After the BSE crisis in the EU in late 2001, processed animal proteins (PAPs) were banned from utilisation in feeds for aquaculture and livestock. Some products were re-introduced in 2005 (blood products, milk products, hydrolyzed proteins, gelatin) as they did not pose any risk of transferring BSE to consumption animals. Meanwhile the bulk of processed animal proteins was used for other applications and exported to markets outside Europe.
With aquaculture becoming increasingly important for the production of animal proteins on a global scale, it is no wonder that interest has also grown in the optimisation of the nutritional and technological quality of aquafeeds.
Knowledge of amino acid (AA) digestibility of feed ingredients is necessary to feed broilers with
properly balanced compound diets. For this reason, more attention has recently been given to the
determination of AA digestibility of ingredients, recognizing that it may vary greatly depending
upon the feed ingredient. The effects of the inclusion of a mono-component serine protease
(Ronozyme® ProAct) on standardized ileal amino acid digestibility (SIAAD) of diets containing wheat
by-products (wheat DDGS (WDDGS) and wheat middlings (WM)) were evaluated in broilers.
- Improvement of SIAAD in the presence of protease is not the same for all AA and varies from one ingredient to another one. The effects of added protease are dependent on feed composition and on intrinsic digestibility of AA (COWIESON and ROOS (2014)).
- Factors such as type and quality of the ingredients, industrial processing and the presence of anti-nutritional substances such as tannins, phytates, trypsin inhibitors in plant species modulate the digestibility in poultry feed and thus the effectiveness of exogenous protease.
-The physiological state of animals (growth or maintenance), feed consumption or the nutritional feed quality could also influence the digestibility values.
With aquaculture becoming increasingly important for the production of animal proteins on a global scale, it is no wonder that interest has also grown in the optimisation of the nutritional and technological quality of aquafeeds.
Knowledge of amino acid (AA) digestibility of feed ingredients is necessary to feed broilers with
properly balanced compound diets. For this reason, more attention has recently been given to the
determination of AA digestibility of ingredients, recognizing that it may vary greatly depending
upon the feed ingredient. The effects of the inclusion of a mono-component serine protease
(Ronozyme® ProAct) on standardized ileal amino acid digestibility (SIAAD) of diets containing wheat
by-products (wheat DDGS (WDDGS) and wheat middlings (WM)) were evaluated in broilers.
- Improvement of SIAAD in the presence of protease is not the same for all AA and varies from one ingredient to another one. The effects of added protease are dependent on feed composition and on intrinsic digestibility of AA (COWIESON and ROOS (2014)).
- Factors such as type and quality of the ingredients, industrial processing and the presence of anti-nutritional substances such as tannins, phytates, trypsin inhibitors in plant species modulate the digestibility in poultry feed and thus the effectiveness of exogenous protease.
-The physiological state of animals (growth or maintenance), feed consumption or the nutritional feed quality could also influence the digestibility values.
Research has demonstrated that phytase is the only enzyme that is able to initiate
the release of phosphorus (P) from the phytate molecule, making it available for
absorption and utilization (Selle and Ravindran, 2007). The industrial demand for
phytases with greater potency in intestinal phytate hydrolysis and better heat
stability continues to stimulate the search for new enzyme sources. Enzyme
preparations with phytases derived from A. ficuum, Peniophora lycii and E. coli are
available commercially. More recently, new microbial 6-phytases produced by
synthetic genes, mimicking a gene from C. braakii or isolated from Buttiauxella,
were introduced into the market.
Enzyme technology is an integral tool for the brewing, baking and textile industries. In agriculture there is great potential for enzymes too but this is yet to be fully exploited. However, animal nutrition is one area in which the use of feed enzymes is becoming increasingly important.
Bureau DP 2010 Assessment of the Nutritive Value of Animal Proteins XIV ISFNFDominique Bureau
Presentation made at the Worlshop on Alternative Feed Protein Sources held during the XIV International Symposium on Fish Nutrition and Feeding in Qingdao, PR China on 1 June 2010.
Unlocking the hidden potential of plant proteins using solid state fermentati...International Aquafeed
In the terrestrial animal feed industry the use of exogenous enzymes is a relatively common practice and today the global feed enzyme market is worth more than US$550 million. This saves the global feed market an estimated US$3-5 billion per year. To date the use of enzymes in aquaculture feeds has been limited, but interest is growing due to the increasing use of plant based protein ingredients and their by-products.
In recent years, aquaculture has gained in importance as a renewable source of dietary protein and as a viable commercial activity. To maintain this position in the future and to continue to provide a good investment opportunity, the problems the sector currently faces must be addressed. One of the more important of these concerns is the cost of feed, which is estimated to be 50-60 percent of the total cost of production. Numerous studies on the use of different feed formulations, feed ingredients and feeding techniques have been conducted (Kaushik et al., 2004; Thiessen et al., 2003; Martinez et al., 2004; Enes et al.,2006; Izquierdo et al., 2003). These studies have included assessments of various alternative raw materials, vitamins and minerals, monitoring the amount of feed provided to the fish, and the addition of pigments and other feed additives to the diet. In particular, various feed additives with growth promoting properties came into prominence in these studies (Francis et al., 2005; Haroun et al., 2006; Abdel-Tawwab et al., 2008; Lara-Flores et al., 2003; Li and Gatlin, 2004;). Growth promoting feed additives may contain different ingredients as plant extracts, organic acids, probiotics, hormones etc.
Peas (Pisum sativum) are one of the four most important crops next to soybean, groundnut, and beans. It is a particularly important legume in temperate areas with numerous food (dry seed, vegetable) and feed (seed, fodder) usages.
Replacement of Fish Meal with Fish Head Meal in the Diet on the Growth and Fe...theijes
The availability of fish head meal (FHM) as a substitute for fish meal (FM) was evaluated in lobster (initial weight: ±0.02) diets containing three levels of FHM (from 0, 25% and 50%). After 90 days, weight gain averages were g for fish fed diet in which FM was partially substituted with 100, 75, and 50 % FHM, and feed conversion ratios were 3.20, 3.05, 4.01, 3.65 and 4.46, respectively. No differences were obtained in weight gain, FCR, FE and SR for all treatments. The lobster fed diet C (50% FM : 50% FHM) was highest in FE and followed by the shrimp fed diet B (75% FM),diet A (100% FM), respectively. SR was highest in the lobster fed diet C and the lowest was found in the lobster fed diet A. This study concluded that FHM could replace FM up to 50% in the diet without compromising growth and survival rate of rock lobster juvenile.
Fish as a source of animal protein has played an important role in the nutritional budgeting of many nations. Fish production is becoming a very important source of valuable protein food. Fishmeal is the major protein source in aquaculture feeds.
Current challenges and opportunities in amino acid nutrition of salmonidsInternational Aquafeed
Fishmeal is still one of the main protein sources used in commercial feeds for trout and salmon. But its availability is shrinking and its cost is increasing year by year. The sustainability of the aquaculture industry depends largely on its capability to replace fishmeal with alternative sources of protein, and to reduce the currently excessive protein levels commonly applied in the formulation of commercial diets. At the same time, feeds must be formulated to be effective in covering the nutrient requirements of specific species in order to maximise growth.
Research has demonstrated that phytase is the only enzyme that is able to initiate
the release of phosphorus (P) from the phytate molecule, making it available for
absorption and utilization (Selle and Ravindran, 2007). The industrial demand for
phytases with greater potency in intestinal phytate hydrolysis and better heat
stability continues to stimulate the search for new enzyme sources. Enzyme
preparations with phytases derived from A. ficuum, Peniophora lycii and E. coli are
available commercially. More recently, new microbial 6-phytases produced by
synthetic genes, mimicking a gene from C. braakii or isolated from Buttiauxella,
were introduced into the market.
Enzyme technology is an integral tool for the brewing, baking and textile industries. In agriculture there is great potential for enzymes too but this is yet to be fully exploited. However, animal nutrition is one area in which the use of feed enzymes is becoming increasingly important.
Bureau DP 2010 Assessment of the Nutritive Value of Animal Proteins XIV ISFNFDominique Bureau
Presentation made at the Worlshop on Alternative Feed Protein Sources held during the XIV International Symposium on Fish Nutrition and Feeding in Qingdao, PR China on 1 June 2010.
Unlocking the hidden potential of plant proteins using solid state fermentati...International Aquafeed
In the terrestrial animal feed industry the use of exogenous enzymes is a relatively common practice and today the global feed enzyme market is worth more than US$550 million. This saves the global feed market an estimated US$3-5 billion per year. To date the use of enzymes in aquaculture feeds has been limited, but interest is growing due to the increasing use of plant based protein ingredients and their by-products.
In recent years, aquaculture has gained in importance as a renewable source of dietary protein and as a viable commercial activity. To maintain this position in the future and to continue to provide a good investment opportunity, the problems the sector currently faces must be addressed. One of the more important of these concerns is the cost of feed, which is estimated to be 50-60 percent of the total cost of production. Numerous studies on the use of different feed formulations, feed ingredients and feeding techniques have been conducted (Kaushik et al., 2004; Thiessen et al., 2003; Martinez et al., 2004; Enes et al.,2006; Izquierdo et al., 2003). These studies have included assessments of various alternative raw materials, vitamins and minerals, monitoring the amount of feed provided to the fish, and the addition of pigments and other feed additives to the diet. In particular, various feed additives with growth promoting properties came into prominence in these studies (Francis et al., 2005; Haroun et al., 2006; Abdel-Tawwab et al., 2008; Lara-Flores et al., 2003; Li and Gatlin, 2004;). Growth promoting feed additives may contain different ingredients as plant extracts, organic acids, probiotics, hormones etc.
Peas (Pisum sativum) are one of the four most important crops next to soybean, groundnut, and beans. It is a particularly important legume in temperate areas with numerous food (dry seed, vegetable) and feed (seed, fodder) usages.
Replacement of Fish Meal with Fish Head Meal in the Diet on the Growth and Fe...theijes
The availability of fish head meal (FHM) as a substitute for fish meal (FM) was evaluated in lobster (initial weight: ±0.02) diets containing three levels of FHM (from 0, 25% and 50%). After 90 days, weight gain averages were g for fish fed diet in which FM was partially substituted with 100, 75, and 50 % FHM, and feed conversion ratios were 3.20, 3.05, 4.01, 3.65 and 4.46, respectively. No differences were obtained in weight gain, FCR, FE and SR for all treatments. The lobster fed diet C (50% FM : 50% FHM) was highest in FE and followed by the shrimp fed diet B (75% FM),diet A (100% FM), respectively. SR was highest in the lobster fed diet C and the lowest was found in the lobster fed diet A. This study concluded that FHM could replace FM up to 50% in the diet without compromising growth and survival rate of rock lobster juvenile.
Fish as a source of animal protein has played an important role in the nutritional budgeting of many nations. Fish production is becoming a very important source of valuable protein food. Fishmeal is the major protein source in aquaculture feeds.
Current challenges and opportunities in amino acid nutrition of salmonidsInternational Aquafeed
Fishmeal is still one of the main protein sources used in commercial feeds for trout and salmon. But its availability is shrinking and its cost is increasing year by year. The sustainability of the aquaculture industry depends largely on its capability to replace fishmeal with alternative sources of protein, and to reduce the currently excessive protein levels commonly applied in the formulation of commercial diets. At the same time, feeds must be formulated to be effective in covering the nutrient requirements of specific species in order to maximise growth.
Options and challenges of alternative protein and energy resources for aquafeedInternational Aquafeed
Feed for fish and shrimp raised in aquaculture needs high levels of protein and energy. Traditionally feed for carnivorous or omnivorous fish and for shrimp provides these mainly as fishmeal and fish oil, which also contributes to the health promoting aspects of fish and shrimp in the human diet.
Spray-dried plasma from porcine blood in diets for Atlantic salmon parrsInternational Aquafeed
Since the late 1970s, Atlantic salmon aquaculture has grown into a global industry that annually produces over 1.4 million tonnes of salmon with an estimated value of US$7,812 million according to 2012 FAO statistics. The growth of salmon aquaculture has been accompanied by a continuous improvement in feed formulation and technology to maximize growth and survival of salmon at different stages of development. The search for new and alternative feed ingredients and formulations continues in order to ensure sustainability of this industry.
An Introduction to Phytase Enzyme in Poultry Feed- ABTL EnzymeABTLEnzymes1
ABTL Enzyme offers Phytase Enzyme in Poultry Feed. Phytate is a polyanionic molecule with the potential to chelate positively charged nutrients in poultry.
Soy protein concentrate: a value- added soy product for aquafeedsCJBio3
Aquaculture is the world's fastest-growing industry in the food production sector. It is projected that aquaculture will play a major role in the global food supply by doubling and intensifying its production by 2050. Fish meal is considered as “the gold standard” ingredients for aqua feed, but its unstable price and availability might decelerate the sector expansion and hurt famer’s profits. Although plant-based ingredients can be fish meal alternatives, their high content of antinutritional factors might cause some negative effects on fish growth. However, soy protein concentrate, which provides a great source of protein with less antinutrients thanks to the aqueous alcohol extraction in its refining process, are employing widely for better cost management with stable feed quality.
The article today will provide some updates about SPC using in feed production and the benefits which it brings on fish growth performance.
Fishmeal used to hold an important position as a constituent of pig and poultry diets, but use in the sector declined as the aquaculture sector developed and sourced an increasing proportion of global supply of this marine ingredient. With fishmeal now regarded as less of a commodity and more of a strategic protein, another look at the benefits of this high value material is warranted.
The multifunctional dietary properties of spirulina and its use in aquacultureInternational Aquafeed
In commercial and high stocking density culture practices, feeding plays a significant role in fast growth and high yields. Aqua feed contains many ingredients in highly balanced nutritious components for enhancing the digestive mechanisms in fish and shrimp bodies. It leads to better body weights and health, optimum immunity and greater survival rates. Spirulina is a unique high quality natural diet with enriched optimum protein for fish and shrimp which is proven to be a suitable supplementary feed in aquaculture.
Natural additives for fish - do we have to reinvent the wheel or is there a s...International Aquafeed
The global importance of aquaculture, in particular finfish, is growing and correspondingly, the demand for high-quality feeds and additives is increasing year by year (Aquafeed Directory Issue 2013/14).
Powdered seaweed or seaweed flour is already used as an ingredient in terrestrial and aquatic feeds. The seaweed is usually a single species and publications over the years have demonstrated a range of benefits, for instance improved resistance to viral and bacterial pathogens.
FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY: The use of feed in recirculating aquaculture systems...International Aquafeed
One of the greatest operating costs in aquaculture is the use of commercial feed pellets, which can comprise of up to 50-60 percent of total expense in some farms.
FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY: The Faivre equipped trout farms of AbbevilleInternational Aquafeed
Amidst the picturesque countryside of Abbeville, Northern France, Darren Parris, Tom Blacker and Peter Parker from the International Aquafeed team, spent an afternoon late last year visiting trout farms. Our hosts were Phillip Jorgensen, fish farms manager, and Aubert Faivre, who is sales manager for Faivre.
The Salmonidae family, collectively known as Salmonids, comprises of salmon, trout, chars, freshwater whitefishes, and graylings, but it is the trout and Atlantic salmon, of the genus Salmo, which gives the family their name. A slender teleost fish, they can range in size between just 13 cm to a whopping 2 m in length. With a single row of sharp teeth, Salmonids are predators, choosing to feed on smaller fish, aquatic insects and small crustaceans. Despite spawning in fresh water Salmonids are mostly anadromous, spending their lives at sea, choosing only to return to rivers to reproduce.
Innovation nation - How new developments in aquaculture are boosting the Scot...International Aquafeed
With an estimated market value of over £1.8 billion and Scottish salmon exports alone reaching over £500 million, Scotland’s aquaculture sector is fast becoming a core pillar for the future growth of the Scottish economy. However, with such a steep increase in the demand for fish products, there is a real need for innovation within the sector to stay ahead of the curve and provide a sustainable supply of healthy protein; not only for the present but for the future of a market that appears set to keep growing. Ahead of Aquaculture UK, CEO of the Scottish Aquaculture Innovation Centre (SAIC), Heather Jones, shares some of the organisation’s forays into finfish research projects and the ways in which is working with both industry and academia to enhance the whole of the Scottish aquaculture sector.
The Asian catfish Pangasius, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus is recognised as a leading aquaculture food fish on world markets. The commercial culture of Pangasius was developed in the mid 1990’s in Vietnam and quickly expanded to production levels of nearly one million tons per year. Other countries including Thailand, Cambodia, Myanmar, Indonesia, Philippines, Bangladesh and India have adapted Pangasius as part of their aquaculture production. Pangasius can be successfully cultured in most tropical regions of the world however countries in the Western Hemisphere have been slow to embrace Pangasius aquaculture, in part, due to the lack of practical knowledge of the species food requirements during the larval and fry stages.
Mud crabs, also known as mangrove crabs, occur widely in estuaries and along tropical, subtropical and warm temperate coasts in the world. There are four species of mud crab (Family: Portunidae), Scylla serrata, S. tranquebarica, S. paramamosain and S. olivacea that are the focus of both commercial fisheries and aquaculture production throughout their distribution. They are among the most valuable crab species in the world, with the bulk of their commercial production sent live to market.
The European lobster (Homarus gammarus) is an ecologically important species of the North-eastern Atlantic which supports wild trap fisheries that are worth around £30 million each year to the UK alone. By weight the species is the highest-value seafood among those landed regularly in the UK and Ireland, where 75 percent of the ~5,000t annual landings for the species are made. As such, lobsters provide essential diversity to fragile inshore fisheries and vital income for rural coastal economies. However, populations across its range are pressured by rising exploitation, from which traditional fisheries management has failed to prevent extensive regional stock collapses in the recent past, and now struggles to stimulate recovery. While lobsters have long been transported as a live export commodity, chiefly to France and the Iberian peninsula, emerging markets, particularly those in East Asia, threaten to create additional demand for the species which far exceeds current capture yields. Improvements in hatchery rearing success have seen a number of recent aquaculture initiatives employed, in the hope of both generating restoration and improved sustainability of wild harvests, and instigating commercial aquaculture possibilities.
In the past 50 years, the global demand for fish products has doubled, and more than 45 percent of the world’s seafood today now comes not from wild catches, but from either land-based or offshore fish farms. To meet this rising demand for seafood worldwide, more fish have to be raised in fish farms, and aquaculture is an essential link in the agricultural chain.
When farming animals and fish, there is often a danger that we may assume that their dietary requirements match our own. However, those of the common carp, Cyprinus carpio, certainly do not.
Mexico, with a population of 122 million is the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world. The country is known for its Pacific and Gulf of Mexico beaches and its diverse landscape of mountains, deserts and jungles. Ancient ruins such as Teotihuacan (Aztec), Chichen Itza (Mayan) and Spanish colonial-era towns are scattered throughout the country.
The quality and digestibility of proteins is one of the most important issues in shrimp nutrition. Marine proteins (mainly fish meal) can only be partially replaced by standard vegetable proteins like soybean meal.
KRILL OIL: Phospholipids that make a difference to filet quality and quantityInternational Aquafeed
The nutritional quality of larvae diets affects fishes’ fillet quality and quantity. Studies show that phospholipids increase fish larvae growth and development; so phospholipids are an essential component of the early weaning diet.
Carbohydrates are an excellent source of energy and carbon in feed formulations. They can be easily distinguished from the other energy yielding nutrients in terms of their abundance and low price. To illustrate, the collective global production of the major cereal grains i.e., maize, wheat and rice amounted to a colossal 2.5 billion tonnes in the year 2013 (FAO). The total carbohydrate content and the digestible fraction of starch and sugars in these grains can be roughly estimated to be about 2.1 and 1.75 billion tonnes, respectively (www.feedipedia.org). Besides, the unit cost of carbohydrate sources is almost three to five fold less than that of the protein and lipid sources of interest. Therefore, the inclusion level of carbohydrates in commercial fish feed assumes direct economic significance i.e., in terms of lower feed cost per unit weight gain.
Brewers’ yeast and derived products have been successfully used in animal nutrition, including aquafeeds, for several decades now. Leiber GmbH, with two production sites in Germany and further facilities in Poland and Russia, have manufactured brewers’ yeast products for more than 60 years.
FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY - Efficient and reliable feed system for fish farming...International Aquafeed
The main purpose of a feed barge is to provide an efficient and reliable feed system for fish farming operations. The second purpose is to provide a safe worksite for operators.
FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY - Light Emitting Diode (LED) Lighting systems for ear...International Aquafeed
Over recent times we have noticed an increasing amount of media coverage and industry chatter regarding the role of light in aquaculture. Most of this has been in relation to the use of low-energy technology to reduce costs, and in this area almost all the talk is about LED
The Latin names of some aquatic species can have fascinatingly obscure meanings that provide anyone in need of a hobby with hours of joyful investigation and speculation. The channel catfish is, alas, not one of them: Ictalurus punctatus simply means ‘spotty catfish’, and the briefest glance at one will tell you why.
It is often thought that vacuum coating was firs t invented in Norway. The idea might have been Norwegian, but the technology was developed in the Netherlands. It has been 25 years now since Dinnissen, together with aquafeed producer Skretting, invented the firs t vacuum coater.
The Pegasus® Vacuum Coater is intended for everyone who wishes to manufacture pelleted and extruded products in accordance with mos t modern production specifications.
It allows you to create a vacuum environment for your production process and to deal effectively with a very wide range of future challenges.
International Aquafeed spoke to Peter Raeven, Account Manager for Dinnissen, about the previous 25 years of the Pegasus® Vacuum Coater as well as any future plans that Dinnissen might have for their now well es tablished brand.
As an aquafeed processor, you are always aware that your drying operation has a significant impact on your bottom line. Drying is a very energy-intensive operation; that’s why most aquafeed producers diligently track the cost of fuel used in their drying operation.
2. Fatten up your bottom line. Bühler high-performance animal and aqua feed production
systems are used by leading companies around the world. These producers know they
can rely not just on the technology itself, but also on the support that accompanies it. A
service combining local presence with global expertise both lowers feed mill operating
costs and increases capacity utilization. To find out more, visit www.buhlergroup.com
Bühler AG, Feed & Biomass, CH-9240 Uzwil, Switzerland, T +41 71 955 11 11, F +41 71 955 28 96
fu.buz@buhlergroup.com, www.buhlergroup.com
Innovations for a better world.
3. FEATURE
Nutritional benefits of using Processed Animal
Proteins (PAPs) in European aquafeeds
by Eric De Muylder1 and Geert van der Velden2
A
fter the BSE crisis in the EU on a allocation according to economic acid), which act as attractant and palatant in
in late 2001, processed animal value of meat and by-products), plus ener- aquafeeds.
proteins (PAPs) were banned gy for transporting the by-products and
from utilisation in feeds for aqua- drying of the material. Digestible proteins
culture and livestock. Some products were Aquaculture is often criticised for using Digestibility varies a lot between different
re-introduced in 2005 (blood products, milk more fish than producing fish (FIFO>1). The PAPs and is affected by quality of raw materi-
products, hydrolyzed proteins, gelatin) as re-introduction of PAPs provides a chance to als before drying and drying method. We can
they did not pose any risk of transferring BSE lower the FIFO considerably. observe that good quality PAPs show digest-
to consumption animals. Meanwhile the bulk Apart from sustainability, also nutritionally, ibility levels which are as high as the highest
of processed animal proteins was used for PAPs are the first proteins sources to be used quality fish meals. (Table 2)
other applications and exported to markets to replace fishmeal, for a number of reasons:
outside Europe. Partially soluble proteins
High protein and amino acid content Both fishmeal and PAPs contain important
The ever-increasing cost of fishmeal has PAPs are rich in most essential amino amounts of water soluble proteins, in the
caused important increases in fish feed prices. acids except methionine. They are particu- form of peptides or longer chains. These
It is therefore logical that fish feed producers larly high in arginine and other water soluble water soluble proteins are highly digestible,
continuously look for alternatives, but all other amino acids (proline, glycine, and glutamic but also will improve the attractibility and
potential protein sources are becoming scarce
and expensive. The re-introduction of PAPs
Table 1: Table of composition of feather meal, poultry meal and meat and bone meal in comparison with the
into European aquafeeds, effective on June 1, requirement of gilthead sea bream, rainbow trout and salmon
2013, would help the European aquaculture
Feather Meat and Gilthead
industry to solve part of the raw material Poultry meal Salmonids
meal bone meal sea bream
problem.
Sustainability Crude protein 85 63 50 35-45 38-46
It would also reduce considerably the amino acids (in % of CP)
carbon footprint of aquafeeds, since these arginine 7,0 6,7 6,9 3.3-5,1 5.0
protein sources are locally available and will Histidine 0,8 1,8 1,7 1,6-1,8
partially substitute imported soybean meal
Isoleucine 4,9 3,5 2,8 2,0-2.3
from the Americas and fishmeal from Peru
and Chile. leucine 8,2 6,3 5,3 3,6-4.0
The carbon footprint of PAPs is much Valine 7,4 4,9 3,7 2.9-5,3
lower than the footprint of vegetable lysine 2,4 5,7 5,0 4.0-5,0 5.0
meals (Figure 1). Also the emissions related Phenylalanine 4,9 3,6 3,3 4,1-5,3
to land use and land use change (LULUC)
Meth+Cyst 4,9 3,0 2,1 2,4-4,0 4.0
are higher for vegetable meals. The carbon
threonine 4,8 3,6 3,0 1,8-2,2
footprint of poultry meal originates from
the production of the by-products (based tryptophan 0,7 0,9 0,6 0,5-1.4 0.6
14 | InternAtIonAl AquAFeed | March-April 2013
4.
5. FEATURE
Figure 1: Carbon footprint of poultry meal and three
vegetable meals per tonne of products (Ponsioen &
Blonk, 2010)
palatability of aquafeeds. Highly digestible to increase the availability of phosphorus. Europe for human consumption are carnivo-
protein sources are essential in formulating The phosphorus present in meat and bone rous species. Their ability to digest fibers is
larval and starter diets for fish. Palatability of meal and poultry meal has a higher avail- limited. Vegetable protein source are generally
diets becomes increasingly important when ability. As a consequence, the faeces of fish high in fiber content, while animal proteins
diets are formulated to contain less fishmeal, containing more animal proteins will contain contain very little amounts of fibers.
but more vegetable proteins. less phosphorus which will find its way into
the environment. This excreted phosphorus Lipid content as energy
Presence of digestible P and Ca can cause eutrophication. This is particularly a source, but not as source
Phosphorus digestibility is a major prob- problem for cage farming, and trout farming in of essential fatty acids
lem in aquafeed formulation. The phospho- flow through ponds. One disadvantage of PAPs could be the
rus present in vegetable proteins is mostly presence of lipids with saturated fatty acids
trapped in phytine and is not available for the Low fibre content compared to unsaturated fatty acids in fishmeal.
fish. Utilisation of phytase can be a solution Most commercial fish species, cultured in Lipids in fish nutrition have a role for provid-
VIV Asia,
13. – 15
Bangkok
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60
AMINOCarp® –
Booth B 0
Hall 106 |
GFFC, Su
n City Improve your feed formulation.
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March-April 2013 | InternAtIonAl AquAFeed | 15
6. Improvement
by nature
Natural valuable ingredients for aqua feed
• Phosterol: a unique combination of natural cholesterol and phospholipids,
an essential nutrient for shrimps
• Hydrolyzed animal proteins for shrimp & fish feed: MucoPro & Gelko, highly digestible
• Processed Animal Proteins for shrimp & fish feed: high protein alternative for fish meal
(Porc meal 65, Porc meal 58, Poultry meal 65)
SON.ADV_13.023.EN.01
7. FEATURE
"PAPs are high quality protein sources.
Their re-introduction into European
aquafeeds will facilitate the formulation
of high proteins fish feeds, since their
availability is better than fishmeal"
ing essential unsaturated fatty ing prices and scarcity of fishmeal, research is
acids (linolenic, EPA and DHA continuously searching for alternatives. This is
for salmonids and EPA and often possible up to a certain level, but total
DHA for marine fishes) and replacement often results in growth loss, even
as energy source. though diets were formulated to contain the
For fish species that can same amounts of essential nutrients for which
tolerate higher amounts of the requirements are known.
lipids in their diet, like salmo- Replacing fishmeal by PAPs gener-
nids, sea bream and sea bass, ally results in better results than replacing
a combination of animal, veg- fishmeal by vegetable proteins. There are
etable and fish oil can satisfy probably some unknown nutrients still to
both requirements, without be discovered, which are present in ani-
altering the fatty acid content mal proteins but not in vegetable proteins.
of the fish flesh. Hydroxyproline, taurine and nucleic acids are
some nutrients that has attracted attention
Diets contained 17 % Fish oil, 12 % fish Presence of some recently by researchers, but their require-
oil + 5 % poultry oil or porc bone oil. In nutrients which ments still need further investigation. There
treatment Poultry oil/Fish oil, the fish receive
first the diet with poultry oil and than the still need to be are probably more nutrients to be discov-
diet with only fish oil investigated ered in the near future.
Due to the ever-increas-
Conclusion
Table 2: Overview of Apparent Digestibility Coefficients (ADC) and Apparent Digestibility of Proteins (ADP) observed PAPs are high quality protein sources.
for Rainbow trout and Gilthead seabream compared to other protein sources Their re-introduction into European aqua-
rainbow trout Gilthead sea bream feeds will facilitate the formulation of high
aDC aDP aDC aDP proteins fish feeds, since their availability
is better than fishmeal. This will also help
the strive towards more sustainable aqua-
lt fish meal 72,6 90,5 71,8 87,5
culture. PAPs contain a lot of interesting
Danish fish meal 95,8 nutrients and are a better alternative to
Hydrolyzed feather meal 65,7-84 % 71,6-87 48,8 51,6-57,7 replace fishmeal than vegetable protein
Meat and bone meal 55,9-72 83-89 35-79 sources. ■
Poultry meal 59,8-77 83-91 80-89,9
More InforMatIon:
Soybean meal 29,5-75,3 95,9 86-90,9
Website: www.sonac.biz
Soy protein concentrate 53,2 90,4 1CreveTec, eric@crevetec.be
2Sonac BV, geertvandervelden@sonac.biz
Corn gluten 80-95 74,5-89,5 90
16 | InternAtIonAl AquAFeed | March-April 2013
8. THE SPECIAL WORLD OF
LEIBER YEAST...
REAL
BRE WER
S
YEAST ’
“Made
Germanin
y”
For Leiber`s specialty yeast products,
“Made in Germany” is a seal of quality.
Multibiotic effect of Leiber yeast - vitality, health and performance for fish.
www.leibergmbh.de
Leiber GmbH · Hafenstraße 24, 49565 Bramsche, Germany · Tel +49 (0) 5461 9303-0 · Fax +49 (0) 5461 9303-28 · www.leibergmbh.de · info@leibergmbh.de
9. This digital re-print is part of the March | April 2013 edition of International
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Transforming aquaculture
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