Respiratory cycle
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The respiratory cycle involves inhalation and exhalation. The diaphragm and external intercostal muscles are the most important respiratory muscles. Accessory muscles that can assist with inhalation include the sternocleidomastoid, serratus anterior, pectoralis minor, and scalene muscles. The abdominal muscles that can assist with exhalation include the external and internal oblique, transversus abdominis, and rectus abdominis muscles. The respiratory minute volume, which is the amount of air moved each minute, is calculated by multiplying the respiratory rate by the tidal volume. Alveolar ventilation is the amount of air reaching the alveoli each minute, which is less than the
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Anatomy of respiratory system
The respiratory system consists of the upper and lower respiratory tract. The upper tract includes the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx and larynx. The lower tract includes the trachea, bronchi and lungs. The nose warms, moistens and filters inhaled air. The nasal cavity is lined with turbinates and openings of paranasal sinuses. The pharynx is divided into naso, oro and laryngopharynx. The larynx contains cartilages including the thyroid, cricoid and epiglottis and controls airflow into the trachea and esophagus. The trachea begins at the cricoid cartilage and contains incomplete C-shaped cartilaginous rings extending
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1) The respiratory system performs ventilation through breathing, gas exchange between air and blood in the lungs, and cellular respiration utilizing oxygen. Partial pressures and composition of gases change as air moves through the respiratory tract.
2) The conducting zone includes nasal passages and pharynx that warm and cleanse air before it reaches the lungs. The lungs contain alveoli with a large surface area for efficient gas exchange.
3) Breathing is regulated by brainstem centers that control the muscles of inspiration and expiration in response to chemoreceptors monitoring blood gas levels, maintaining homeostasis. Gases are transported via hemoglobin in red blood
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This document discusses lung volumes and capacities. It defines various lung volumes measured during respiration like tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and residual volume. Lung capacities are combinations of these volumes and include vital capacity, total lung capacity, and functional residual capacity. The document provides normal ranges for various lung measurements in adults and infants. It also discusses the significance of the functional residual capacity and how obstructive and restrictive lung diseases affect lung volumes and capacities.
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The respiratory system consists of the upper and lower respiratory tract. The upper tract includes the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx and larynx. The lower tract includes the trachea, bronchi and lungs. The nose warms, moistens and filters inhaled air. The nasal cavity is lined with turbinates and openings of paranasal sinuses. The pharynx is divided into naso, oro and laryngopharynx. The larynx contains cartilages including the thyroid, cricoid and epiglottis and controls airflow into the trachea and esophagus. The trachea begins at the cricoid cartilage and contains incomplete C-shaped cartilaginous rings extending
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2) The conducting zone includes nasal passages and pharynx that warm and cleanse air before it reaches the lungs. The lungs contain alveoli with a large surface area for efficient gas exchange.
3) Breathing is regulated by brainstem centers that control the muscles of inspiration and expiration in response to chemoreceptors monitoring blood gas levels, maintaining homeostasis. Gases are transported via hemoglobin in red blood
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This document discusses the respiratory cycle and mechanics of breathing. It defines respiration as the process of inhaling oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide. The principal muscle of inhalation is the diaphragm, while exhalation is passive. It describes the pressures involved in respiration, including alveolar pressure, pleural pressure, and atmospheric pressure. Obstructive and restrictive lung diseases can alter these normal pressure values and disrupt the inhalation to exhalation ratio.
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The respiratory system consists of an upper respiratory tract and lower respiratory tract. The upper tract includes the nose, pharynx and larynx, and conducts air. The lower tract includes the trachea, bronchi and lungs, and is where gas exchange occurs in the alveoli. Breathing involves inspiration and expiration through cyclic contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles. The lungs and pleural membranes allow for efficient gas exchange through a vast surface area in the alveoli.
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The document discusses the process of respiration and gas exchange. It describes how oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood while carbon dioxide diffuses in the opposite direction down their partial pressure gradients. The composition of alveolar air differs from atmospheric air due to the absorption of oxygen from the blood and addition of carbon dioxide. The rate of gas exchange is determined by factors like membrane thickness, surface area, and the partial pressure differences of gases.
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The pulmonary circulation has several key characteristics:
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The document discusses pulmonary ventilation and the steps of respiration. It describes how pulmonary ventilation occurs through the alternating contraction and relaxation of respiratory muscles that create pressure differences, causing air to flow into and out of the lungs. The key muscles involved in inhalation are the diaphragm and external intercostals, while exhalation occurs passively through elastic recoil. Factors like surface tension, lung compliance, and airway resistance also affect pulmonary ventilation.
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The document discusses the process of respiration in four parts:
1. Pulmonary ventilation involves breathing air in and out of the lungs through inhalation and exhalation.
2. External respiration is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli in the lungs and blood in the pulmonary capillaries.
3. Internal respiration is the exchange of gases between blood in the systemic capillaries and tissue cells throughout the body.
4. Respiration is regulated through various pulmonary volumes including tidal volume, vital capacity, functional residual capacity, and total lung capacity.
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The document provides an overview of respiratory physiology, covering the basics of the respiratory system including its functional anatomy and the processes of ventilation, gas exchange, and gas transport. It discusses the respiratory system's key functions of gas exchange, pH regulation, and protection. The summary is:
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- The respiratory tract involves the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles leading to alveoli where gas exchange occurs by diffusion across pulmonary capillaries.
- Breathing is driven by changes in thoracic pressure and lung volumes via contraction of respiratory muscles and elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall. Inspiration occurs as lungs fill a expanded chest cavity, expiration when it relaxes.
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1. Gas exchange involves ventilation, external respiration, and internal respiration.
2. Ventilation involves inspiration and expiration moving air in and out of the lungs.
3. External respiration is the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and blood.
4. Internal respiration is the diffusion of gases between blood and tissue cells.
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This document discusses the respiratory cycle and mechanics of breathing. It defines respiration as the process of inhaling oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide. The principal muscle of inhalation is the diaphragm, while exhalation is passive. It describes the pressures involved in respiration, including alveolar pressure, pleural pressure, and atmospheric pressure. Obstructive and restrictive lung diseases can alter these normal pressure values and disrupt the inhalation to exhalation ratio.
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The respiratory system consists of an upper respiratory tract and lower respiratory tract. The upper tract includes the nose, pharynx and larynx, and conducts air. The lower tract includes the trachea, bronchi and lungs, and is where gas exchange occurs in the alveoli. Breathing involves inspiration and expiration through cyclic contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles. The lungs and pleural membranes allow for efficient gas exchange through a vast surface area in the alveoli.
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This document discusses lung volumes and capacities. It defines four lung volumes: tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume. It also defines four lung capacities that are combinations of the volumes: inspiratory capacity, vital capacity, functional residual capacity, and total lung capacity. It provides the normal values for each volume and capacity. Lung function tests measure these volumes and capacities to evaluate lung health and detect respiratory diseases. Spirometry uses a device called a spirometer to measure the volumes expired and inspired.
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1) The major inspiratory muscles that expand the thoracic cavity including the diaphragm and ribs, inducing inhalation. Expiratory muscles compress the thorax during exhalation.
2) Pulmonary ventilation is the volume of air inhaled and exhaled per minute at rest, approximately 6-7 liters.
3) Pressures involved in breathing include the intra-alveolar pressure that decreases during inhalation and increases slightly during exhalation, and the negative intra-pleural pressure that helps keep the lungs inflated. Changes in these pressures and volumes drive air flow into and out
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The document summarizes regulation of respiration, including:
1- The respiratory center is located in the medulla and pons and contains three major neuron groups that control inspiration, expiration, and breathing depth. Peripheral chemoreceptors also detect oxygen levels and signal the respiratory center.
2- Chemical control of respiration, mainly by carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions, directly stimulates the respiratory center. Oxygen does not directly affect the center but is detected by peripheral chemoreceptors.
3- Other factors like exercise, lung inflation, brain edema, anesthesia, and irritant receptors can also influence respiration. Periodic breathing disorders like Cheyne-Stokes and sleep apnea involve irregular breathing patterns during
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Role of respiratory muscles and various pressures in pulmonary ventilation
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Here are the answers to questions 1-4 on page 288:
1. What is the normal adult respiration rate at rest?
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Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Respiratory cycle
- 1. The Respiratory Cycle A respiratory cycle is a single cycle of inhalation and exhalation. The tidal volume is the amount of air you move into or out of your lungs during a single respiratory cycle. The Mechanics of Breathing The Respiratory Muscles The most important are the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles .
- 2. The Respiratory Cycle Muscles Used in Inhalation Inhalation is an active process involving the contraction of one or more of these muscles: The contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity by tensing and flattening its floor, and this increase draws air into the lungs. Diaphragmatic contraction is responsible for roughly 75 percent of the air movement in normal breathing at rest. The external intercostal muscles assist in inhalation by elevating the ribs. This action contributes roughly 25 percent to the volume of air in the lungs. Accessory muscles, including the sternocleidomastoid, serratus anterior, pectoralis minor, and scalene muscles, can assist the external intercostal muscles in elevating the ribs. These muscles increase the speed and amount of rib movement. Muscles Used in Exhalation Exhalation is either passive or active, depending on the level of respiratory activity. When exhalation is active, it may involve one or more of the following muscles: The internal intercostal and transversus thoracis muscles depress the ribs and reduce the width and depth of the thoracic cavity. The abdominal muscles, including the external and internal oblique, transversus abdominis, and rectus abdominis muscles, can assist the internal intercostal muscles in exhalation by compressing the abdomen and forcing the diaphragm upward. Respiratory Rates and Volumes When you are exercising at peak levels, the amount of air moving into and out of the respiratory tract can be 50 times the amount moved at rest. Respiratory Rate is the number of breaths you take each minute. The normal respiratory rate of a resting adult ranges from 12 to 18 breaths each minute, roughly one for every four heartbeats. Children breathe more rapidly, at rates of about 18–20 breaths per minute. The Respiratory Minute Volume is the amount of air moved each minute, symbolized by multiplying the respiratory rate by the tidal volume. This value is called the respiratory minute volume. The tidal volume at rest varies from individual to individual, but it averages around 500 ml per breath. Therefore, the respiratory minute volume at rest, 12 breaths per minute, is approximately 6 liters per minute.
- 3. The Respiratory Cycle Alveolar Ventilation The volume of air in the conducting passages is known as the anatomic dead space. Alveolar ventilation is the amount of air reaching the alveoli each minute. The alveolar ventilation is less than the respiratory minute volume, because some of the air never reaches the alveoli, but remains in the dead space of the lungs. At rest, alveolar ventilation rates are approximately 4.2 liters per minute The gas arriving in the alveoli is different from that of the surrounding atmosphere, because inhaled air always mixes with "used" air in the conducting passageways (the anatomic dead space) on its way to the exchange surfaces. The air in alveoli thus contains less oxygen and more carbon dioxide than atmospheric air. Now answer: What is a respiratory Cycle? Which are the most important muscles during respiration? Name the Accessory muscles. Name the abdominal muscles. How do you obtain the Respiratory Minute Volume? What is the alveolar respiration?