Cellular respiration is the process by which organisms convert glucose and oxygen into energy in the form of ATP. There are two types of cellular respiration: aerobic respiration, which requires oxygen and produces more ATP, and anaerobic respiration, which does not require oxygen but produces less ATP. The byproducts of aerobic respiration are carbon dioxide and water, while the byproduct of anaerobic respiration in humans is lactic acid. Respiration occurs in organisms via different respiratory structures suited to their environment, such as lungs in humans and tracheal systems in insects.

1. Respiration Hasimah Azit

2. Respiration Overview EXTERNAL INTERNAL TRANSPORTATION

3. ENERGY REQUIREMENT FOR: Muscle contraction Active transport Transmission of nerves Formation of new organelle Cell division Maintain body temperature

4. Cellular respiration is the process in which energy -rich molecules such as glucose are converted into energy usable for life processes

5. The process occurs in gradual steps that result in the conversion of the energy stored in glucose to usable chemical energy in the form of ATP Waste products (CO2 + H2O) are released through exhaled air, sweat and urine

6. Cellular respiration Substrate for energy production: Glucose – obtain from food Oxygen - from air

7. Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration respiration

8. Aerobic respiration Aerobic respiration requires oxygen in order to generate energy. 36 ATP molecules can be made per glucose reactions take place in the mitochondria

9. mitochondria

10. Chemical equation: C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 -> 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + Energy released (2898 kJ/mol) glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + E

11. Activities like sprinting require levels of energy that are greater than the body can produce with the aerobic ( with oxygen ) metabolism. For these activities, the body relies on anaerobic ( without oxygen ) processes. Anaerobic respiration

12. Lactic acid is a byproduct of anaerobic metabolism. It builds up to high levels within the muscles and eventually leads to fatigue during these high intensity activities .

13. Anaerobic respiration In the absence of oxygen Glucose undergoes a process of fermentation . in the cytoplasm In human cells the waste product is lactic acid . 2 ATP are produced during anaerobic respiration per glucose

14. Chemical reaction for Anaerobic in muscle C 6 H 12 O 6 -> 2C 3 H 6 O 3 + E (150kJ mol−1) [Glucose] [lactic acid] + Energy

15. Lactic acid will build up causes fatigue Fast and deep breathing – supply extra oxygen to : breakdown lactic acid into CO 2 and H 2 O Converted back to glycogen The amount of O 2 needed = oxygen debt

16. Anaerobic in yeast In yeast, the waste product is ethanol and carbon dioxide Discuss: The important of ethanol and carbon dioxide production for human

17. Comparison Between aerobic and anaerobic respiration: Place Reaction Product Energy produced

18. Characteristic of respiratory surfaces Large surface area for gas exchange Thin respiratory surface, one layer epithelial cells that allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to exchange. respiratory surfaces must be moist, gases can only cross cell membranes when they are dissolved in water or an aqueous solution

19. Insect respiratory structure

20. Tracheal system spiracles - openings on the sides of the thorax and abdomen usually one pair of spiracles per segment The tracheae are invaginations of the cuticular exoskeleton that branch throughout the body with diameters from only a few micrometers up to 0.8mm. The smallest tubes, tracheoles, penetrate cells and serve as sites of diffusion for oxygen and carbon dioxide

25. Fish respiratory structure

26. gills

28. Fish gills The gills of bony fishes are covered by an operculum. They are four in number with intervening gill slits Branches of the afferent and efferent branchial arteries pass out to the tip of a gill filament on each side. A rich capillary network, cross-connecting these branches and at right angles to them, occupies each lamella. the water flows directly opposite to the flow of blood in the lamellar capillaries.

31. Amphibian Frogs have three respiratory surfaces : skin : Frogs can breathe through their skin while they are in wet places. They can also exchange gases between the blood vessels in it, and with its outer environment. There are also mucus glands in the skin, these keep the skin moist. Their skin absorbs a lot of dissolved oxygen from the surrounding atmosphere.

32. the thin membranes lining its mouth and pharynx. the lungs. Adult frogs have poorly developed lungs. Their lungs are used on dry land while the frogs are active. Gas exchanged by the lungs is used to make the vocal cords vibrate. They are located in the larynx, and are necessary for the sound generated by a frog.

33. The frog inhales and exahales When the frog breathes, the air enters the mouth. The floor of the mouth drops, and the external nares open. The floor of the mouth rises and falls in a rhythmic pattern. These movements are interrupted by a rapid expansion and contraction of the sides of the body wall at less frequent intervals. At rest, frogs usually breathe through the lining of the mouth. This process only fills the lung occasionally.

36. Human respiratory structure

37. General structure of human respiratory system

39. The lungs are large, lobed, paired organs in the thoracic cavity Thin sheets of epithelium ( pleura ) separate the inside of the chest cavity from the outer surface of the lungs. The bottom of the thoracic cavity is formed by the diaphragm .

40. Lung

41. Bronchi are reinforced by cartilage ring to prevent their collapse They are lined with ciliated epithelium and mucus-producing cells. Bronchi branch into smaller and smaller tubes known as bronchioles .

43. Bronchioles terminate in grape-like sac clusters known as alveoli . Alveoli are surrounded by a network of thin-walled capillaries . Only about 0.2 µm separate the alveoli from the capillaries due to the extremely thin walls of both structures.

44. alveolus

46. Ventilation the mechanics of breathing in and out inhalation, muscles in the chest wall contract, lifting the ribs and pulling them, outward diaphragm at this time moves downward enlarging the chest cavity Reduced air pressure in the lungs causes air to enter the lungs.

47. Exhalation muscles in the chest wall relax, lifting the ribs and pulling them, outward diaphragm at this time moves downward enlarging the chest cavity Increased air pressure in the lungs causes air to exit the lungs.

50. Diffusion is the movement of materials from a higher to a lower concentration. The differences between oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations are measured by partial pressures. The greater the difference in partial pressure the greater the rate of diffusion.

51. Gas exchange alveolus

52. Gas exchange Partial pressure of oxygen in alveolus is higher than in alveolar blood capillaries Oxygen from the air dissolve in water [moist] at alveoli lining and diffuse in blood Oxygen binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells to form oxyhaemoglobin. Oxyhaemoglobin is carried to all body cells by blood circulation

53. From cell to blood

54. Carbon dioxide - transported from the body cells back to the lungs as: 1 - bicarbonate (HCO3) - 60% formed when CO2 (released by cells making ATP) combines with H2O 2 - carbaminohemoglobin - 30% formed when CO2 combines with hemoglobin (hemoglobin molecules that have given up their oxygen) 3 - dissolved in the plasma - 10%

55. Carbon dioxide diffuses in the opposite direction, from capillary blood to alveolar air. Partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood is higher than in the alveoli Carbon dioxide diffuse out to the alveoli Exhalation follows, to get rid of the carbon dioxide and completing the cycle of respiration.

56. From blood to alveolus

59. What are differences between inhaled and exhaled air?

60. Regulatory mechanism After vigorous exercise the rate of respiration increase and heartbeat increase To supply more oxygen to the muscle To eliminate more carbon dioxide from the muscle

61. Resting stage Breathing rate = 16 – 18 breaths/minute Heartbeat rate = 60 – 80 beats/minute After activities Breathing rate = 30 – 40 breaths/minute Heartbeat rate = 120 – 150 beats/minute

62. Vigorous exercise = concentration in the blood CO 2 increase CO 2 dissolve in water forming carbonic acid pH blood drop Detected by central chemoreceptor in medulla oblongata Nerve impulse send to respiratory centre Resp. cen. send impulse to intercostal muscle and diaphragm Ventilation increase Regulatory mechanism of O 2 and CO 2

63. CO2 Water Carbonic acid pH Central chemoreceptor [medulla oblongata] Respiratory centre Intercostals muscle diaphragm Ventilation faster CO2 eliminate faster Detected by Impulse send Impulse send

64. Respiration in plant Occurs all the time In daylight photosynthesis produces plenty of oxygen Used by plant in respiration processes At night O 2 from atmosphere is used for respiration

65. Compare respiration and photosynthesis