perimeter (cm) 41.34 a 41.63 a 41.48 0.747 4.6
Fat thickness (mm) 4.97 a 4.25 b 4.61 0.002 7.7
Averages, followed by lowercase letters, in a row, are different by F test at 5%.
Barducci et al. (2013) evaluated young Brangus
bullsinacontainmentsystem,withsodiummonensin
supplementation, and also observed higher final
weight of supplemented animals in comparison to
the control group (475 vs 460 kg), higher hot carcass
weight (248 vs 240 kg), and no significant difference
for carcass return (52% for both), while Ladeira et
al. (2014) obtained higher carcass return (56% vs
54.5%) and higher subcutaneous fat thickness for
monensin-treated animals. Such increases can be
explained by the increase in metabolizable energy of
the feed. According to Oliveira et al. (2007), higher
fat deposition may be due to an increase in the total
production of short chain fatty acids, concomitant
with a reduction in methane production.
In Table 4, it is possible to verify that there was
no significant effect of monensin on daily manure
production or on DM AD.
Table 4. Effect of monensin on manure, natural matter (NM) or dry matter (DM) production, and apparent digestibility
(AA) of bulls fed diets.
Parameter
Treatment
Average Prob. CV (%)
Monensin Control
Production of manure (kg day−1
of NM) 15.39 a 16.98 a 16.19 0.172 14.60
Dry matter of manure (%) 19.33 a 19.40 a 19.37 0.783 2.84
Production of manure (kg day−1
of DM) 2.98 a 3.29 a 3.19 0.147 13.51
Apparent digestibility (%) 72.79 a 70.69 a 71.71 0.104 3.65
Averages, followed by different lowercase letters, in a row, are different by F test at 5%.
Numerically, the monensin treatment presented
higher AD (72.79% vs 70.69%). Borges et al.
(2008) also obtained a non-significant increase in
the digestibility coefficient of ruminally cannulated
cowsof66.4%vs60.4%fortreatmentwithmonensin
and control, respectively. Zeoula et al. (2008) found
an increase of 8% in AD of DM with the use of
monensin, and an increase in total digestibility of
CP in the intestine, while Oliveira et al. (2007) did
not obtain alterations in the digestibility of DM and
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nutrients for sheep supplemented with monensin.
Ionophores regularly have the action of increasing
the digestibility of DM and starch in food based on
grains, because there is a decrease in food intake;
consequently, ruminal microflora have more time
for digestion, considering the decrease in the rate of
passage (RUSSELL; HOULIHAN, 2003).
The data from the present study also showed that
the inclusion of monensin in the feed of confined
cattle did not present a statistically significant effect
on serum biochemical markers (Table 5) related to
renal, inflammatory and hepatic function, proving
that the dosage used did not affect the physiological
functions of the animals. However, evaluation
period had a significant effect on some parameters.
The inference that the inclusion of monensin does
not cause inflammatory disorders is evidenced by
fibrinogen, the main indicator of acute inflammation
in ruminants (KANEKO, 2008), which in all
evaluations remained below the reference values.
According to Table 5, the levels of plasma
protein, fibrinogen, GGT, urea and creatinine
presented a significant change (P < 0.05) according
to the evaluation period, independent of monensin
treatment. These variables showed changes
depending on the age and development of the
animal. This alteration is related to changes in
metabolism and body composition due to changes
in the deposition rate of bone, muscle and adipose
tissue until body maturity occurs (OWENS et al.,
1993).
Nogueira et al. (2009) reported that excessive
dosage of ionophores might lead to an increase in
plasma creatine and AST due to the progression of
muscle damage, while França et al. (2009) reported
cardiac and skeletal lesions in sheep that died due to
monensin sodium poisoning. There was no increase
in these serum parameters during the evaluation,
which indicates use of a dosage that does not impair
animal musculoskeletal metabolism.
Table 5. Effect of monensin on serum biochemical markers related to hepatic, inflammatory and renal function of
confined young bulls, according to evaluation days.
Treatment
Evaluation period
Reference value1
Day 0 Day 28 Day 56 Day 84
Plasma protein (g dL−1
)
Control 8.05 ± 0.6 6.87 ± 0.5 8.12 ± 0.9 8.8 ± 0.6
6.97–8.85
Monensin 8.18 ± 0.6 6.99 ± 0.4 7.87 ± 1.0 8.74 ± 0.6
Additive effect (M)2
Prob > F = 0.5190
Effect period (P)2
Prob > F = 0.003
Interaction M*P2
Prob > F = 0.7342
Albumin (mg dL−1
)
Control 4.51 ± 0.4 4.34 ± 0.2 4.19 ± 0.6 4.15 ± 0.3
2.82–3.55
Monensin 4.58 ± 0.3 4.48 ± 0.2 4.28 ± 0.5 4.24 ± 0.1
Additive effect (M)2
Prob > F = 0.3641
Effect period (P)2
Prob > F = 0.1061
Interaction M*P2
Prob > F = 0.9875
continue
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Growth performance and safety of meat from cattle feedlot finished with monensin in the ration
Plasma fibrinogen (g dL−1
)
Control 0.64 ± 0.1 0.42 ± 0.2 0.34 ± 0.2 0.84 ± 0.3
300–700
Monensin 0.60 ± 0.2 0.50 ± 0.2 0.30 ± 0.2 0.68 ± 0.3
Additive effect (M)2
Prob > F = 0.5190
Effect period (P)2
Prob > F = 0.0003
Interaction M*P2
Prob > F = 0.4683
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST UI L−1
)
Control 61.1 ± 12.7 74.6 ± 19.7 87.8 ± 30.7 69.7 ± 11.9
47.9–89.4
Monensin 76.7 ± 25.6 76.9 ± 13.1 80.2 ± 27.1 81.4 ± 18.2
Additive effect (M)2
Prob > F = 0.3529
Effect period (P)2
Prob > F = 0.1153
Interaction M*P2
Prob > F = 0.4648
Glutamyl transferase range (GGT UI L−1
)
Control 8.6 ± 3.3 17.8 ± 3.4 15.1 ± 5.4 13.9 ± 7.2
9.2–24.3
Monensin 7.5 ± 3.2 19.0 ± 4.4 12.2 ± 5.5 10.9 ± 5.0
Additive effect (M)2
Prob > F = 0.2879
Effect period (P)2
Prob > F = 0.0032
Interaction M*P2
Prob > F = 0.6589
Urea (mg dL−1
)
Control 19.3 ± 4.6 24.1 ± 5.5 35.0 ± 8.5 33.9 ± 6.6
28.7–48.8
Monensin 19.9 ± 5.3 23.8 ± 2.1 31.9 ± 8.3 33.7 ± 4.6
Additive effect (M)2
Prob > F = 0.7211
Effect period (P)2
Prob > F = < 0.0001
Interaction M*P2
Prob > F = 0.6616
Creatinine (mg dL−1
)
Control 1.10 ± 0.3 1.62 ± 0.5 1.60 ± 0.4 1.58 ± 0.2
1.08–1.88
Monensin 1.18 ± 0.3 1.64 ± 0.2 1.38 ± 0.2 1.70 ± 0.2
Additive effect (M)2
Prob > F = 0.8162
Effect period (P)2
Prob > F = < 0.0001
Interaction M*P2
Prob > F = 0.1651
1
Adapted from: Kaneko (2008); Lopes, Biondo and Santos (2007); Cardoso et al. (2011).
2
Values of Prob > F related to multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA; P < 0.05).
continuation
According to Table 6, no monensin residues
were detected in the animal tissue samples,
regardless of the waiting period. The concentrations
of monensin obtained in different animal tissues
(muscle, fat, liver and kidney) after 16, 32 and
56 h of product suppression prior to slaughter of
animals (grace period) were lower than the residual
ceilings imposed by the Japanese Positive List
(2014), Codex Alimentarius (2014) and Normative
Instruction Nº10 of BRASIL (2008). According to
Donoho (1984), even in intoxicated animals, the
concentrations of monensin in blood and tissue are
relatively low.
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Neumann, M. et al.
Table 6. Concentration of monensin in bovine tissues after different periods between suspension of consumption of
the product and slaughter of animals (waiting period).
Tissue
Recommended residual maximum limit (RML)
LIQ4
Concentration of monensin according
to the waiting period
LPJ1
CODEX2
IN Nº133
56 h 32 h 16 h
(µg kg−1
)
Muscle 50 10 - 4 < 1.0 < 1.0 < 1.0
Fat 50 100 - 12.5 < 5.0 < 5.0 < 5.0
Liver 50 100 20 4 < 5.0 < 5.0 < 5.0
Kidney 50 10 - 4 < 5.0 < 5.0 < 5.0
1
Source: Japanese Positive List (CODEX) (2014).
2
Source: Codex Alimentarius (2014).
3
Source: Normative Instruction Nº10 (2008).
4
The limit of quantification (LIQ) must correspond to at most half of the lowest RML established for each tissue.
Donoho (1984) describes the use of 30 ppm
of monensin in bovine feed, with a waiting
period for slaughter equivalent to 12 h from
the last administration to analysis of the tissue
concentration. The results obtained by the author
indicate concentrations in muscle, kidney and fat
lower than 0.025 ppm, and in the liver varying from
0.21 to 0.59 ppm. These results are considerably
lower than those obtained in dogs and extrapolated
to humans deemed to cause slight changes in
coronary blood flow (0.69 mg kg−1
of body weight),
demonstrating the impossibility of disturbances
caused by the intake of products from animals fed
with monensin.
In addition, human resistance to antibiotics is
related to the use of ionophores in ruminants, but
Russell and Houlihan (2003) point out that there
is no interconnection since they are not used for
treatment of human diseases. Thus, the use of
ionophores in animal feed is not likely to impact the
transfer of resistance to antibiotics from animal to
man, since the concentrations used are insufficient
to result in residues and to influence human health
(DONOHO, 1984).
As for non-carcass components (Table 7),
these were not altered (P > 0.05) by the addition
of monensin to the feed. No significant differences
were observed in treatments regarding the carcass
return, so it is suggested that the organs represent
the same proportion of the empty body (LADEIRA
et al., 2014). Furthermore, the use of monensin at an
appropriate dose did not compromise the anatomical
structure of any organ, confirming the safety of its
use in ruminant feeding.
In Table 8, it is possible to observe that the use of
monensin for finishing cattle promoted an increase
of R$ 122.84 in the profit margin per animal, and
the animals not treated with monensin caused
losses to the producer. This is explained possibly
by the reduction of PDMI, and improved FC,
which reduces the cost per kg of gain of animals
supplemented with monensin.
According to Russell and Houlihan (2003),
the improvement in growth and efficiency in
animal production with the use of antibiotics as
performance improvers is less than 10%, but the
economic benefit of use may be as large as the profit
margin of production. This fact can be verified by
the present experiment, in which the profit obtained
was due to use of monensin sodium.
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Semina: Ciências Agrárias, Londrina, v. 39, n. 2, p. 697-710, mar./abr. 2018
Growth performance and safety of meat from cattle feedlot finished with monensin in the ration
Table 7. Effect of monensin on the non-integral components of the carcass of finished young bulls in confinement.
Parameter (kg)
Treatment
Average Prob. CV (%)
Monensin Control
Heart 1.72 a 1.71 a 1.71 0.775 6.6
Liver 5.35 a 5.50 a 5.43 0.446 7.9
Lungs 4.22 a 4.44 a 4.33 0.251 9.2
Kidneys 0.96 a 1.00 a 0.98 0.395 10.7
Spleen 1.86 a 1.50 a 1.68 0.060 18.9
Full rumen/reticle 43.33 a 41.90 a 42.61 0.419 8.8
Empty rumen/reticle 8.29 a 8.19 a 8.24 0.703 6.9
Full abomasum 4.81 a 4.61 a 4.71 0.484 13.1
Empty abomasom 4.00 a 4.13 a 4.06 0.608 13.3
Full intestines 30.94 a 31.64 a 31.29 0.592 9.0
Head 12.66 a 12.24 a 12.45 0.174 4.9
Tongue 0.92 a 0.91 a 0.91 0.625 7.2
Leather 47.22 a 44.65 a 45.93 0.059 4.4
Tail 1.53 a 1.45 a 1.49 0.373 13.2
Paw 10.97 a 10.95 a 10.96 0.958 6.4
Averages, followed by lowercase letters, in a row, are different by F test at 5%.
Table 8. Economic analysis of the addition of monensin to finishing rations of confined bulls.
Parameter (R$ per animal)
Treatment
Monensin Control
Daily cost of food 5.21 5.45
Daily cost with monensin 0.02 0.00
Total food cost in the period 439.20 457.79
Cost of lean cattle 1.738.39 1.738.39
Gross revenue 2.285.51 2.181.26
Profit margin 107.92 −14.92
Conclusion
The inclusion of monensin in feed favored
the performance in confinement of young bulls,
reducing DM intake and improving FC, these being
determinant factors to guarantee the profit margin
of the activity.
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Neumann, M. et al.
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