In recent years, aquaculture has gained in importance as a renewable source of dietary protein and as a viable commercial activity. To maintain this position in the future and to continue to provide a good investment opportunity, the problems the sector currently faces must be addressed. One of the more important of these concerns is the cost of feed, which is estimated to be 50-60 percent of the total cost of production. Numerous studies on the use of different feed formulations, feed ingredients and feeding techniques have been conducted (Kaushik et al., 2004; Thiessen et al., 2003; Martinez et al., 2004; Enes et al.,2006; Izquierdo et al., 2003). These studies have included assessments of various alternative raw materials, vitamins and minerals, monitoring the amount of feed provided to the fish, and the addition of pigments and other feed additives to the diet. In particular, various feed additives with growth promoting properties came into prominence in these studies (Francis et al., 2005; Haroun et al., 2006; Abdel-Tawwab et al., 2008; Lara-Flores et al., 2003; Li and Gatlin, 2004;). Growth promoting feed additives may contain different ingredients as plant extracts, organic acids, probiotics, hormones etc.

1. November | December 2012
Effect of Sangrovit® on the growth and
performance of sea bass
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The International magazine for the aquaculture feed industry

2. FEATURE
Effect of Sangrovit
®
on the growth and performance of sea bass
by Dr. Ali Y. Korkut and Dr. Aysun Kop, E.U. Faculty of Fisheries, Aquaculture Department, Izmir, Turkey
I
n recent years, aquaculture has gained in In the present study, the effect of Sangrovit® and 100 ppm (Group C) diet. The control and
importance as a renewable source of dietary on growth, feed utilisation, and liver and visceral treatment group diets were formulated as 2 mm
protein and as a viable commercial activity. fat reduction of sea bass, was investigated. extruded pellets by Agromarin Feed Factory
To maintain this position in the future and to in Turkey. The nurient content of this pellet is
continue to provide a good investment opportu- Materials and methods described in Table 1.
nity, the problems the sector currently faces must This work was conducted at the Aegean The diets were prepared under special
be addressed.One of the more important of these University Faculty of Fisheries
concerns is the cost of feed, which is estimated hatchery facilities in Urla-Iskele in
Table 1: Formulation of experimental diets.
to be 50-60 percent of the total cost of produc- Turkey. Sea bass fry (average live
tion. Numerous studies on the use of different weight = 17.03 ± 0.43 g) were Raw Materials Group A Group B Group C
feed formulations, feed ingredients and feeding placed in nine 300 litre cylindrical-
techniques have been conducted (Kaushik et al., conical polyester tanks (Figure Herring meal* 260 260 260
2004; Thiessen et al., 2003; Martinez et al., 2004; 1). In this study, 585 sea bass in Anchovy meal** 180 180 180
Enes et al.,2006; Izquierdo et al., 2003). These total were used. Sixty five fish
Fish oil* 127 127 127
studies have included assessments of various were placed in each tank, and
alternative raw materials, vitamins and minerals, there were three replications per Soybean meal*** 217,97 217,47 216,97
monitoring the amount of feed provided to treatment. The experiment was Corn gluten 60% CP 30 30 30
the fish, and the addition of pigments and other conducted during the month of Wheat gluten 10 10 10
feed additives to the diet. In particular, various March, April and May 2010, for Wheat meal 165 165 165
feed additives with growth promoting properties a total of 90 days. The hatchery
Vitamin/mineral Premix 10 10 10
came into prominence in these studies (Francis et water was obtained directly from
al., 2005; Haroun et al., 2006;Abdel-Tawwab et al., the sea by passing it through sand Methionine and Lysine 0,03 0,03 0,03
2008; Lara-Flores et al., 2003; Li and Gatlin, 2004;). filters in an open system, without Sangrovit® (ppm) 0 50 100
Growth promoting feed additives may contain the use of any heating apparatus.
different ingredients as plant extracts, organic Water temperature was between Moisture max 12 12 12
acids, probiotics, hormones etc. 14.3 ±0.18 and 16.49 ±0.170C,
Crude ash max 12 12 12
dissolved oxygen was between
The benzo[c]phenanthridine and protopin 7.43±0.02 and 6.37±0.05 mg l-1. Crude protein min 44 44 44
alkaloids (QBA/PA) extracted from plants are The fish were fed three times Crude fat min 16 16 16
known to have antimicrobial, anti-inflamatory, and a day at rate of 0.7% - 1.1% of Starch max 10 10 10
immune-modulatory effects (Vieira et al., 2008; total live weight, depending on Metabolic energy Kcal/kg 3470 3470 3470
Rawling et al., 2009). These alkaloids the water temperature during the
Crude fibre max 2,5 2,5 2,5
include sanguinarine, chelerythrine allocryptopine experiment.
*65,5% CP, Peru
and Protopin. Three experimental diets were
**71% CP, North of Turkey
The commercial product Sangrovit®, an formulated (44% crude protein, ***44% CP, ASA, USA
organic and plant-based material containing 16% fat, 12% ash, and 3470 Cal/kg aProvided per kg of diet: 15 mg of vitamin A (500,000
benzo[c]phenanthridine and protopin alkaloids diet) (Table 1) to contain different IU/g); 15 mg of vitamin D3 (100,000 IU/g); 60 mg
(QBA/PA), increases feed intake in various ani- levels of Sangrovit® premix (1:10 of vitamin E (500 IU/g); 2.5 mg of vitamin K; 7.5 mg
of thiamin; 15 mg of riboflavin; 7.5 mg of pyridoxine;
mals categories such as swine and poultry and dilution) (ANC Animal Nutrition
87.5 mg of nicotinic acid; 2.5 mg of folic acid; 25 mg
may stimulate digestive enzyme secretion, which Center, PHYTO BIOTICS) which of vitamin B12 (1,000 mg/kg); .5 g of inositol; 62.5 mg
would improve feed digestibility, nutrient avail- was supplemented at 0.0 (control of biotin (2%); 25 mg of calcium pantothenate; 2 g of
ability and thereby feed conversion. Group A), 50 ppm (Group B) choline (50%).
28 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | november-December 2012

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4. FEATURE
conditions, and imported Sangrovit® was
added to the experimental feeds after being
dissolved in fish oil. Biometric measurements
for growth performance (body weight, total
length, fork length) were obtained at the
beginning of the study, and this process was
repeated every 30 days. Fish body weight
was determined using a 0.001 g precision
scale, and body length was measured using
a 30 cm ruler. Growth performance and
feed utilisation were assessed by net weight
gain (NWG), Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR),
Spezific Growth Rate (SGR) and Condition
Factor (CF). Calculations of this formulations
were made as follows:
FCR= feed intake/ weight gain (Barrias and
Oliva-Teles, 2000)
SGR= (ln Final Weight/ ln Initial Weight)/
days (Barrias and Oliva-Teles, 2000)
CF= Final Weight/( Final Length)3
Fish were anesthetised with a phenoxy-phe-
nolic compound. Also, at the beginning and at the
end of the experiment, five fish from each tank Results and discussion There have been few Sangrovit® studies
were dissected to obtain their internal organs, The water parameters reflected the natural conducted using aquatic species, but Rawling et
liver weights were recorded, and the visceros- water conditions in the location where the study al, 2009 reported on the effect of Sangrovit®
omatic (VSI) and was conducted. They were characteristic spring in red tilapia (O. niloticus). Fish were fed equal
hepatosomatic (HSI )indexes were then calcu- semester conditions, and this environment had amounts of diets containing various proportions
lated. Calculations were made using the following no negative impact on fish development or of Sangrovit® for 60 days: 25 mg/kg (Diet 25S),
formulae (Metailler, 1986; Kaushik, 1998; Martinez behavior, their feeding pattern, and or on the level 50 mg/kg (Diet 50S) 75 mg/kg (Diet 75S) and
and Vasquez, 2001; Ho�su et al., 2003; Cheng et of stress that they were subjected to. 100 mg/kg (Diet 100S), and growth, performance
al., 2005; Korkut et al., 2007): During the study period, fish average live weight and health status were subsequently monitored.
and live weight gain The Sangrovit®-fed fish gained signifi-
Table 2: Growth Performance Parameters for Experimental Groups for all treatment cantly more weight (71.85±8.98, 67.85±3.32,
Parameters Group A Group B Group C groups increased 66.80±1.98, 67.70±8.06 respectively) than
(Control) (50 ppm) (100ppm) incrementally (Table control fish (51.00±1.84). SGR was significantly
2). Final average improved in Sangrovit®-fed fish (4.05±0.20,
Initial number of fish 180 180 180
body weights for 3.98±0.08, 3.94±0.05, 3.96±0.18 respectively)
Groups A, B and C versus control fish (3.54±0.06).
Initial Average Live
17.027±0,36 17.037±0,44 17.027±0,49 were 49.907±1.28 Similarly, we have shown here that sea bass,
Weight (g)
g, 55.243±1.03 g, when fed 100 ppm Sangrovit® for 90 days, exhibit
Final Average Live
49.907±1.28a 55.243±1.03a 62.217±1.35b and 62.217±1.35 g, a significant improvement in body weight gain over
Weight (g)
respectively. Group fish that receive no Sangrovit in the diet. The values
Live Weight Gain (g) 32.88±0.41a 38.21±0.83b 45.19±1.18b
A and Group B final for FCR for all groups were similar, but fish growth,
Mortality (number of average body weights body weight gain and SGR for fish in Group C (100
36 35 36
dead fish)
were not significantly ppm) were significantly different from the control
FCR 1.29 1.27 1.26 different (p>0.05), group. These data suggest that the application of
SGR 0.67a 0.71b 0.74b but the final average Sangrovit® to the diet of sea bass from the fry
VSI 6.84 6.81 6.69 body weight of the stage through to harvest can contribute to low
fish in Group C was mortality, a good FCR, and improved growth and
HSI 1.79 1.73 1.67
significantly greater performance relative to fish that do not consume
CF 0.92 1.01 1.14
(p<0.05) than was Sangrovit®. However, studies on commercial farms
Values expressed as means±standard deviation the final average (soil pools, net cages, etc.) may provide different
abSignificant differences between groups are indicated by difference in body weight of fish in results, due to the varying environmental and feed-
superscript letters. Group A. ing conditions that would be encountered.
Mortality during In conclusion, recent increases in raw mate-
HSI= Liver Weight/Body Weight x 100 the experiment was 20 percent, 19.4 percent and rial prices have made it necessary to find alterna-
VSI= Viscera Weight/ Body Weight x 100 20 percent for Groups A, B and C, respectively tive feed ingredients and feed additives that will
ANOVA was used to assess variance within (Table 2). The values for FCR, SGR, VSI, HSI and help to reduce the overall cost of the rations.
and among treatment groups and repetitions, CF are listed in Table 2, and although incremental Sangrovit® has been shown here to have a
and differences between initial and final measured trends are evident for each parameter based on positive impact on the growth and performance
values were assessed using the t-test. Due to a Sangrovit® content, there were no significant of sea bass, warranting its inclusion in the feeding
lack of homogeneity among groups, data were differences (p>0.05) among treatment groups, program of this economically important species.
analysed using the Kruskal-Willis test. Statistical except for the SGR in Group C (SGR 0.74),
analysis was conducted using SPSS 09.01 for which was elevated relative to Group A (control) References
Windows. (SGR 0.67) (p<0.05). Available from the publisher on request
november-December 2012 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 29

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