1) Juvenile giant croaker (Nibea japonica) were fed 5 experimental diets containing graded levels of fish oil from 5% to 21% lipid to determine the effects on growth performance, feed utilization, and body composition.
2) Fish fed diets with 5-13% lipid showed significantly higher weight gain and growth rate than those fed 17-21% lipid diets. Based on a regression analysis, 8.22% lipid provided maximum growth.
3) Fish fed 9-13% lipid diets had improved protein utilization and feed conversion efficiency compared to other lipid levels. Higher lipid diets decreased feed intake.
4) Lower lipid diets (5-9%) resulted in
Five diets (diets incorporated with folic acid, vitamin B, vitamin C, vitamin/
mineral mix and control) were used to determine their effects on survival, digestive
enzyme activity, protein profiling and growth of striped snakehead Channa striatus
fingerlings. All vitamin diets showed significant difference in enzyme activity like
protease, amylase and lipase, when compared to that of control. The fingerlings fed
with vitamin C diet showed significantly (P<0.05) better performance in terms of
survival rate, weight gain and Specific Growth Rate (SGR) when compared to the rest
of the four diets. The electrophoretic studies revealed that high molecular weight
fractions were added up in muscle tissue of C. striatus fed with vitamin and mineral
supplemented diets.
Peas (Pisum sativum) are one of the four most important crops next to soybean, groundnut, and beans. It is a particularly important legume in temperate areas with numerous food (dry seed, vegetable) and feed (seed, fodder) usages.
Five diets (diets incorporated with folic acid, vitamin B, vitamin C, vitamin/
mineral mix and control) were used to determine their effects on survival, digestive
enzyme activity, protein profiling and growth of striped snakehead Channa striatus
fingerlings. All vitamin diets showed significant difference in enzyme activity like
protease, amylase and lipase, when compared to that of control. The fingerlings fed
with vitamin C diet showed significantly (P<0.05) better performance in terms of
survival rate, weight gain and Specific Growth Rate (SGR) when compared to the rest
of the four diets. The electrophoretic studies revealed that high molecular weight
fractions were added up in muscle tissue of C. striatus fed with vitamin and mineral
supplemented diets.
Peas (Pisum sativum) are one of the four most important crops next to soybean, groundnut, and beans. It is a particularly important legume in temperate areas with numerous food (dry seed, vegetable) and feed (seed, fodder) usages.
Carbohydrates are an excellent source of energy and carbon in feed formulations. They can be easily distinguished from the other energy yielding nutrients in terms of their abundance and low price. To illustrate, the collective global production of the major cereal grains i.e., maize, wheat and rice amounted to a colossal 2.5 billion tonnes in the year 2013 (FAO). The total carbohydrate content and the digestible fraction of starch and sugars in these grains can be roughly estimated to be about 2.1 and 1.75 billion tonnes, respectively (www.feedipedia.org). Besides, the unit cost of carbohydrate sources is almost three to five fold less than that of the protein and lipid sources of interest. Therefore, the inclusion level of carbohydrates in commercial fish feed assumes direct economic significance i.e., in terms of lower feed cost per unit weight gain.
Powdered seaweed or seaweed flour is already used as an ingredient in terrestrial and aquatic feeds. The seaweed is usually a single species and publications over the years have demonstrated a range of benefits, for instance improved resistance to viral and bacterial pathogens.
Replacement of Fish Meal with Fish Head Meal in the Diet on the Growth and Fe...theijes
The availability of fish head meal (FHM) as a substitute for fish meal (FM) was evaluated in lobster (initial weight: ±0.02) diets containing three levels of FHM (from 0, 25% and 50%). After 90 days, weight gain averages were g for fish fed diet in which FM was partially substituted with 100, 75, and 50 % FHM, and feed conversion ratios were 3.20, 3.05, 4.01, 3.65 and 4.46, respectively. No differences were obtained in weight gain, FCR, FE and SR for all treatments. The lobster fed diet C (50% FM : 50% FHM) was highest in FE and followed by the shrimp fed diet B (75% FM),diet A (100% FM), respectively. SR was highest in the lobster fed diet C and the lowest was found in the lobster fed diet A. This study concluded that FHM could replace FM up to 50% in the diet without compromising growth and survival rate of rock lobster juvenile.
Soy protein concentrate: a value- added soy product for aquafeedsCJBio3
Aquaculture is the world's fastest-growing industry in the food production sector. It is projected that aquaculture will play a major role in the global food supply by doubling and intensifying its production by 2050. Fish meal is considered as “the gold standard” ingredients for aqua feed, but its unstable price and availability might decelerate the sector expansion and hurt famer’s profits. Although plant-based ingredients can be fish meal alternatives, their high content of antinutritional factors might cause some negative effects on fish growth. However, soy protein concentrate, which provides a great source of protein with less antinutrients thanks to the aqueous alcohol extraction in its refining process, are employing widely for better cost management with stable feed quality.
The article today will provide some updates about SPC using in feed production and the benefits which it brings on fish growth performance.
Fish as a source of animal protein has played an important role in the nutritional budgeting of many nations. Fish production is becoming a very important source of valuable protein food. Fishmeal is the major protein source in aquaculture feeds.
In recent years, aquaculture has gained in importance as a renewable source of dietary protein and as a viable commercial activity. To maintain this position in the future and to continue to provide a good investment opportunity, the problems the sector currently faces must be addressed. One of the more important of these concerns is the cost of feed, which is estimated to be 50-60 percent of the total cost of production. Numerous studies on the use of different feed formulations, feed ingredients and feeding techniques have been conducted (Kaushik et al., 2004; Thiessen et al., 2003; Martinez et al., 2004; Enes et al.,2006; Izquierdo et al., 2003). These studies have included assessments of various alternative raw materials, vitamins and minerals, monitoring the amount of feed provided to the fish, and the addition of pigments and other feed additives to the diet. In particular, various feed additives with growth promoting properties came into prominence in these studies (Francis et al., 2005; Haroun et al., 2006; Abdel-Tawwab et al., 2008; Lara-Flores et al., 2003; Li and Gatlin, 2004;). Growth promoting feed additives may contain different ingredients as plant extracts, organic acids, probiotics, hormones etc.
Detritivorous marine polychaete worms are farmed commercially as live bait for sport angling and most recently as an ingredient in formulated aquaculture feeds.
Spray-dried plasma from porcine blood in diets for Atlantic salmon parrsInternational Aquafeed
Since the late 1970s, Atlantic salmon aquaculture has grown into a global industry that annually produces over 1.4 million tonnes of salmon with an estimated value of US$7,812 million according to 2012 FAO statistics. The growth of salmon aquaculture has been accompanied by a continuous improvement in feed formulation and technology to maximize growth and survival of salmon at different stages of development. The search for new and alternative feed ingredients and formulations continues in order to ensure sustainability of this industry.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Achieving factual sustainability in fish farming needs the addition of most of the fish meal exploited as feed stuffs. The current experiment described two feeding trials, that resulted in the complete replacement of fish meal in the fingerling of Tilapia mossambicus. The initial trial was accompanied with three stages of fish meal replacement (50, 75 and 100% of dietary protein) viz., one level of soy protein and two levels of Lactat ® Probiotic (0 (or) 0.3% of the diet). Since probiotic has been reported to promote gut health, it was incorporated inorder to examine the growth enhancement and whether it would ease high levels of fish meal replacement in T. mossambicus. Lipids were provided by Cod liver oil. The better weight gain was observed in the treatments 50/50+ of fish meal replacement and 0/100+ of fish meal replacement. The optimum Specific Growth Rate, Food Conversion Ratio and Survival were also observed in 50/50+ fish meal replacement and 0/100+ fish meal replacement. The higher serum Acetyl Choline, Leucocytes, and Erythrocyte were observed in 50/50+ and 0/100 + than the other diets. The Lysozyme activity was higher in 0/100+ and 50/50+ than the other diets.
In the Second feeding trial, fish meal was replaced by various carbohydrate sources on the growth performance and hepatic carbohydrate metabolic enzyme activities of the fingerlings of T. mossambicus. Five experimental diets were formulated to contain glucose, sucrose, maltose, dextrin, corn starch and control were maintained separately. The results indicated that the better weight gain, SGR, FCR and survival were also better in starch, dextrin and sucrose diet fed fish. There were significant differences in the total plasma, glucose and triglyceride concentration in fish fed with different carbohydrate sources. Plasma total protein, red blood cell, leucocytes and hemoglobin were significantly affected by various carbohydrate sources. The activities of glucose 6-Phosphate dehydrogenase, (G6PD), 6- Phospho fructokinase (PFK) and fructose 1, 6 – bisphosphatase (FBase) were significantly affected by these carbohydrate sources. While this two feeding trail indicated that the 50/50+ and 0/100+ of soy flour replacement with fish meal showed the optimum growth performance and in carbohydrate sources the corn starch, dextrose, and sucrose showed the better growth for tilapia fingerlings.
Carbohydrates are an excellent source of energy and carbon in feed formulations. They can be easily distinguished from the other energy yielding nutrients in terms of their abundance and low price. To illustrate, the collective global production of the major cereal grains i.e., maize, wheat and rice amounted to a colossal 2.5 billion tonnes in the year 2013 (FAO). The total carbohydrate content and the digestible fraction of starch and sugars in these grains can be roughly estimated to be about 2.1 and 1.75 billion tonnes, respectively (www.feedipedia.org). Besides, the unit cost of carbohydrate sources is almost three to five fold less than that of the protein and lipid sources of interest. Therefore, the inclusion level of carbohydrates in commercial fish feed assumes direct economic significance i.e., in terms of lower feed cost per unit weight gain.
Powdered seaweed or seaweed flour is already used as an ingredient in terrestrial and aquatic feeds. The seaweed is usually a single species and publications over the years have demonstrated a range of benefits, for instance improved resistance to viral and bacterial pathogens.
Replacement of Fish Meal with Fish Head Meal in the Diet on the Growth and Fe...theijes
The availability of fish head meal (FHM) as a substitute for fish meal (FM) was evaluated in lobster (initial weight: ±0.02) diets containing three levels of FHM (from 0, 25% and 50%). After 90 days, weight gain averages were g for fish fed diet in which FM was partially substituted with 100, 75, and 50 % FHM, and feed conversion ratios were 3.20, 3.05, 4.01, 3.65 and 4.46, respectively. No differences were obtained in weight gain, FCR, FE and SR for all treatments. The lobster fed diet C (50% FM : 50% FHM) was highest in FE and followed by the shrimp fed diet B (75% FM),diet A (100% FM), respectively. SR was highest in the lobster fed diet C and the lowest was found in the lobster fed diet A. This study concluded that FHM could replace FM up to 50% in the diet without compromising growth and survival rate of rock lobster juvenile.
Soy protein concentrate: a value- added soy product for aquafeedsCJBio3
Aquaculture is the world's fastest-growing industry in the food production sector. It is projected that aquaculture will play a major role in the global food supply by doubling and intensifying its production by 2050. Fish meal is considered as “the gold standard” ingredients for aqua feed, but its unstable price and availability might decelerate the sector expansion and hurt famer’s profits. Although plant-based ingredients can be fish meal alternatives, their high content of antinutritional factors might cause some negative effects on fish growth. However, soy protein concentrate, which provides a great source of protein with less antinutrients thanks to the aqueous alcohol extraction in its refining process, are employing widely for better cost management with stable feed quality.
The article today will provide some updates about SPC using in feed production and the benefits which it brings on fish growth performance.
Fish as a source of animal protein has played an important role in the nutritional budgeting of many nations. Fish production is becoming a very important source of valuable protein food. Fishmeal is the major protein source in aquaculture feeds.
In recent years, aquaculture has gained in importance as a renewable source of dietary protein and as a viable commercial activity. To maintain this position in the future and to continue to provide a good investment opportunity, the problems the sector currently faces must be addressed. One of the more important of these concerns is the cost of feed, which is estimated to be 50-60 percent of the total cost of production. Numerous studies on the use of different feed formulations, feed ingredients and feeding techniques have been conducted (Kaushik et al., 2004; Thiessen et al., 2003; Martinez et al., 2004; Enes et al.,2006; Izquierdo et al., 2003). These studies have included assessments of various alternative raw materials, vitamins and minerals, monitoring the amount of feed provided to the fish, and the addition of pigments and other feed additives to the diet. In particular, various feed additives with growth promoting properties came into prominence in these studies (Francis et al., 2005; Haroun et al., 2006; Abdel-Tawwab et al., 2008; Lara-Flores et al., 2003; Li and Gatlin, 2004;). Growth promoting feed additives may contain different ingredients as plant extracts, organic acids, probiotics, hormones etc.
Detritivorous marine polychaete worms are farmed commercially as live bait for sport angling and most recently as an ingredient in formulated aquaculture feeds.
Spray-dried plasma from porcine blood in diets for Atlantic salmon parrsInternational Aquafeed
Since the late 1970s, Atlantic salmon aquaculture has grown into a global industry that annually produces over 1.4 million tonnes of salmon with an estimated value of US$7,812 million according to 2012 FAO statistics. The growth of salmon aquaculture has been accompanied by a continuous improvement in feed formulation and technology to maximize growth and survival of salmon at different stages of development. The search for new and alternative feed ingredients and formulations continues in order to ensure sustainability of this industry.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Achieving factual sustainability in fish farming needs the addition of most of the fish meal exploited as feed stuffs. The current experiment described two feeding trials, that resulted in the complete replacement of fish meal in the fingerling of Tilapia mossambicus. The initial trial was accompanied with three stages of fish meal replacement (50, 75 and 100% of dietary protein) viz., one level of soy protein and two levels of Lactat ® Probiotic (0 (or) 0.3% of the diet). Since probiotic has been reported to promote gut health, it was incorporated inorder to examine the growth enhancement and whether it would ease high levels of fish meal replacement in T. mossambicus. Lipids were provided by Cod liver oil. The better weight gain was observed in the treatments 50/50+ of fish meal replacement and 0/100+ of fish meal replacement. The optimum Specific Growth Rate, Food Conversion Ratio and Survival were also observed in 50/50+ fish meal replacement and 0/100+ fish meal replacement. The higher serum Acetyl Choline, Leucocytes, and Erythrocyte were observed in 50/50+ and 0/100 + than the other diets. The Lysozyme activity was higher in 0/100+ and 50/50+ than the other diets.
In the Second feeding trial, fish meal was replaced by various carbohydrate sources on the growth performance and hepatic carbohydrate metabolic enzyme activities of the fingerlings of T. mossambicus. Five experimental diets were formulated to contain glucose, sucrose, maltose, dextrin, corn starch and control were maintained separately. The results indicated that the better weight gain, SGR, FCR and survival were also better in starch, dextrin and sucrose diet fed fish. There were significant differences in the total plasma, glucose and triglyceride concentration in fish fed with different carbohydrate sources. Plasma total protein, red blood cell, leucocytes and hemoglobin were significantly affected by various carbohydrate sources. The activities of glucose 6-Phosphate dehydrogenase, (G6PD), 6- Phospho fructokinase (PFK) and fructose 1, 6 – bisphosphatase (FBase) were significantly affected by these carbohydrate sources. While this two feeding trail indicated that the 50/50+ and 0/100+ of soy flour replacement with fish meal showed the optimum growth performance and in carbohydrate sources the corn starch, dextrose, and sucrose showed the better growth for tilapia fingerlings.
Austin publishing group - Oral kefir grains supplementation improves metaboli...Austin Publishing Group
This study has a novel approach to investigate the effects of oral supplementation of kefir grains on metabolic improvement and the expression of the antioxidant enzymes Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) and Catalase (CAT) of the liver in malnourished mice.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
THE EFFECT OF PROTEIN DIGESTION ON ZEBRAFISH METABOLIC RATE
INTRODUCTION
protein form one of the primary nutrients that are used in the body for cellular structures building (Acheson 525). the process of protein digestion involves the breakdown of food substances we eat into soluble solutions that can be absorbed in the bloodstream. protein is broken down to form amino-acids within the digestive systems and the amino acids are absorbed into the hepatic portal system. the proteins are the building blocks in the body and they include food substances such as eggs, meat, milk as well as beans and nuts among many other food products (Acheson 527). the digestion of proteins mainly begins in the stomach and continues in the small intestine (Acheson 530). digestion of proteins is facilitated by pepsin enzymes that promotes the digestion of the large proteins molecules into amino acids. the digestion of proteins in the body also includes the use of hydrochloric acid (Acheson 526). zebra-fish is preferred in research studies since it is cheap, have similar organs as human beings and produces a lot of offspring. zebra-fish also has a short life-span of about two years and are easy to take care of.
Therefore, the primary objective of this research paper is to evaluate the effects that protein provide on the fish metabolic rate especially after three to four hours.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
In most cases, protein digestion takes place in both the stomach and in the small intestine in the body of human beings. However, in Zebra fish, protein digestion involves the use of associated organs. the dietary ingredients, and nutrients as well as anti-nutritional remain important factors that affect Zebra fish growth and development. However, there lacks proper nutritional control due to the absence of standardized reference diet (Boyle et al.,2008). Moreover, according to epidemiological studies by Richard et al. (2015), prenatal conditions are important in the growth and development of Zebra fish. As a way of providing a standardized dietary framework, a need emerges for the provision of specific dietary and nutritional standard aimed at improving the growth and development of Zebra fish. Thus, this project aim to evaluate how the level of? protein in commercial fish foods affects the metabolic rate of Zebra fish (Danio rerio).
BACKGROUND
The consumption of proteins could have significant effects on body metabolism. proteins commonly require more calories for breakdown than carbohydrates and this could have significant effects on various metabolic aspects, including an increase in the metabolic rate of organisms (Williams et al., 2014). Due to the strong bond making the protein molecules, a lot of energy is required to break down the high protein that has been consumed. about 30% of the calories in proteins are burned in the process of digesting proteins(Acheson et al. 528). The heat generated in the process increases the general body heat output h ...
A study was carried out to evaluate the nutritive value and enzyme supplementation of different sources of energy in broiler diets on the growth performance and heamatological parameters of broiler chickens supplemented with Mazigrain® enzyme within the treated groups. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets less (23.17 % CP; 2831 Kcal/ME and 21.73 % CP; 2929 Kcal/ME) for the broiler starter (0 - a month) and finisher phases (5–8 months) respectively were formulated. Diet 1(maize based diet) served in as the control while diets 2, 3, 4 and 5 were supplemented with sorghum, pearl millet, cassava and sweet potatoes based diets separately. A sum of 225 day-old NAPRI X broiler chicks were haphazardly distributed to the five treatments. Every treatment comprised of 45 broilers with three repeats of fifteen birds each in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The general linear model protocol of S.A.S. 9.0. was used to analyze the collected data. Among the dietary groups significant changes (P<0.05) was found utilizing a Tukey test. Enzyme along with various energy sources have noteworthy (P<0.05) changes on every one of the parameters (final weight, daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, water intake, water to feed ratio and feed cost per kilogram weight gain) except for death rate at the starter phase. Broilers that had sorghum based diet had the best performance at starter stage (final weight; 627 g, weight gain; 576.85 g, feed cost/kg gain; ^ 187.95 k). At the finisher stage, sorghum supplemented with enzyme had the best feed conversion ratio (1.96) and feed cost/kg gain; ^ 171.15 k. The optimal performance characteristics were recorded for sorghum based diets. Feed cost / kg gain was the cheapest on birds fed sorghum based diet with enzyme supplementation which was comparable with those fed the maize based diet. However, the use of enzyme enhanced the performance of birds at both the starter and finisher phases.
A study was carried out to evaluate the nutritive value and enzyme
supplementation of different sources of energy in broiler diets on the growth
performance and heamatological parameters of broiler chickens supplemented with
Mazigrain® enzyme within the treated groups. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets
less (23.17 % CP; 2831 Kcal/ME and 21.73 % CP; 2929 Kcal/ME) for the broiler starter
(0 - a month) and finisher phases (5–8 months) respectively were formulated. Diet 1
(maize based diet) served in as the control while diets 2, 3, 4 and 5 were
supplemented with sorghum, pearl millet, cassava and sweet potatoes based diets
separately. A sum of 225 day-old NAPRI X broiler chicks were haphazardly distributed
to the five treatments. Every treatment comprised of 45 broilers with three repeats of
fifteen birds each in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The general linear model
protocol of S.A.S. 9.0. was used to analyze the collected data. Among the dietary
groups significant changes (P<0.05) was found utilizing a Tukey test. Enzyme along
with various energy sources have noteworthy (P<0.05) changes on every one of the
parameters (final weight, daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, water intake, water
to feed ratio and feed cost per kilogram weight gain) except for death rate at the
starter phase. Broilers that had sorghum based diet had the best performance at
starter stage (final weight; 627 g, weight gain; 576.85 g, feed cost/kg gain; ^ 187.95 k).
At the finisher stage, sorghum supplemented with enzyme had the best feed
conversion ratio (1.96) and feed cost/kg gain; ^ 171.15 k. The optimal performance
characteristics were recorded for sorghum based diets. Feed cost / kg gain was the
cheapest on birds fed sorghum based diet with enzyme supplementation which was
comparable with those fed the maize based diet. However, the use of enzyme
enhanced the performance of birds at both the starter and finisher phases.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
2. All dry ingredients were mixed for 15 min in a mixer. Micro compo-
nents were mixed by the progressive enlargement method. The oils
were added to the diets and mixed for an other 15 min. Distilled
water was then added the mix to produce a homogeneous dough. The
experimental diets were obtained through a 2-mm die using a laborato-
ry pellet machine (Institute of Chemical Engineering, South China
University of Technology, Guangzhou, China). The diets were then air-
dried overnight and stored at −20 °C until used.
2.2. Fish and feeding trial
Juvenile giant croaker were obtained from the Zhejiang province Key
Lab of Mariculture and Enhancement (Zhoushan, China) and acclima-
tized to laboratory conditions for 14 days. A total of 225 juveniles
(6.67 ± 0.18 g) were then randomly allocated into 15 cylindrical plastic
tanks (350 L) at a density of 15 fish per tank. Each dietary treatment was
randomly assigned to three tanks. Fish were hand-fed to apparent sati-
ation twice a day (08:00 and 16:30 h) for 8 weeks.
Sand-filtered seawater was provided at a flow rate of 1.5 L min−1
to
each tank with continuous aeration. All tanks had similar light condi-
tions. During the trial, water temperature was maintained at 27.6 ±
0.74 °C, salinity was 27.11 ± 0.98 g L−1
, and dissolved oxygen was
not less than 6 mg/L. Uneaten feed and faeces were removed before
feeding. The tanks were cleaned fortnightly. Fish in each tank were
counted and weighed at the beginning and end of the experiment
after they were starved for 24 h.
2.3. Sample and analytical methods
Eighteen fish at the beginning of the trial and six fish from per tank
at termination were randomly sampled for whole body composition
analysis (moisture, ash, protein, lipid and energy) and nutrient reten-
tion calculation. At the end of the experiment, other six fish per replicate
were anesthetized with MS-222 at a concentration of 150 mg l−1
prior
to samplings. Liver, viscera and intraperitonial fat were taken for calcu-
lating hepatosomatic index (HSI), viscerosomatic index (VSI) and
intraperitonial fat index (IPF), respectively. Liver and dorsal muscle
samples were also collected for subsequent proximate chemical compo-
sition analyses. All samples were stored at −75 °C.
All chemical composition analyses of diets, whole body and tissues
were conducted by standard methods (AOAC, 1995). Moisture was de-
termined by oven drying at 105 °C for 24 h. Crude protein (N × 6.25)
was measured by using an Auto Kjeldahl System (K358/K355, BUCHI,
Flawil, Switzerland). Crude lipid was determined by petroleum ether
extraction using a Soxtec System HT (E-816, BUCHI, Flawil,
Switzerland). Ash was determined by muffle furnace at 550 °C for
24 h. Gross energy contents were analyzed using an adiabatic bomb cal-
orimeter (HER-15E, Shanghai shangli, Shanghai, China).
2.4. Statistical analysis
Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, and differences of
means were evaluated for significance by the multiple-range tests of
Tukey (P b 0.05) for homogeneous variances (Levene-test). The
Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test and Dunn's multiple comparison
test were applied (P b 0.05), where the requirement of normality and
equality of variance were not met. All statistical analyses were per-
formed using the SPSS 18.0 (IBM, Chicago, USA) for Windows. The
second-order polynomial regression model (Robbins et al., 1979) was
used to estimate the appropriate supplementation of dietary lipid for
N. japonica on the basis of WG.
3. Results
3.1. Growth performance and morphometrical parameters
The growth performance of juvenile N. japonica was presented in
Table 2. The experiment showed that the test diets were well accepted
by fish, and no fish died during the growth trial. The growth of fish
were significantly affected by dietary lipid levels (P b 0.05). Fish fed
diets with low lipid levels (5–13%) showed significantly higher weight
gain (WG) and special growth ratio (SGR) than those fed high lipid
diets (17–21%) (P b 0.05). Based on the second order polynomial re-
gression analysis of WG (Fig. 1), diet containing 8.22% lipid provided
maximum growth of Nibea japonica. Protein efficiency ratio (PER)
increased with dietary lipid level increased from 5% to 13%, and fish
fed diets with 9–17% lipid had significantly higher PER than other treat-
ments (P b 0.05). Moreover, fish fed diets with 9–17% lipid had signifi-
cantly lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) than other treatments. Daily
feed intake (DFI) and feed intake (FI) showed a decreasing trend with
dietary lipid increased, and they were significantly lower in fish fed
diets with 17–21% lipid levels than those fed diets with 5–9% lipid levels
(P b 0.05).
Morphometrical parameters of juvenile N. japonica were presented
in Table 3. The condition factor (CF) of the experiment fish were not sig-
nificantly affected by the dietary treatments (P N 0.05). In addition, fish
fed diets with 5% and 9% lipid levels had significantly lower VSI, HSI and
IPF values than those fed with high lipid diets (13–21%) (P b 0.05).
3.2. Whole body and tissue composition
Whole body and tissue composition of juvenile N. japonica were pre-
sented in Table 4. In treatment groups, the whole-body composition
was significantly affected by dietary lipids (P b 0.05). Fish fed diet
with lowest lipid level showed significantly lower whole body lipid
level than other treatments (P b 0.05). The whole body protein content
was significantly lower in fish fed high lipid diets (17% and 21%) than
Table 1
Composition and proximate analyses of the experimental diets (as fed basis) (g/100 g dry
diets).
Diet (dietary lipid levels %)
1 (5) 2 (9) 3 (13) 4 (17) 5 (21)
Ingredient (g/100 g)
White fishmeala
36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0
Soybean mealb
33.0 33.0 33.0 33.0 33.0
Lecithinb
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Fish oilc
0.0 3.8 7.6 11.4 15.2
Corn starch 20.0 15.7 8.5 1.0 0.0
Ascorbyl-2-monophosphate 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Choline chloride (50%) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Vitamin mixd
2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
Mineral mixe
3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0
Carboxymethyl cellulose 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0
Cellulose 0.0 0.5 3.9 7.6 4.8
Proximate analysis (g/100 g dry diet)
Moisture 11.90 11.68 11.03 10.80 9.88
Crude protein 45.65 46.15 46.07 47.13 45.68
Crude lipid 5.12 8.99 12.74 16.66 20.57
Ash 11.88 12.00 11.92 11.72 11.68
Gross energy (kJ/g) 16.07 16.81 17.46 18.26 19.21
P:E (mg/kJ) 28.41 27.45 26.39 25.81 23.78
a
Imported from American seafood company, purchased from Zhejiang Longma
Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Huzhou, China.
b
Purchased from Zhoushan Zhonghai Cereals And Oils Industry Co., Ltd, Zhoushan,
China.
c
Supplied by Evergreen Group, Guangdong, China.
d
Vitamin premix contained (g kg−1
premix): thiamin, 5.00; riboflavin, 5.00; pyridox-
ine, 4.00; nicotinic acid, 20.00; calcium pantothenate, 10.00; biotin, 0.60; folic acid, 1.50;
inositol, 200.00; a-tocopherol, 40.00; retinol, 5.00; cyanocobalamin, 0.01; menadione,
4.00; cholecalciferol, 4.8; cellulose, 700.10.
e
Mineral premix contained (g kg−1
premix) calcium biphosphate, 122.87; calcium
lactate, 474.22; sodium biphosphate, 42.03; potassium sulphate dibasic, 163.83; ferrous
sulphate, 10.78; ferric citrate, 38.26; magnesium sulphate, 44.19; zinc sulphate, 4.74;
manganese sulphate, 0.33; copper sulphate, 0.22; cobalt chloride, 0.43; potassium iodide,
0.02; sodium chloride, 32.33; and potassium chloride, 65.75.
146 T. Han et al. / Aquaculture 434 (2014) 145–150
3. those in low lipid diets (5–13%) (P b 0.05). Moreover, the dorsal muscle
composition showed no significant difference among each treatments
(P N 0.05). The liver composition was significantly affected by dietary
lipids (P b 0.05). The liver lipid content had a trend to increase with
dietary lipid level increased, while liver protein and moisture level
decreased with an increase in dietary lipid level.
3.3. Energy retention and deposition of nitrogen and lipid
Nitrogen, energy and lipid utilization of juvenile N. japonica were
presented in Table 5. Daily nitrogen intake (DNI) and daily nitrogen
gain (DNG) decreased with dietary lipid level increased (P b 0.05). Ni-
trogen retention (NR), daily energy gain (DEG) and energy retention
(ER) increased with dietary lipid level increased from 5% to 13%, after
that decreased. Daily lipid intake (DLI) increased accompanying the di-
etary lipid level increased. Fish fed lowest lipid diet had significantly
lower daily lipid gain (DLG) than other treatments (P b 0.05).
4. Discussion
This study showed that the test diets were well accepted by fish, and
no fish died during the growth trial. It is also clear that N. japonica was
capable of achieving a well growth performance over a range of dietary
lipid levels (5–13%). Furthermore, animals need energy for the major
cellular functions involved in maintenance as well as production
(Kaushik and Medale, 1994). It also has been well documented that n-
3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (mainly from fish oil and fish meal)
are necessary for the growth and survival of marine fish (Glencross,
2009; Turchini et al., 2009). In this study, fish fed diet with lowest
lipid level (16.07 kJ/g energy content) showed a good performance,
which also indicated that 5% dietary lipid has been met both the energy
and n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids requirements of this species.
However, based on the second order polynomial regression analysis of
WG, diet containing 8.22% lipid provided maximum growth of
N. japonica. Chai et al. (2013) also suggested that 9% dietary lipid was
the more suitable than 16% dietary lipid for N. japonica reared in net
pens. Similar results were also observed in other fish species, such as
9.6% dietary lipid for Puntius gonionotus (Mohanta et al., 2008) and 9%
dietary lipid for Epinephelus malabaricus (Lin and Shiau, 2003).
However, a significant decrease in growth rate was also observed in
dietary lipid level more than 13% in this study. Some previous studies
also have reported that excess dietary lipid level could result in reduce
fish growth (Chatzifotis et al., 2010; Luo et al., 2005; Pei et al., 2004;
Wang et al., 2005). Sargent et al. (1989) suggested that the growth re-
duction at excess dietary lipid levels could be due to the inhibition of
de-novo fatty acid synthesis and reduction of the ability of fish to digest
and assimilate it. Furthermore, fish usually regulated their feed con-
sumption to meet the energy requirement (Hemre et al., 1995; Sveier
Table 2
Growth performances of juvenile Nibea japonica fed diets containing different lipid levels.
Diet (dietary lipid levels %)
1 (5) 2 (9) 3 (13) 4 (17) 5 (21) P Pooled SE⁎
IBW (g)1
6.6 6.74 6.79 6.37 6.79 KW, 0.450 0.09
FBW (g)2
60.95cd
67.26d
61.69cd
44.50b
34.67a
KW, 0.022 3.34
WG (%)3
816.57c
900.78c
809.63c
598.36b
412.21a
KW, 0.026 49.50
SGR (% day−1
)4
4.10c
4.26c
4.09c
3.60b
3.02a
KW, 0.025 0.13
FCR5
1.06c
0.93b
0.87a
0.86a
1.01c
AN, 0.000 0.22
PER6
2.04a
2.34b
2.48b
2.43b
2.14a
AN, 0.000 0.48
PPV7
0.53c
0.64d
0.67d
0.44b
0.37a
KW, 0.010 0.03
DFI (g ABW−1
day−1
)8
3.05d
2.72c
2.49b
2.31a
2.38ab
AN, 0.000 0.07
FI (g/fish)9
57.77c
56.36c
46.73b
32.93a
26.63a
AN, 0.000 3.42
Average body weight (ABW) = (initial body weight + final body weight)/2.
⁎ Standard error of the mean (pooled). AN = one way ANOVA, KW = Kruskal Wallis and P values are given. Values in a same column that do not share same superscripts are signif-
icantly different (P b 0.05).
1
Initial body wet weight (g).
2
Final body wet weight (g).
3
Weight gain (WG) = 100 × (final body weight − initial body weight)/initial body weight.
4
Special growth ratio (SGR) = 100 × (ln (final weight) – ln (initial weight))/56 days.
5
Feed conversion ratio (FCR) = total feed intake/weight gain.
6
Protein efficiency ratio (PER) = weight gain/protein intake.
7
Productive protein value (PPV) = protein gain/protein intake.
8
Daily feed intake = 100 × total feed intake/ABW × 56 days.
9
Feed intake = total feed (g)/fish number.
Fig. 1. Relationship of weight gain (WG, %) with dietary lipid levels of juvenile Nibea japon-
ica fed the experiment diet.
Table 3
Morphometrical parameters of juvenile Nibea japonica fed diets containing different lipid
levels.
Diet (dietary lipid levels %)
1 (5) 2 (9) 3 (13) 4 (17) 5 (21) P Pooled SE⁎
VSI (%)1
5.27a
5.12a
5.75b
6.52c
6.75c
AN, 0.000 0.18
HIS (%)2
2.02a
2.08a
2.35b
2.82c
2.93c
AN, 0.000 0.10
IPF (%)3
0.05a
0.16b
0.35c
0.29c
0.29c
KW, 0.020 0.03
CF4
1.61 1.47 1.48 1.48 1.48 AN, 0.242 0.02
⁎ Standard error of the mean (pooled). AN = one way ANOVA, KW = Kruskal Wallis
and P values are given. Values in a same column that do not share same superscripts are
significantly different (P b 0.05).
1
Viscerosomatic index (VSI) = 100 × viscera weight/fish wet weight.
2
Hepatosomatic index (HSI) = 100× liver wet weight/fish wet weight.
3
Intraperitoneal fat ratio (IPF) =100 × intraperitoneal fat weight/fish wet weight.
4
Condition factor (CF) = fish wet weight/(body length) 3
.
147
T. Han et al. / Aquaculture 434 (2014) 145–150
4. et al., 1999). Some researchers also suggested that fish fed diet contain-
ing excess energy led to growth depression by feed intake (Ellis and
Reigh, 1991; El-Sayed and Garling Jr, 1988) and nitrogen intake reduc-
tion (Khan and Abidi, 2012). In agreement, a decreased trend of FI, DFI
and DNI was observed in N. japonica fed diets with lipid level from 5%
to 21% (energy content from 16.07 kJ/g to 19.21 kJ/g), which could part-
ly explain the fish fed high lipid and energy diets obtained a poor
growth in this study.
Our previous study demonstrated that N. japonica could utilize high
dietary carbohydrate as much as 24% (energy content was 16.97 kJ/g)
(Li et al., 2014). In the present study, corn starch was used as the
major dietary carbohydrate source (0–20%) to compensate for the vari-
ous dietary lipid levels. Juvenile N. japonica fed diet 1 (5% lipid level and
20% corn starch level) obtained a good growth performance, while fish
showed a significantly higher DEI than other groups. Moreover, signifi-
cantly lower energy retention (ER) was also obtained in fish fed diet 1
than those in other treatments (except the diet 5 group). These results
might indicate that the utilization of dietary carbohydrate as energy
source was poorer than dietary lipid in N. japonica. Similar results
were also reported in other species by previous studies (Ellis and
Reigh, 1991; Hu et al., 2007; Li et al., 2014).
The protein sparing effect of lipid has been reported in many fish
species (Chatzifotis et al., 2010; Ding et al., 2010; Luo et al., 2005;
Song et al., 2009). Therefore, in consideration of a protein-sparing effect
in the high-lipid diet, the nutritional strategy is to increase dietary pro-
tein utilization by increasing adequate lipid levels without inhibiting the
growth (Ai et al., 2004; Sargent et al., 2002). Although fish fed diet with
9–17% lipid levels showed a higher PER than those fed diet 1, a decrease
in body protein and an increase in body lipid contents were observed
with fish fed high lipid level diets. These observations might indicate
that fish fed high lipid diets gain more fat causing the different PER
values, which were further supported by the result that there is a diver-
gence between PPV and PER values in diet 4 and diet 1 groups. In agree-
ment, this study also showed that DLI increased accompanying the
Table 4
Whole body, muscle and liver composition of juvenile Nibea japonica fed diets containing different lipid levels.
Diet (dietary lipid levels %)
Diet Initial 1 (5) 2 (9) 3 (13) 4 (17) 5 (21) P Pooled Sem⁎
Whole fish
Moisture (%) 76.39 74.64d
72.86b
71.85a
73.52bc
74.02cd
KW, 0.010 0.27
Protein (%) 17.72 17.76c
17.72c
17.78c
16.25b
15.76a
AN, 0.032 0.24
Lipid (%) 1.77 2.72a
4.52b
4.74bc
5.34c
4.97bc
KW, 0.001 0.25
Ash (%) 4.43 3.93a
4.01a
4.01a
4.11ab
4.28b
AN, 0.011 0.04
Dorsal muscle
Moisture (%) 78.42 78.38 77.76 78.51 78.27 AN, 0.415 0.13
Protein (%) 19.58 19.35 19.92 19.61 19.70 AN, 0.787 0.13
Lipid (%) 0.61 0.71 1.14 1.72 1.13 KW, 0.157 0.16
Liver
Moisture (%) 61.15c
54.18b
49.43a
49.11a
48.26a
KW, 0.019 1.30
Protein (%) 11.48ab
11.91b
10.79a
10.68a
10.79a
AN, 0.094 0.18
Lipid (%) 20.78a
26.20ab
31.39bc
31.31bc
38.69 KW, 0.020 1.81
⁎ Standard error of the mean (pooled). AN = one way ANOVA, KW = Kruskal Wallis and P values are given. Values in a same column that do not share same superscripts are signif-
icantly different (P b 0.05).
Table 5
Nitrogen, energy and lipid utilization by juvenile Nibea japonica fed diets containing different lipid levels.
Diet (dietary lipid levels %)
1 (5) 2 (9) 3 (13) 4 (17) 5 (21) P Pooled SE⁎
Nitrogen
DNI (g kg−1
ABW day−1
)1
1.99c
1.78b
1.65a
1.61a
1.62a
AN, 0.000 0.04
DNG2
(g kg−1
ABW day−1
)2
0.82c
0.83c
0.82c
0.69b
0.59a
AN, 0.000 0.03
NR (%intake)3
41.01b
46.5c
49.40d
42.66b
36.27a
AN, 0.000 1.24
Energy
DEI (kJ kg−1
ABW day−1
)4
4.92c
4.62b
4.40ab
4.29a
4.62b
AN, 0.002 0.07
DEG (kJ kg−1
ABW day−1
)5
1.49b
1.72c
1.73c
1.59b
1.392a
AN, 0.000 0.04
ER (%intake)6
30.32a
37.32b
39.46c
37.08b
30.08a
AN, 0.000 1.07
Lipid
DLI (g kg−1
ABW day−1
)7
1.35 ± 0.02a
2.16b
2.81c
3.38d
4.33e
AN, 0.000 0.27
DLG (g kg−1
ABW day−1
)8
0.81a
1.41b
1.46b
1.59b
1.38b
AN, 0.000 0.08
LR (%intake)9
60.41cd
65.28d
52.13bc
47.08b
31.89a
AN, 0.001 3.40
⁎ Standard error of the mean (pooled). AN = one way ANOVA, KW = Kruskal Wallis and P values are given. Values in a same column that do not share same superscripts are signif-
icantly different (P b 0.05).
1
Daily nitrogen intake = feed intake nitrogen/ABW × days.
2
Daily nitrogen gain = (final body weight × final body nitrogen-initial body weight × initial body nitrogen)/ABW × days.
3
Nitrogen retention = 100 × daily nitrogen gain/daily nitrogen intake.
4
Daily energy intake = feed intake energy/ABW × days.
5
Daily energy gain = (final body weight × final body energy − initial body weight × initial body energy)/ABW × days.
6
Energy retention = 100 × daily energy gain/daily energy intake.
7
Daily lipid intake = feed intake lipid/ABW × days.
8
Daily lipid gain = (final body weight × final body lipid − initial body weight × initial body lipid)/ABW × days.
9
Lipid retention = 100 × daily lipid gain/daily lipid intake.
148 T. Han et al. / Aquaculture 434 (2014) 145–150
5. dietary lipid level increased, and DLG had a trend to increase with die-
tary lipid level from 5% to 17%. These results also proved that
N. japonica tended to increase their lipid deposition with increasing
lipid levels in diets. Furthermore, Lie et al. (1988) suggested that PPV
is a better indicator of a feed/growth compared to PER in some fish spe-
cies which have fat deposits in body. In this study, a significantly higher
PPV was observed in fish fed dietary lipid from 9% to 13% compared to
those fed other diets. When PPV values are seen together with NR
values, it could indicate that 9–13% dietary lipid level could improve
the protein utilization in this species.
Previous studies also have reported that excess dietary lipid result in
fat deposition, which could further lead to produce fatty fish with poor
commercial value (Hanley, 1991). It is also well known that VSI value is
one of the most important indicators directly affecting the yield in the
fish production (Wang et al., 2005). In this study, VSI was significantly
higher with feeding of high lipid (13–21%) diets than those fed with
low lipid (5% and 9%) diets, which also suggested that high lipid level
diets led to a poor commercial value of production. It is also meaningful
and noteworthy that fish fed diet with 13% lipid level obtained good
growth performance, FCR and PER values, but with significant higher
VSI than those fed lower lipid diets (5% and 9%). To a certain extent,
the high WG value in this group can not regard as an accurate predictor
of true growth performance. Moreover, the increase of VSI in this study
was also related to an increased trend of HSI and IPF by dietary lipid
level increase. A positive relationship between the dietary lipid level
and IPF also has been reported in some fishes, such as Rachycentron
canadum (Wang et al., 2005), Ctenopharyngodon idella (Du et al.,
2005) and Odontesthes bonariensis (Gómez-Requeni et al., 2013).
Many studies have shown that HSI increased with the increase of die-
tary lipid levels, such as Oreochromis niloticus (Hanley, 1991), Tor
khudree (Bazaz and Keshavanath, 1993) and Puntius gonionotus
(Mohanta et al., 2008).
Furthermore, some previous studies also indicated that high HSI
might relate to the lipid accumulation in fish liver (Hilton and
Atkinson, 1982; Mohanta et al., 2009; Ren et al., 2011). This hypothesis
was also supported by the present result, which liver lipid level showed
an increase trend with the supplementation of dietary lipid. Although
some studies indicated that a fat accumulation was observed in muscle
by dietary lipid level (Chatzifotis et al., 2010; Wang et al., 2005), the
muscle lipid content of this study showed no significant difference. In
consideration the increase of HIS, IPF and liver lipid level in high dietary
lipid treatments, this study suggested that the excess dietary lipid tends
to deposit on viscera of N. japonica. This result was also in agreement
with previous studies (Martino et al., 2002; Mohanta et al., 2008). Luo
et al. (2005) also suggested excess dietary lipid led to a lipid accumula-
tion in the liver and other visceral organs in Epinephelus coioides. In ad-
dition, present study showed that a decrease in body protein content
was observed with fish fed high lipid level diets, which was similar
with previous study (Gómez-Requeni et al., 2013; Peres and
Oliva-Teles, 1999; Song et al., 2009; Wang et al., 2005).
In conclusion, results of this study suggested that N. japonica is
capable of achieving a well growth performance with dietary lipid
level from 5% to 13%. Based on the second order polynomial regres-
sion analysis of WG, 8.22% dietary lipid level was appropriated for
N. japonica. Excess dietary lipid (13–21%) also led to a lipid accumu-
lation in the liver and other visceral organs, as well as a poor com-
mercial value of production.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by a grant from the Applied Basic
Research Programs of international science and technology cooper-
ation program of Zhejiang Province (No. 2013C24029) and Zhejiang
Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.
Y3090624).
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