Splicing mechanismSmall nuclear ribonucleic acid (snRNA) It is al.pdf
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Small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs), including U1snRNA and U4snRNA, play important roles in splicing. U1snRNA mediates splicing by binding to 5' splice sites and removing introns, while U4snRNA forms a complex with U1snRNA, U2snRNA, and U5snRNA called the spliceosome to remove introns from pre-mRNA. U4snRNA also has a specific role in the 3' end of hnRNA. Ribozymes such as peptidyl transferase rRNA also mediate RNA splicing through their enzymatic activity.
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5 cap and polyadenylationPost-transcriptional mRNA modification.pdf
5\' cap and polyadenylation:
Post-transcriptional mRNA modifications: In case of eukaryotes, the pre-mRNA must undergo
modifications, before making it ready for translation. These modifications include, addition of
5’cap, poly -A tail, removal of introns. This extensive mRNA processing is absent in prokaryotes
in which except self-splicing occurs without spliceosomes. Therefore, it has concluded that
eukaryotic protein synthesis is much slower than prokaryotes.
Addition of 5’cap: During this step, the 7-methylguanosine cap added to the 5’end of the pre-
mRNA, which protects the mRNA from degradation and allow the binding of ribosomes.
Polyadenylation-Addition of Poly A tail: A poly A tail is added to the 3’ end of the pre-mRNA
after the completion of elongation. This protects the mRNA from degradation and facilitates the
mature mRNA export to the cytoplasm.
Removal of introns: Before the export of mRNA to the cytoplasm, the introns removed from the
pre-mRNA. Spliceosomes consist of \"snRNPs.\".SnRNP U1 binds the 5 prime whereas snRNP
U2 binds with branch point sequence (BPS) and snRNP U5 binds to the 3 prime region. In the
first splicing step, a 2\'-->5\' phosphodiester bond is formed between the first nucleotide of the
intron and the branch site adenosine. In the second step, a 3\'-->5\' phosphodiester bond is
formed between the exon1 and the exon2 followed by simultaneous ligation.
Splicing mechanism
Small nuclear ribonucleic acid (snRNA): It is also known as U-RNA as it contains many uridine
contents in its complex structure. This is composed of 150 nucleotides nearly to produce
spliceosomes and to act along with snRNP. This snRNA has a predominant role in splicing. The
roles of U1snRNA is different to that of U4snRNA and U1snRNA is mainly going to mediate
splicing by binding to 5\'-splice site when snRNP (small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles) to
remove latriant introns but the U4snRNA is going to
Peptidyl transferase rRNA is different in their function to U1snRNA, U4snRNA in RNP as
ribozymes and these ribozymes are enzymatic RNA molecules & they are going to mediate RNA
splicing. The peptidyl transferase activity is possessed by 5S and 23S rRNA of ribosomes. The
role of U4snRNA is going to form a complex to form as U1/U2/U4/U5 on pre-mRNA as
spliceosome to remove introns. However, U4snRNA is specifically has specific role in 3 prime
end of hnRNA
Solution
5\' cap and polyadenylation:
Post-transcriptional mRNA modifications: In case of eukaryotes, the pre-mRNA must undergo
modifications, before making it ready for translation. These modifications include, addition of
5’cap, poly -A tail, removal of introns. This extensive mRNA processing is absent in prokaryotes
in which except self-splicing occurs without spliceosomes. Therefore, it has concluded that
eukaryotic protein synthesis is much slower than prokaryotes.
Addition of 5’cap: During this step, the 7-methylguanosine cap added to the 5’end of the pre-
mRNA, which protects the mRNA .
Post transcriptional modification
Detailed presentation on splicing, poly adenylation and capping of mRNA with diagrammatic description.
Sn rna
This is a brief information about Sn RNA for basic knowledge on it.
It is best for the basic things about the Sn RNA.
Small nuclear rna
Presentation describes types of sn-RNA its classes,translation of sn-RNA,post translational mechanisms and its role in rna spliceosomal mediated splicing of RNA, and 3' end maturation of histone genes.It also gives information about different diseases related to sn-RNA
DNA and RNA are both stands of nucleotides but RNA can carry out for .pdf
DNA and RNA are both stands of nucleotides but RNA can carry out for more functions than
DNA. How docs the structure of RNA differ from DNA? What additional activities/function can
RNA do that DNA cannot?
Solution
The structure of ribonucleic acid is single stranded in which thymine replaces uracil as
complimentary base and other adenine, guanine, cytosine are the nucleotides but
deoxyribonucleic acid is double stranded & duplex.
The additive activities can RNA performing are to undergo \"translation\" to code for proteins
the following are the other functions where as DNA cannot undergo translation directly to code
for proteins
Small nuclear ribonucleic acid (snRNA): It is also known as U-RNA as it contains many uridine
contents in its complex structure. This is composed of 150 nucleotides nearly to produce
spliceosomes and to act along with snRNP. This snRNA has a predominant role in splicing.
mRNA: It is produced by the transcription of DNA in the presence of RNA polymerase enzyme
and it has amino acid coding exons to code for specific proteins as per genetic code.
rRNA (ribosomal RNA): It has 50S and 30S ribosomal subunits which have aminoacyl site and
peptidyl site to carry out translation process during protein synthesis with mRNA.
tRNA (transfer RNA): It has clover leaf structure & common to all tRNA structure. It has
anticodon site to bind to the mRNA and to displace mRNA transcript from nuclear region onto
the rRNA for protein synthesis. It is considered as an adaptor molecule mainly consist of 76 to
90 ribonucleotides in length
piRNA:
Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNA) are the small non-coding RNA molecules with 26 to 31
nucleotides that are expressed in many of the germ lines of eukaryotic animals. piRNAs interact
with piwi proteins to form RNA-protein complexes..
Recommended
5 cap and polyadenylationPost-transcriptional mRNA modification.pdf
5\' cap and polyadenylation:
Post-transcriptional mRNA modifications: In case of eukaryotes, the pre-mRNA must undergo
modifications, before making it ready for translation. These modifications include, addition of
5’cap, poly -A tail, removal of introns. This extensive mRNA processing is absent in prokaryotes
in which except self-splicing occurs without spliceosomes. Therefore, it has concluded that
eukaryotic protein synthesis is much slower than prokaryotes.
Addition of 5’cap: During this step, the 7-methylguanosine cap added to the 5’end of the pre-
mRNA, which protects the mRNA from degradation and allow the binding of ribosomes.
Polyadenylation-Addition of Poly A tail: A poly A tail is added to the 3’ end of the pre-mRNA
after the completion of elongation. This protects the mRNA from degradation and facilitates the
mature mRNA export to the cytoplasm.
Removal of introns: Before the export of mRNA to the cytoplasm, the introns removed from the
pre-mRNA. Spliceosomes consist of \"snRNPs.\".SnRNP U1 binds the 5 prime whereas snRNP
U2 binds with branch point sequence (BPS) and snRNP U5 binds to the 3 prime region. In the
first splicing step, a 2\'-->5\' phosphodiester bond is formed between the first nucleotide of the
intron and the branch site adenosine. In the second step, a 3\'-->5\' phosphodiester bond is
formed between the exon1 and the exon2 followed by simultaneous ligation.
Splicing mechanism
Small nuclear ribonucleic acid (snRNA): It is also known as U-RNA as it contains many uridine
contents in its complex structure. This is composed of 150 nucleotides nearly to produce
spliceosomes and to act along with snRNP. This snRNA has a predominant role in splicing. The
roles of U1snRNA is different to that of U4snRNA and U1snRNA is mainly going to mediate
splicing by binding to 5\'-splice site when snRNP (small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles) to
remove latriant introns but the U4snRNA is going to
Peptidyl transferase rRNA is different in their function to U1snRNA, U4snRNA in RNP as
ribozymes and these ribozymes are enzymatic RNA molecules & they are going to mediate RNA
splicing. The peptidyl transferase activity is possessed by 5S and 23S rRNA of ribosomes. The
role of U4snRNA is going to form a complex to form as U1/U2/U4/U5 on pre-mRNA as
spliceosome to remove introns. However, U4snRNA is specifically has specific role in 3 prime
end of hnRNA
Solution
5\' cap and polyadenylation:
Post-transcriptional mRNA modifications: In case of eukaryotes, the pre-mRNA must undergo
modifications, before making it ready for translation. These modifications include, addition of
5’cap, poly -A tail, removal of introns. This extensive mRNA processing is absent in prokaryotes
in which except self-splicing occurs without spliceosomes. Therefore, it has concluded that
eukaryotic protein synthesis is much slower than prokaryotes.
Addition of 5’cap: During this step, the 7-methylguanosine cap added to the 5’end of the pre-
mRNA, which protects the mRNA .
Post transcriptional modification
Detailed presentation on splicing, poly adenylation and capping of mRNA with diagrammatic description.
Sn rna
This is a brief information about Sn RNA for basic knowledge on it.
It is best for the basic things about the Sn RNA.
Small nuclear rna
Presentation describes types of sn-RNA its classes,translation of sn-RNA,post translational mechanisms and its role in rna spliceosomal mediated splicing of RNA, and 3' end maturation of histone genes.It also gives information about different diseases related to sn-RNA
DNA and RNA are both stands of nucleotides but RNA can carry out for .pdf
DNA and RNA are both stands of nucleotides but RNA can carry out for more functions than
DNA. How docs the structure of RNA differ from DNA? What additional activities/function can
RNA do that DNA cannot?
Solution
The structure of ribonucleic acid is single stranded in which thymine replaces uracil as
complimentary base and other adenine, guanine, cytosine are the nucleotides but
deoxyribonucleic acid is double stranded & duplex.
The additive activities can RNA performing are to undergo \"translation\" to code for proteins
the following are the other functions where as DNA cannot undergo translation directly to code
for proteins
Small nuclear ribonucleic acid (snRNA): It is also known as U-RNA as it contains many uridine
contents in its complex structure. This is composed of 150 nucleotides nearly to produce
spliceosomes and to act along with snRNP. This snRNA has a predominant role in splicing.
mRNA: It is produced by the transcription of DNA in the presence of RNA polymerase enzyme
and it has amino acid coding exons to code for specific proteins as per genetic code.
rRNA (ribosomal RNA): It has 50S and 30S ribosomal subunits which have aminoacyl site and
peptidyl site to carry out translation process during protein synthesis with mRNA.
tRNA (transfer RNA): It has clover leaf structure & common to all tRNA structure. It has
anticodon site to bind to the mRNA and to displace mRNA transcript from nuclear region onto
the rRNA for protein synthesis. It is considered as an adaptor molecule mainly consist of 76 to
90 ribonucleotides in length
piRNA:
Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNA) are the small non-coding RNA molecules with 26 to 31
nucleotides that are expressed in many of the germ lines of eukaryotic animals. piRNAs interact
with piwi proteins to form RNA-protein complexes..
Structure and function of Messenger RNA (mRNA )
This presentation of 42 slides delivers information about structure,function synthesis , life span of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic messenger RNA also about role in protein sorting and targetting
RNA processing complete.pptx
RNA PROCESSING
Types of RNA
Transcription of pre-rRNA
Modification of pre-rRNA
Trimming and cleavage
Splicing of pre-rRNA
Capping of pre-mRNA
Post transcriptional modifications
Post-transcriptional modification or co-transcriptional modification is a set of biological processes common to most eukaryotic cells by which an RNA primary transcript is chemically altered following transcription from a gene to produce a mature, functional RNA molecule
RNA PROCESSING
MECHANISM OF RNA PROCESSING AND ITS DETAIL DESCRIPTION OF THE PROCESS WITH A NOTE ON THE FACTORS
Structural features of rna
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transcription activators, repressors, & control RNA splicing, procesing and e...
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transcription activators, repressors, & control RNA splicing, procesing and editingPost-Transcriptional Modification of Eukaryotic mRNA
Hello everyone, I am Dr. Ujwalkumar Trivedi, Head of Biotechnology Department at Marwadi University Rajkot. I teach Molecular Biology to the students of M.Sc. Microbiology and Biotechnology.
The current presentation describes various co-transcriptional and post-transcriptional RNA modifications in eukaryotic cells. The following processes are described in detail:
1. 5' mRNA Capping
2. Splicing
3. Alternative Splicing
4. 3' Polyadenylation
5. RNA Editing
Enjoy Reading.
post transcriptional modifications
Post transcription modifications is the main step in protein formation .
Introduction to Transcription
Transcription is the process by which the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA).Transcription is carried out by an enzyme called RNA polymerase and a number of accessory proteins called transcription factors.
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DIFFERENT TYPES OF RNA, THEIR SYNTHESIS AND STRUCTURE.pptx
DIFFERENT TYPES OF RNA, THEIR SYNTHESIS AND STRUCTURE
First lets draw out the Lewis structure such that each atom has.pdf
First let\'s draw out the Lewis structure such that each atom has either an octet (C and N), or 2
electrons (H)
The only way to do this is:
H-C=N:
There is a C-N triple bond and a lone pair on the N.
Now, the steric number is defined as the number of bonds to another atom + the number of lone
pairs on the atom.
For H: 1 bond = steric number of 1.
For C: 4 bonds (1 single + 1 triple) = steric number of 4 (carbon almost always has SN = 4)
For N: 3 bonds (1 triple) + 1 lone pair = steric number of 4 (nitrogen also often has SN = 4)
Solution
First let\'s draw out the Lewis structure such that each atom has either an octet (C and N), or 2
electrons (H)
The only way to do this is:
H-C=N:
There is a C-N triple bond and a lone pair on the N.
Now, the steric number is defined as the number of bonds to another atom + the number of lone
pairs on the atom.
For H: 1 bond = steric number of 1.
For C: 4 bonds (1 single + 1 triple) = steric number of 4 (carbon almost always has SN = 4)
For N: 3 bonds (1 triple) + 1 lone pair = steric number of 4 (nitrogen also often has SN = 4).
Interest.javaimport java.util.Scanner; public class Interest.pdf
// Interest.java
import java.util.Scanner;
public class Interest
{
//calculation method
public static double outputAmount(double amount)
{
double interest = amount * 0.5;
amount = amount + interest;
return amount;
}
// method to take input
public static double inputAmount()
{
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print(\"Enter the invested amount: \");
double amount = sc.nextDouble();
return amount;
}
//main method
public static void main(String[] args)
{
double amount = inputAmount();
System.out.println(\"5% interest earned on $\" + amount + \" after one year is $\" +
outputAmount(amount));
}
}
/*
output:
Enter the invested amount: 2000
5% interest earned on $2000.0 after one year is $3000.0
*/
Solution
// Interest.java
import java.util.Scanner;
public class Interest
{
//calculation method
public static double outputAmount(double amount)
{
double interest = amount * 0.5;
amount = amount + interest;
return amount;
}
// method to take input
public static double inputAmount()
{
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print(\"Enter the invested amount: \");
double amount = sc.nextDouble();
return amount;
}
//main method
public static void main(String[] args)
{
double amount = inputAmount();
System.out.println(\"5% interest earned on $\" + amount + \" after one year is $\" +
outputAmount(amount));
}
}
/*
output:
Enter the invested amount: 2000
5% interest earned on $2000.0 after one year is $3000.0
*/.
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Types of RNA
Transcription of pre-rRNA
Modification of pre-rRNA
Trimming and cleavage
Splicing of pre-rRNA
Capping of pre-mRNA
Post transcriptional modifications
Post-transcriptional modification or co-transcriptional modification is a set of biological processes common to most eukaryotic cells by which an RNA primary transcript is chemically altered following transcription from a gene to produce a mature, functional RNA molecule
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1. 5' mRNA Capping
2. Splicing
3. Alternative Splicing
4. 3' Polyadenylation
5. RNA Editing
Enjoy Reading.
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Post transcription modifications is the main step in protein formation .
Introduction to Transcription
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More from aradhana9856
First lets draw out the Lewis structure such that each atom has.pdf
First let\'s draw out the Lewis structure such that each atom has either an octet (C and N), or 2
electrons (H)
The only way to do this is:
H-C=N:
There is a C-N triple bond and a lone pair on the N.
Now, the steric number is defined as the number of bonds to another atom + the number of lone
pairs on the atom.
For H: 1 bond = steric number of 1.
For C: 4 bonds (1 single + 1 triple) = steric number of 4 (carbon almost always has SN = 4)
For N: 3 bonds (1 triple) + 1 lone pair = steric number of 4 (nitrogen also often has SN = 4)
Solution
First let\'s draw out the Lewis structure such that each atom has either an octet (C and N), or 2
electrons (H)
The only way to do this is:
H-C=N:
There is a C-N triple bond and a lone pair on the N.
Now, the steric number is defined as the number of bonds to another atom + the number of lone
pairs on the atom.
For H: 1 bond = steric number of 1.
For C: 4 bonds (1 single + 1 triple) = steric number of 4 (carbon almost always has SN = 4)
For N: 3 bonds (1 triple) + 1 lone pair = steric number of 4 (nitrogen also often has SN = 4).
Interest.javaimport java.util.Scanner; public class Interest.pdf
// Interest.java
import java.util.Scanner;
public class Interest
{
//calculation method
public static double outputAmount(double amount)
{
double interest = amount * 0.5;
amount = amount + interest;
return amount;
}
// method to take input
public static double inputAmount()
{
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print(\"Enter the invested amount: \");
double amount = sc.nextDouble();
return amount;
}
//main method
public static void main(String[] args)
{
double amount = inputAmount();
System.out.println(\"5% interest earned on $\" + amount + \" after one year is $\" +
outputAmount(amount));
}
}
/*
output:
Enter the invested amount: 2000
5% interest earned on $2000.0 after one year is $3000.0
*/
Solution
// Interest.java
import java.util.Scanner;
public class Interest
{
//calculation method
public static double outputAmount(double amount)
{
double interest = amount * 0.5;
amount = amount + interest;
return amount;
}
// method to take input
public static double inputAmount()
{
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print(\"Enter the invested amount: \");
double amount = sc.nextDouble();
return amount;
}
//main method
public static void main(String[] args)
{
double amount = inputAmount();
System.out.println(\"5% interest earned on $\" + amount + \" after one year is $\" +
outputAmount(amount));
}
}
/*
output:
Enter the invested amount: 2000
5% interest earned on $2000.0 after one year is $3000.0
*/.
13. The answer is C. 34Let D be the dominant allele and d be the.pdf
13. The answer is: C. 3/4
Let D be the dominant allele and d be the recessive allele.
Since father and mother are both heterozygous: Dd x DdDdDDD (affected)Dd (affected)dDd
(affected)dd (unaffected)
Solution
13. The answer is: C. 3/4
Let D be the dominant allele and d be the recessive allele.
Since father and mother are both heterozygous: Dd x DdDdDDD (affected)Dd (affected)dDd
(affected)dd (unaffected).
1) The Arrhenius Theory of acids and bases Acids are substances wh.pdf
1) The Arrhenius Theory of acids and bases: Acids are substances which produce hydrogen
ions in solution. Bases are substances which produce hydroxide ions in solution. Neutralisation
happens because hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions react to produce water. HCl(acid) + NaOH
(base) = H2O + NaCl 2) The Bronsted-Lowry Theory of acids and bases An acid is a proton
(hydrogen ion) donor. A base is a proton (hydrogen ion) acceptor. H2O (base) + HCl(acid) =
H3O^+ + Cl^- 3) The Lewis Theory of acids and bases: An acid is an electron pair acceptor. A
base is an electron pair donor. BH3(acid) + NH3(base) = H3B:NH3 (where NH3 donotes one
pair of electrons to the empty orbital of BH3 to form H3BNH3 complex.)
Solution
1) The Arrhenius Theory of acids and bases: Acids are substances which produce hydrogen
ions in solution. Bases are substances which produce hydroxide ions in solution. Neutralisation
happens because hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions react to produce water. HCl(acid) + NaOH
(base) = H2O + NaCl 2) The Bronsted-Lowry Theory of acids and bases An acid is a proton
(hydrogen ion) donor. A base is a proton (hydrogen ion) acceptor. H2O (base) + HCl(acid) =
H3O^+ + Cl^- 3) The Lewis Theory of acids and bases: An acid is an electron pair acceptor. A
base is an electron pair donor. BH3(acid) + NH3(base) = H3B:NH3 (where NH3 donotes one
pair of electrons to the empty orbital of BH3 to form H3BNH3 complex.).
1. Coenzyme A - C. A water soluble acyl group carrier.2. Thiamine .pdf
1. Coenzyme A - C. A water soluble acyl group carrier.
2. Thiamine pyrophosphate -B. A coenzyme frequently used in decarboxylation reactions.
3. Lipoate - A. The disulfide bond at its end enables it to participate in redox reactions as well as
carry acyl groups.
4. Folic acid - D. A one-carbon group donor. Essential to rapidly growing tissues. Recommended
for women during pregnancy.
Solution
1. Coenzyme A - C. A water soluble acyl group carrier.
2. Thiamine pyrophosphate -B. A coenzyme frequently used in decarboxylation reactions.
3. Lipoate - A. The disulfide bond at its end enables it to participate in redox reactions as well as
carry acyl groups.
4. Folic acid - D. A one-carbon group donor. Essential to rapidly growing tissues. Recommended
for women during pregnancy..
Using Clausius-Clapeyron relation Ln(P2P1) = (D.pdf
Using Clausius-Clapeyron relation: Ln(P2/P1) = (DH/R)*(1/T1-1/T2) where DH
reads Delta H, and is the Hvap you are looking for when P1641,P2=1atm, T1=81.2C, and
T2=99C.
Solution
Using Clausius-Clapeyron relation: Ln(P2/P1) = (DH/R)*(1/T1-1/T2) where DH
reads Delta H, and is the Hvap you are looking for when P1641,P2=1atm, T1=81.2C, and
T2=99C..
purines are double ringed nitrogenous bases of DN.pdf
purines are double ringed nitrogenous bases of DNA and RNA including adenine
and guanine. the three others are cytosine and thymine( uracil is present instead of thymine in
RNA) are pyrimidines. So your answer should be (B) Improve Answer
Solution
purines are double ringed nitrogenous bases of DNA and RNA including adenine
and guanine. the three others are cytosine and thymine( uracil is present instead of thymine in
RNA) are pyrimidines. So your answer should be (B) Improve Answer.
(i) Deques cannot be implemented using arrays. false Justif.pdf
(i) Deques cannot be implemented using arrays. : false
Justification:
We can implement dequeue using circular array. We need to maintain two pointers rear and
front.
Ex :
1. Create an array of any element type like int [] dequeue.
2. Create two indexes front and rear and initialize them to 0.
3. Create an element capacity.(it should be length of an array - 1).
(ii) If we require all add/remove operations to run in O(1) time, we cannot use a Deque
implemented with a singly linked list. False
Justification :
In linklist there will be two pointers head and tail.
Adding an element :
tail -> next = newelement;
newelement -> next = NULL;
tail = newelement;
These all are O(1) operation.
Removing an element :
head = head->next; O(1) operation
(iii) A Deque can be used as a stack as well as a queue. : true
Justification :
Using as stack : You can use dequeue as stack by removing and inserting the element at
one end.
Using as queue : You can use dequeue as queue by inserting the element at front and
removing at rear.
(iv) Assume the Deque contains n elements and n is odd. The middle element is the e lement
equidistant from either end. The middle element cannot be determined in O(1) time in any
implementation : false
Justification :
You can achieve this in O(1) operation with the help of doubly link list. You will have to
maintain a mid pointer to achieve this. You can move this pointer in either direction with previos
and next pointers.
Solution
(i) Deques cannot be implemented using arrays. : false
Justification:
We can implement dequeue using circular array. We need to maintain two pointers rear and
front.
Ex :
1. Create an array of any element type like int [] dequeue.
2. Create two indexes front and rear and initialize them to 0.
3. Create an element capacity.(it should be length of an array - 1).
(ii) If we require all add/remove operations to run in O(1) time, we cannot use a Deque
implemented with a singly linked list. False
Justification :
In linklist there will be two pointers head and tail.
Adding an element :
tail -> next = newelement;
newelement -> next = NULL;
tail = newelement;
These all are O(1) operation.
Removing an element :
head = head->next; O(1) operation
(iii) A Deque can be used as a stack as well as a queue. : true
Justification :
Using as stack : You can use dequeue as stack by removing and inserting the element at
one end.
Using as queue : You can use dequeue as queue by inserting the element at front and
removing at rear.
(iv) Assume the Deque contains n elements and n is odd. The middle element is the e lement
equidistant from either end. The middle element cannot be determined in O(1) time in any
implementation : false
Justification :
You can achieve this in O(1) operation with the help of doubly link list. You will have to
maintain a mid pointer to achieve this. You can move this pointer in either direction with previos
and next pointers..
no reaction note 1-butanol is a primary alcohol.pdf
no reaction note: 1-butanol is a primary alcohol that cannot react with Lucas
reagent. both tertiary, secondary alcohols can react with this reagent.
Solution
no reaction note: 1-butanol is a primary alcohol that cannot react with Lucas
reagent. both tertiary, secondary alcohols can react with this reagent..
What type of variable is number of people in the roomNominal.pdf
What type of variable is number of people in the room?
Nominal
Ratio
Interval
Ordinal
What type of variable is number of people in the room?
Nominal
Ratio
Interval
Ordinal
Nominal
Ratio
Interval
Ordinal
Nominal
Ratio
Interval
Ordinal
Solution
Ratio. Although the number of people in a room is integral, there is a well-defined 0 and the
difference between numbers of people in a room is meaningful..
What is the oxidation number for oxygen in H2O2; for OF2 Explain..pdf
What is the oxidation number for oxygen in H2O2; for OF2 ? Explain.
Solution
In H2O2
The oxidation number of Oxygen is -1. The oxidation number of Oxygen in compounds is
usually -2, but it is -1 in peroxides.
Another Way
The oxidation number of H is +1. For two H atoms, the sum is +2.
Since H2O2 is a neutral compound (no charge), (The sum of the oxidation numbers of all the
atoms in a neutral compound is 0.)
The total oxidation number of the two O atoms must be -2.
Hence the oxidation number of one oxygen atom must be -1.
For OF2
The electronegativity of F is 4.0 and of O 3.5, so Oxygen is surely (+) in this compound.
Oxidation number of F2 is -1
Let oxidation number of O be n
n+ 2*(-1) = 0
n= 2
oxidation number of Oxyfen is 2..
We all know humans are good at removing the competition and it is di.pdf
We all know humans are good at removing the competition and it is difficult for any other
species to dominate or even evolve to super intelligent like us. With large brains evolved and we
had taught ourselves how to control other animals as they tends to have not so evolved brains
like humans. There can be seen in zoo, circus dancing on the tunes of human’s orders.
Since humans are self-centred, each and everything is designed or developed is based on the
same feeling human is only species which is important, others are just to serve for its pleasure,
food, and etc. we believe we can do anything we want with animals and their habitats.
Due to industrialization and continue growth of big cities, there is war like condition between
animals and cities. And history has teaches us in number of times, the strong one who has more
number wins the war. Same is the case we can see in NYC, we humans has tendency to get
threaten by whole species even an individual attacks one single person, which itself is rare case.
In this regard there tends to forget these lands was initially dominated by animals, later humans
have conquered and started ruling it.
Solution
We all know humans are good at removing the competition and it is difficult for any other
species to dominate or even evolve to super intelligent like us. With large brains evolved and we
had taught ourselves how to control other animals as they tends to have not so evolved brains
like humans. There can be seen in zoo, circus dancing on the tunes of human’s orders.
Since humans are self-centred, each and everything is designed or developed is based on the
same feeling human is only species which is important, others are just to serve for its pleasure,
food, and etc. we believe we can do anything we want with animals and their habitats.
Due to industrialization and continue growth of big cities, there is war like condition between
animals and cities. And history has teaches us in number of times, the strong one who has more
number wins the war. Same is the case we can see in NYC, we humans has tendency to get
threaten by whole species even an individual attacks one single person, which itself is rare case.
In this regard there tends to forget these lands was initially dominated by animals, later humans
have conquered and started ruling it..
Theories devised by keynes and Minsky are similar in concept since M.pdf
Theories devised by keynes and Minsky are similar in concept since Minsky himself was a post-
Keynesian. He supported quite much of Keynes\' theories and rather contributed to the
economics of financial markets by providing theories on why such markets fail and how they
recover. So they are a more advanced extension of Keynes\' theory to explain the behaviour of
financial markets and how they influence the overall economy.
For understanding the similarities between the two theories, we need to look at some of their
main points in brief, without going into detail and then compare them on where they stood
unique shared the same concept. Since nearly very business cycle theory explains through some
common points, their mode can be different, for Keynes\' theory explained business cycle on a
macro economic scale while Minsky\'s was more market related. Some of the main key points
for Keynes\' and Minsky\'s theories are listed down below.
Keynes\' theory of business cycles
Minsky, as I already told, was a Keynesian himself and all his theories have been always been an
extension of Keynesian concepts to explain the economics of today. His most valuable thesis on
the workings of financial markets why they fail becasue of fluctuations is a Kynesian modifed
concept.
Minsky proposed his theory in pure financial terminology. His point was that during propserity
when cash flows are maximum to pay off the debts, the resulting euphoria that develops into
society results in a debt crises that the borrowers are unable to pay. This leads to banks
restructing money supply which in the end contracts the whole economy.
Solution
Theories devised by keynes and Minsky are similar in concept since Minsky himself was a post-
Keynesian. He supported quite much of Keynes\' theories and rather contributed to the
economics of financial markets by providing theories on why such markets fail and how they
recover. So they are a more advanced extension of Keynes\' theory to explain the behaviour of
financial markets and how they influence the overall economy.
For understanding the similarities between the two theories, we need to look at some of their
main points in brief, without going into detail and then compare them on where they stood
unique shared the same concept. Since nearly very business cycle theory explains through some
common points, their mode can be different, for Keynes\' theory explained business cycle on a
macro economic scale while Minsky\'s was more market related. Some of the main key points
for Keynes\' and Minsky\'s theories are listed down below.
Keynes\' theory of business cycles
Minsky, as I already told, was a Keynesian himself and all his theories have been always been an
extension of Keynesian concepts to explain the economics of today. His most valuable thesis on
the workings of financial markets why they fail becasue of fluctuations is a Kynesian modifed
concept.
Minsky proposed his theory in pure financial terminology. His point was that durin.
They might have consumed cyanide.The pit of Apricot contains cyani.pdf
They might have consumed cyanide.
The pit of Apricot contains cyanide.
Cyanide acts by inhibiting the enzyme cytochrome c oxidase of the electron transport chain
which prevents the cell from producing ATP which is important for aerobic respiration of cells.
Hydroxocobalamin, Sodium thiosulfate, Sodium nitrite are the common antedotes used in
cyanide poisoning
Solution
They might have consumed cyanide.
The pit of Apricot contains cyanide.
Cyanide acts by inhibiting the enzyme cytochrome c oxidase of the electron transport chain
which prevents the cell from producing ATP which is important for aerobic respiration of cells.
Hydroxocobalamin, Sodium thiosulfate, Sodium nitrite are the common antedotes used in
cyanide poisoning.
The attacking of the nucleophile formed in the reactionof acetone an.pdf
The attacking of the nucleophile formed in the reactionof acetone and benzaldehyde on most
preferntially on the carbonylcarbon of the benzaldehyde but not on the acetaldehyde. This
isbecause the electrophilic cheractor of the carbonyl carbon of thebenzaldehyde is increases due
to the presence of the electron withdrawing benzene. Hence it readily participate in the
reactioncompare with the acetaldehyde.
Ethanol is polar solvent. When washes a compound withthis solvent remove the impurities has
the polar nature.
Solution
The attacking of the nucleophile formed in the reactionof acetone and benzaldehyde on most
preferntially on the carbonylcarbon of the benzaldehyde but not on the acetaldehyde. This
isbecause the electrophilic cheractor of the carbonyl carbon of thebenzaldehyde is increases due
to the presence of the electron withdrawing benzene. Hence it readily participate in the
reactioncompare with the acetaldehyde.
Ethanol is polar solvent. When washes a compound withthis solvent remove the impurities has
the polar nature..
Terry And Hill can develop a method of profit sharing on below facto.pdf
Terry And Hill can develop a method of profit sharing on below factors
Unequal capital contribution
Compensate by paying interest on capital - Compensate for the uneven contributions towards
capital by paying interest on their capital contributions. Greater the Capital contributed, greater
the interest earned. This would set right the difference in contributions in the form of capital.
Profit equal to the total \"Interest on Capital\" on all the capital of the firm is set aside and is
distributed to the partners in the ratio of their capitals.Rest of the profits can be shared equally if
all other contributions are equal.
Unequal time and efforts -
Compensate by paying Salary to Partner. - Compensate for the uneven contributions of time and
efforts towards the firm by paying salary to partner. The salary paid to Hill would be
compensation for his greater contribution. Profit equal to the total \"Salary to Partners\" to all the
partners who have made a contribution in this respect is set aside and is distributed to them in
proportion to the value of their contributions as agreed upon between partners. Rest of the profits
can be shared equally if all other contributions are equal.
and if terry and hill are not interested in compensating by above methods then profit sharing by
effort in running the partnership is more preferable as its helping in generating income of
partnership.
Solution
Terry And Hill can develop a method of profit sharing on below factors
Unequal capital contribution
Compensate by paying interest on capital - Compensate for the uneven contributions towards
capital by paying interest on their capital contributions. Greater the Capital contributed, greater
the interest earned. This would set right the difference in contributions in the form of capital.
Profit equal to the total \"Interest on Capital\" on all the capital of the firm is set aside and is
distributed to the partners in the ratio of their capitals.Rest of the profits can be shared equally if
all other contributions are equal.
Unequal time and efforts -
Compensate by paying Salary to Partner. - Compensate for the uneven contributions of time and
efforts towards the firm by paying salary to partner. The salary paid to Hill would be
compensation for his greater contribution. Profit equal to the total \"Salary to Partners\" to all the
partners who have made a contribution in this respect is set aside and is distributed to them in
proportion to the value of their contributions as agreed upon between partners. Rest of the profits
can be shared equally if all other contributions are equal.
and if terry and hill are not interested in compensating by above methods then profit sharing by
effort in running the partnership is more preferable as its helping in generating income of
partnership..
The algorithm to reverse a linked list by rearranging the required p.pdf
The algorithm to reverse a linked list by rearranging the required pointers is given as follows:
The pseudo-code to show the working of the algorithm is given as follows:
//Define the function to reverse a list.
node* reverseList(node* head)
{
//Declare and initialize the required pointer variables.
node* prev_node;
node* cur_node;
node* next_node;
prev_node = NULL;
next_node = NULL;
cur_node = head;
//Traverse the whole list using while loop.
while(cur_node != NULL)
{
//Rearrange the pointers to reverse the list.
next_node = cur_node->next;
cur_node->next = prev_node;
prev_node = cur_node;
cur_node = next_node;
}
//Make the recent previous node as head of the list.
head = prev_node;
//Return the head of the list.
return head;
}
Solution
The algorithm to reverse a linked list by rearranging the required pointers is given as follows:
The pseudo-code to show the working of the algorithm is given as follows:
//Define the function to reverse a list.
node* reverseList(node* head)
{
//Declare and initialize the required pointer variables.
node* prev_node;
node* cur_node;
node* next_node;
prev_node = NULL;
next_node = NULL;
cur_node = head;
//Traverse the whole list using while loop.
while(cur_node != NULL)
{
//Rearrange the pointers to reverse the list.
next_node = cur_node->next;
cur_node->next = prev_node;
prev_node = cur_node;
cur_node = next_node;
}
//Make the recent previous node as head of the list.
head = prev_node;
//Return the head of the list.
return head;
}.
since both are strong acids we can add up their individual contribut.pdf
since both are strong acids we can add up their individual contributions towards H+
concentration
[H+]=(4.4+5.3)*10-2=(9.7)*10-2
pH=2-log(9.7)=1.013
Solution
since both are strong acids we can add up their individual contributions towards H+
concentration
[H+]=(4.4+5.3)*10-2=(9.7)*10-2
pH=2-log(9.7)=1.013.
public int getPosition(T anObject) { int result = null; result .pdf
public int getPosition(T anObject)
{ int result = null; // result to return
int lastIndex = length - 1;
for(int index=0; index < lastIndex;index++){
if(anObject.equals(list[index]))
{
result = index;
}
}
return result;
} // end getPosition
Solution
public int getPosition(T anObject)
{ int result = null; // result to return
int lastIndex = length - 1;
for(int index=0; index < lastIndex;index++){
if(anObject.equals(list[index]))
{
result = index;
}
}
return result;
} // end getPosition.
PresentationThe capability of enormous information - or the new .pdf
Presentation
The capability of enormous information - or \"the new oil,\" as a few CIOs and industry
specialists have named it - appears as perpetual as it is subtle. Huge information battles are in
their early stages, with endeavors of all stripes making sense of how to utilize new, old,
unstructured and outer information to make a focused procedure.
Despite the fact that the standard procedures for get-together information and investigating its
value are as yet coming to fruition, organizations know they have to get in the diversion. They
are gathering and mining information on clients, workers, market flow, the climate, and so on,
with instruments going from conventional business insight (BI) frameworks to more trial ones,
for example, geospatial and constant versatile following innovations, online networking
investigation and NoSQL databases.
SearchCIO isn\'t remaining on the sidelines, either. Our Essential Guide on enormous
information incorporates a preliminary for beginning with information social affair and
investigation, true contextual investigations from the CIO and business viewpoints, tips on the
best way to beat hindrances experienced by the huge information pioneers, and expectations on
the following huge information boondocks and what it implies for aggressive methodology.
This aide on the development of huge information is a piece of SearchCIO\'s CIO Briefings
arrangement, which is intended to give IT pioneers vital administration and basic leadership
guidance on opportune themes.
The most effective method to Collect Big Data ?
1 year agoby Ayush1 Comment
The most effective method to Collect Big Data ? : Yes we knoe you would have various inquiries
in your psyche like Collection of Big Data, How organizations gather Big Data, how to gather
information for quantitative research so don\'t stress, in the event that you are here to scan for
these inquiries here then you are on the right website page as here we are going to give you a
complete article on Collection of Big Data techniques quickly.
Astounding Facts about Rise of Big Data Collectection
Consistently buyers make around 11.5 million installments by utilizing Paypal
Consistently, Walmart (chain of rebate retail chains) handles more than 1 million client
exchanges
510 remarks, 293000 status and 136000 overhauls are posted on Facebook consistently
Consistently, ~7000 tweets are made on Twitter
Simply picture the measure of information created if the above details are figured for 24 hours?
Whoa! That is huge.
The term \'Enormous Data\' is ordinarily connected with 4V\'s to be specific, Velocity, Volume,
Variety, Veracity. These 4V\'s appropriately speaks to the genuine way of Big Data. Each \"V\"
has a noteworthy part to play in the presence of Big Data. On the off chance that consolidated,
these 4V paints a wonderful clarification of Big Data which can be comprehended as \" Big Data
as an idea alludes to high speed gathering of information in expansive volumes which radia.
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Splicing mechanismSmall nuclear ribonucleic acid (snRNA) It is al.pdf
- 1. Splicing mechanism Small nuclear ribonucleic acid (snRNA): It is also known as U-RNA as it contains many uridine contents in its complex structure. This is composed of 150 nucleotides nearly to produce spliceosomes and to act along with snRNP. This snRNA has a predominant role in splicing. The roles of U1snRNA is different to that of U4snRNA and U1snRNA is mainly going to mediate splicing by binding to 5'-splice site when snRNP (small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles) to remove latriant introns but the U4snRNA is going to Peptidyl transferase rRNA is different in their function to U1snRNA,U4snRNA in RNP as ribozymes and these ribozymes are enzymatic RNA molecules & they are going to mediate RNA splicing. The peptidyl transferase activity is possessed by 5S and 23S rRNA of ribosomes. The role of U4snRNA is going to form a complex to form as U1/U2/U4/U5 on pre-mRNA as spliceosome to remove introns. However, U4snRNA is specifically has specific role in 3 prime end of hnRNA Solution Splicing mechanism Small nuclear ribonucleic acid (snRNA): It is also known as U-RNA as it contains many uridine contents in its complex structure. This is composed of 150 nucleotides nearly to produce spliceosomes and to act along with snRNP. This snRNA has a predominant role in splicing. The roles of U1snRNA is different to that of U4snRNA and U1snRNA is mainly going to mediate splicing by binding to 5'-splice site when snRNP (small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles) to remove latriant introns but the U4snRNA is going to Peptidyl transferase rRNA is different in their function to U1snRNA,U4snRNA in RNP as ribozymes and these ribozymes are enzymatic RNA molecules & they are going to mediate RNA splicing. The peptidyl transferase activity is possessed by 5S and 23S rRNA of ribosomes. The role of U4snRNA is going to form a complex to form as U1/U2/U4/U5 on pre-mRNA as spliceosome to remove introns. However, U4snRNA is specifically has specific role in 3 prime end of hnRNA