5\' cap and polyadenylation:
Post-transcriptional mRNA modifications: In case of eukaryotes, the pre-mRNA must undergo
modifications, before making it ready for translation. These modifications include, addition of
5’cap, poly -A tail, removal of introns. This extensive mRNA processing is absent in prokaryotes
in which except self-splicing occurs without spliceosomes. Therefore, it has concluded that
eukaryotic protein synthesis is much slower than prokaryotes.
Addition of 5’cap: During this step, the 7-methylguanosine cap added to the 5’end of the pre-
mRNA, which protects the mRNA from degradation and allow the binding of ribosomes.
Polyadenylation-Addition of Poly A tail: A poly A tail is added to the 3’ end of the pre-mRNA
after the completion of elongation. This protects the mRNA from degradation and facilitates the
mature mRNA export to the cytoplasm.
Removal of introns: Before the export of mRNA to the cytoplasm, the introns removed from the
pre-mRNA. Spliceosomes consist of \"snRNPs.\".SnRNP U1 binds the 5 prime whereas snRNP
U2 binds with branch point sequence (BPS) and snRNP U5 binds to the 3 prime region. In the
first splicing step, a 2\'-->5\' phosphodiester bond is formed between the first nucleotide of the
intron and the branch site adenosine. In the second step, a 3\'-->5\' phosphodiester bond is
formed between the exon1 and the exon2 followed by simultaneous ligation.
Splicing mechanism
Small nuclear ribonucleic acid (snRNA): It is also known as U-RNA as it contains many uridine
contents in its complex structure. This is composed of 150 nucleotides nearly to produce
spliceosomes and to act along with snRNP. This snRNA has a predominant role in splicing. The
roles of U1snRNA is different to that of U4snRNA and U1snRNA is mainly going to mediate
splicing by binding to 5\'-splice site when snRNP (small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles) to
remove latriant introns but the U4snRNA is going to
Peptidyl transferase rRNA is different in their function to U1snRNA, U4snRNA in RNP as
ribozymes and these ribozymes are enzymatic RNA molecules & they are going to mediate RNA
splicing. The peptidyl transferase activity is possessed by 5S and 23S rRNA of ribosomes. The
role of U4snRNA is going to form a complex to form as U1/U2/U4/U5 on pre-mRNA as
spliceosome to remove introns. However, U4snRNA is specifically has specific role in 3 prime
end of hnRNA
Solution
5\' cap and polyadenylation:
Post-transcriptional mRNA modifications: In case of eukaryotes, the pre-mRNA must undergo
modifications, before making it ready for translation. These modifications include, addition of
5’cap, poly -A tail, removal of introns. This extensive mRNA processing is absent in prokaryotes
in which except self-splicing occurs without spliceosomes. Therefore, it has concluded that
eukaryotic protein synthesis is much slower than prokaryotes.
Addition of 5’cap: During this step, the 7-methylguanosine cap added to the 5’end of the pre-
mRNA, which protects the mRNA .
Structure and function of Messenger RNA (mRNA )ICHHA PURAK
This presentation of 42 slides delivers information about structure,function synthesis , life span of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic messenger RNA also about role in protein sorting and targetting
Splicing mechanismSmall nuclear ribonucleic acid (snRNA) It is al.pdfaradhana9856
Splicing mechanism
Small nuclear ribonucleic acid (snRNA): It is also known as U-RNA as it contains many uridine
contents in its complex structure. This is composed of 150 nucleotides nearly to produce
spliceosomes and to act along with snRNP. This snRNA has a predominant role in splicing. The
roles of U1snRNA is different to that of U4snRNA and U1snRNA is mainly going to mediate
splicing by binding to 5\'-splice site when snRNP (small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles) to
remove latriant introns but the U4snRNA is going to
Peptidyl transferase rRNA is different in their function to U1snRNA,U4snRNA in RNP as
ribozymes and these ribozymes are enzymatic RNA molecules & they are going to mediate RNA
splicing. The peptidyl transferase activity is possessed by 5S and 23S rRNA of ribosomes. The
role of U4snRNA is going to form a complex to form as U1/U2/U4/U5 on pre-mRNA as
spliceosome to remove introns. However, U4snRNA is specifically has specific role in 3 prime
end of hnRNA
Solution
Splicing mechanism
Small nuclear ribonucleic acid (snRNA): It is also known as U-RNA as it contains many uridine
contents in its complex structure. This is composed of 150 nucleotides nearly to produce
spliceosomes and to act along with snRNP. This snRNA has a predominant role in splicing. The
roles of U1snRNA is different to that of U4snRNA and U1snRNA is mainly going to mediate
splicing by binding to 5\'-splice site when snRNP (small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles) to
remove latriant introns but the U4snRNA is going to
Peptidyl transferase rRNA is different in their function to U1snRNA,U4snRNA in RNP as
ribozymes and these ribozymes are enzymatic RNA molecules & they are going to mediate RNA
splicing. The peptidyl transferase activity is possessed by 5S and 23S rRNA of ribosomes. The
role of U4snRNA is going to form a complex to form as U1/U2/U4/U5 on pre-mRNA as
spliceosome to remove introns. However, U4snRNA is specifically has specific role in 3 prime
end of hnRNA.
Post-transcriptional modification or co-transcriptional modification is a set of biological processes common to most eukaryotic cells by which an RNA primary transcript is chemically altered following transcription from a gene to produce a mature, functional RNA molecule
Structure and function of Messenger RNA (mRNA )ICHHA PURAK
This presentation of 42 slides delivers information about structure,function synthesis , life span of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic messenger RNA also about role in protein sorting and targetting
Splicing mechanismSmall nuclear ribonucleic acid (snRNA) It is al.pdfaradhana9856
Splicing mechanism
Small nuclear ribonucleic acid (snRNA): It is also known as U-RNA as it contains many uridine
contents in its complex structure. This is composed of 150 nucleotides nearly to produce
spliceosomes and to act along with snRNP. This snRNA has a predominant role in splicing. The
roles of U1snRNA is different to that of U4snRNA and U1snRNA is mainly going to mediate
splicing by binding to 5\'-splice site when snRNP (small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles) to
remove latriant introns but the U4snRNA is going to
Peptidyl transferase rRNA is different in their function to U1snRNA,U4snRNA in RNP as
ribozymes and these ribozymes are enzymatic RNA molecules & they are going to mediate RNA
splicing. The peptidyl transferase activity is possessed by 5S and 23S rRNA of ribosomes. The
role of U4snRNA is going to form a complex to form as U1/U2/U4/U5 on pre-mRNA as
spliceosome to remove introns. However, U4snRNA is specifically has specific role in 3 prime
end of hnRNA
Solution
Splicing mechanism
Small nuclear ribonucleic acid (snRNA): It is also known as U-RNA as it contains many uridine
contents in its complex structure. This is composed of 150 nucleotides nearly to produce
spliceosomes and to act along with snRNP. This snRNA has a predominant role in splicing. The
roles of U1snRNA is different to that of U4snRNA and U1snRNA is mainly going to mediate
splicing by binding to 5\'-splice site when snRNP (small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles) to
remove latriant introns but the U4snRNA is going to
Peptidyl transferase rRNA is different in their function to U1snRNA,U4snRNA in RNP as
ribozymes and these ribozymes are enzymatic RNA molecules & they are going to mediate RNA
splicing. The peptidyl transferase activity is possessed by 5S and 23S rRNA of ribosomes. The
role of U4snRNA is going to form a complex to form as U1/U2/U4/U5 on pre-mRNA as
spliceosome to remove introns. However, U4snRNA is specifically has specific role in 3 prime
end of hnRNA.
Post-transcriptional modification or co-transcriptional modification is a set of biological processes common to most eukaryotic cells by which an RNA primary transcript is chemically altered following transcription from a gene to produce a mature, functional RNA molecule
Eukaryotic cells modify RNA after transcription What critical RNA pr.pdfarihantstoneart
Eukaryotic cells modify RNA after transcription What critical RNA processing events usually
happen to pre-mRNA\'s before they sent to the cytoplasm for translation? What is a 5\' cap?
What is a poly A tail? What do these end modifications do for the mRNA transcript? What is
RNA splicing? What are introns? What are exons? How are intros spliced out? What is a
spliceosome? What is a \"snurp\" (snRNA)?
Solution
After its synthesis, the eukaryotic mRNA will undergo extensive modification like capping,
polyadenylation and splicing to enter into the process of translation.
(B)
Capping: Here the 5\' end of the mRNA is modified by the addition of 7-methylguanosine (m7G)
and the main function of this cap is to protect the 5\' end of the primary RNA transcript from
attack by ribonucleases and this 5’ cap will be recognized by eukaryotic initiation factors, so that
it can assemble the mature mRNA with the ribosome to start the process of translation.
At the 3\' end of the RNA, we will have polyadenylation signal and during transcription itself
this sequence will be chopped by an enzyme and another enzyme will add about 100100100 -
200200200 adenine (A) nucleotides to the 3’ end and this will form the poly-A tail.
The main function of this poly A tail is proving stability to the transcript and also helping it to
get exported from the nucleus to the cytosol.RNA splicing
(C )Splicing is the third big RNA processing event and the pre-mRNA will have two sequences,
exons and introns.
Introns are the non-coding sequences and exons are the coding sequences, here in this step the
through splicing, the introns will be removed and exons will be attached together.
In RNA splicing, specific parts of the pre-mRNA (introns) will be recognized and removed by a
protein-and-RNA complex called the spliceosome. Mature mRNA will have only exons, but no
introns.
(D)The splicing signal exon/GU-intron-AG/exon will be present in nuclear mRNA precursors
and 5\' and 3\' splice sites always have consensus sequences extending beyond GU and AG
motifs. During splicing, the exon-intron boundaries will be recognized by snRNA and the
consensus sequences within introns will get hybridized and now the proteins other snRNAs will
assemble the spliceosome on the transcript, the unpaired A present at 3\' side of the introns will
attacks the 5\' exon -intron boundary with the help of 2\' OH and this will give rise to lariat
structure. The free 3\' OH of the upstream exon will displace the downstream junctional
nucleotide, like this introns will be removed and exons will be attached together.
(E)A spliceosome is a large complex formed due to the assembly of snRNAs and protein
complexes, and plays an important role in splicing of pre mRNA.
snRNPs (snurps) is the small nuclear ribonucleic proteins and this is a RNA-protein complexes
and they will form a larger complex with the unmodified pre-mRNA and various other proteins
to form the structure called spliceosome.(A)Critical RNA processing events.
Post transcriptional modification of proteinsSijo A
it is an important topic in molecular biology.The RNA produced during transcription are called primary transcript.
hnRNA( heterogenous nuclear RNA ) is the primary transcript produced by RNA polymerase II in eukaryotes.
It undergoes chemical modification inside the nucleus and becomes a mature functional mRNA. This is called mRNA processing or post transcriptional modification.
Mature RNA then leaves the nucleus.
The processing of mRNA involves three major events, namely
1)Capping
2)Tailing or polyadenylation
3)Splicing
Hello everyone, I am Dr. Ujwalkumar Trivedi, Head of Biotechnology Department at Marwadi University Rajkot. I teach Molecular Biology to the students of M.Sc. Microbiology and Biotechnology.
The current presentation describes various co-transcriptional and post-transcriptional RNA modifications in eukaryotic cells. The following processes are described in detail:
1. 5' mRNA Capping
2. Splicing
3. Alternative Splicing
4. 3' Polyadenylation
5. RNA Editing
Enjoy Reading.
RNA TRANSCRIPTION AND PROCESSING, DISORDERS OF ABNORMAL POST TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION, DRUGS EXPLOITING EUKARYOTIC PROKARYOTIC POST TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION
Presentation describes types of sn-RNA its classes,translation of sn-RNA,post translational mechanisms and its role in rna spliceosomal mediated splicing of RNA, and 3' end maturation of histone genes.It also gives information about different diseases related to sn-RNA
1. What is post transcriptional Modification of RNA
2. How is Post Transcriptional Modification of RNA different in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
3. What are the Various Types of Post Transcriptional Modification of RNA
4. What is the Mechanism of 5' Capping of RNA
5. What is the Mechanism of 3' Polyadenylation of RNA
6. What is the Function of 5' Capping of RNA
7. What is Function of 3' Polyadenylation of RNA
8. What is Splicing ?
9. What is the Mechanism of Splicing ?
10. What is Spliceosomes ?
11. What is Sn RNA or Small Nuclear RNA ?
12. What is SnRNP Complex or SNURPs ?
13. Beta Thalessemia because of faulty Splicing ?
14. What is Methylation post transcriptional modification ?
15. What is Alternative Splicing?
16. What is Selective Splicing ?
17. What is Alternative polyadenylation ?
18. What is Alternative 5' donor Splicing ?
19. What is Alternative 3' Donor Splicing ?
20. What is the role of Alternative Splicing ?
21. What is RNA Editing ?
22. How is RNA Editing an Exception to Central Dogma ?
23. Example of Apolipoprotein B Gene for RNA Editing
24. Other Examples of RNA Editing
a)Notesb)Equity income accrual—2015 ($181,500 × 30)$54450Amorti.pdfkrram1989
a)
Notes
b)Equity income accrual—2015 ($181,500 × 30%)$54450Amortization—2015
(given)($9,500)Intra-entity profit recognized on 2014 transfer*$2412Intra-entity profit deferred
on 2015 transfer**($4224)Equity income recognized by Matthew in 2015$43,138
Solution
a)
Notes
b)Equity income accrual—2015 ($181,500 × 30%)$54450Amortization—2015
(given)($9,500)Intra-entity profit recognized on 2014 transfer*$2412Intra-entity profit deferred
on 2015 transfer**($4224)Equity income recognized by Matthew in 2015$43,138.
(1) Euclids Elements was used as the primary math textbook fro.pdfkrram1989
(1) Euclid\'s \"Elements\" was used as the primary math textbook from Euclid\'s time (circa 300
b.c.e) to the 19th century. The 13 books comprised geometry, algebra, and number theory.
(2) Euclid\'s \"Elements\" is the earliest book that uses an axiomatic system. Euclid realized that
you need some undefined terms, as well as some notions that should be accepted without proof
(i.e. axioms or postulates.) Then he proved various assertions using only those undefined terms,
postulates, and theorems already proven.
This axiomatic system has been copied in a number of fields. The United States\' Declaration of
Independence starts with \"We hold these truths to be self-evident...\", thus the concepts of
people\'s inalienable rights to life, freedom, and pursuit of happiness are taken as postulates in
the political system so devised.
Solution
(1) Euclid\'s \"Elements\" was used as the primary math textbook from Euclid\'s time (circa 300
b.c.e) to the 19th century. The 13 books comprised geometry, algebra, and number theory.
(2) Euclid\'s \"Elements\" is the earliest book that uses an axiomatic system. Euclid realized that
you need some undefined terms, as well as some notions that should be accepted without proof
(i.e. axioms or postulates.) Then he proved various assertions using only those undefined terms,
postulates, and theorems already proven.
This axiomatic system has been copied in a number of fields. The United States\' Declaration of
Independence starts with \"We hold these truths to be self-evident...\", thus the concepts of
people\'s inalienable rights to life, freedom, and pursuit of happiness are taken as postulates in
the political system so devised..
More Related Content
Similar to 5 cap and polyadenylationPost-transcriptional mRNA modification.pdf
Eukaryotic cells modify RNA after transcription What critical RNA pr.pdfarihantstoneart
Eukaryotic cells modify RNA after transcription What critical RNA processing events usually
happen to pre-mRNA\'s before they sent to the cytoplasm for translation? What is a 5\' cap?
What is a poly A tail? What do these end modifications do for the mRNA transcript? What is
RNA splicing? What are introns? What are exons? How are intros spliced out? What is a
spliceosome? What is a \"snurp\" (snRNA)?
Solution
After its synthesis, the eukaryotic mRNA will undergo extensive modification like capping,
polyadenylation and splicing to enter into the process of translation.
(B)
Capping: Here the 5\' end of the mRNA is modified by the addition of 7-methylguanosine (m7G)
and the main function of this cap is to protect the 5\' end of the primary RNA transcript from
attack by ribonucleases and this 5’ cap will be recognized by eukaryotic initiation factors, so that
it can assemble the mature mRNA with the ribosome to start the process of translation.
At the 3\' end of the RNA, we will have polyadenylation signal and during transcription itself
this sequence will be chopped by an enzyme and another enzyme will add about 100100100 -
200200200 adenine (A) nucleotides to the 3’ end and this will form the poly-A tail.
The main function of this poly A tail is proving stability to the transcript and also helping it to
get exported from the nucleus to the cytosol.RNA splicing
(C )Splicing is the third big RNA processing event and the pre-mRNA will have two sequences,
exons and introns.
Introns are the non-coding sequences and exons are the coding sequences, here in this step the
through splicing, the introns will be removed and exons will be attached together.
In RNA splicing, specific parts of the pre-mRNA (introns) will be recognized and removed by a
protein-and-RNA complex called the spliceosome. Mature mRNA will have only exons, but no
introns.
(D)The splicing signal exon/GU-intron-AG/exon will be present in nuclear mRNA precursors
and 5\' and 3\' splice sites always have consensus sequences extending beyond GU and AG
motifs. During splicing, the exon-intron boundaries will be recognized by snRNA and the
consensus sequences within introns will get hybridized and now the proteins other snRNAs will
assemble the spliceosome on the transcript, the unpaired A present at 3\' side of the introns will
attacks the 5\' exon -intron boundary with the help of 2\' OH and this will give rise to lariat
structure. The free 3\' OH of the upstream exon will displace the downstream junctional
nucleotide, like this introns will be removed and exons will be attached together.
(E)A spliceosome is a large complex formed due to the assembly of snRNAs and protein
complexes, and plays an important role in splicing of pre mRNA.
snRNPs (snurps) is the small nuclear ribonucleic proteins and this is a RNA-protein complexes
and they will form a larger complex with the unmodified pre-mRNA and various other proteins
to form the structure called spliceosome.(A)Critical RNA processing events.
Post transcriptional modification of proteinsSijo A
it is an important topic in molecular biology.The RNA produced during transcription are called primary transcript.
hnRNA( heterogenous nuclear RNA ) is the primary transcript produced by RNA polymerase II in eukaryotes.
It undergoes chemical modification inside the nucleus and becomes a mature functional mRNA. This is called mRNA processing or post transcriptional modification.
Mature RNA then leaves the nucleus.
The processing of mRNA involves three major events, namely
1)Capping
2)Tailing or polyadenylation
3)Splicing
Hello everyone, I am Dr. Ujwalkumar Trivedi, Head of Biotechnology Department at Marwadi University Rajkot. I teach Molecular Biology to the students of M.Sc. Microbiology and Biotechnology.
The current presentation describes various co-transcriptional and post-transcriptional RNA modifications in eukaryotic cells. The following processes are described in detail:
1. 5' mRNA Capping
2. Splicing
3. Alternative Splicing
4. 3' Polyadenylation
5. RNA Editing
Enjoy Reading.
RNA TRANSCRIPTION AND PROCESSING, DISORDERS OF ABNORMAL POST TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION, DRUGS EXPLOITING EUKARYOTIC PROKARYOTIC POST TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION
Presentation describes types of sn-RNA its classes,translation of sn-RNA,post translational mechanisms and its role in rna spliceosomal mediated splicing of RNA, and 3' end maturation of histone genes.It also gives information about different diseases related to sn-RNA
1. What is post transcriptional Modification of RNA
2. How is Post Transcriptional Modification of RNA different in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
3. What are the Various Types of Post Transcriptional Modification of RNA
4. What is the Mechanism of 5' Capping of RNA
5. What is the Mechanism of 3' Polyadenylation of RNA
6. What is the Function of 5' Capping of RNA
7. What is Function of 3' Polyadenylation of RNA
8. What is Splicing ?
9. What is the Mechanism of Splicing ?
10. What is Spliceosomes ?
11. What is Sn RNA or Small Nuclear RNA ?
12. What is SnRNP Complex or SNURPs ?
13. Beta Thalessemia because of faulty Splicing ?
14. What is Methylation post transcriptional modification ?
15. What is Alternative Splicing?
16. What is Selective Splicing ?
17. What is Alternative polyadenylation ?
18. What is Alternative 5' donor Splicing ?
19. What is Alternative 3' Donor Splicing ?
20. What is the role of Alternative Splicing ?
21. What is RNA Editing ?
22. How is RNA Editing an Exception to Central Dogma ?
23. Example of Apolipoprotein B Gene for RNA Editing
24. Other Examples of RNA Editing
a)Notesb)Equity income accrual—2015 ($181,500 × 30)$54450Amorti.pdfkrram1989
a)
Notes
b)Equity income accrual—2015 ($181,500 × 30%)$54450Amortization—2015
(given)($9,500)Intra-entity profit recognized on 2014 transfer*$2412Intra-entity profit deferred
on 2015 transfer**($4224)Equity income recognized by Matthew in 2015$43,138
Solution
a)
Notes
b)Equity income accrual—2015 ($181,500 × 30%)$54450Amortization—2015
(given)($9,500)Intra-entity profit recognized on 2014 transfer*$2412Intra-entity profit deferred
on 2015 transfer**($4224)Equity income recognized by Matthew in 2015$43,138.
(1) Euclids Elements was used as the primary math textbook fro.pdfkrram1989
(1) Euclid\'s \"Elements\" was used as the primary math textbook from Euclid\'s time (circa 300
b.c.e) to the 19th century. The 13 books comprised geometry, algebra, and number theory.
(2) Euclid\'s \"Elements\" is the earliest book that uses an axiomatic system. Euclid realized that
you need some undefined terms, as well as some notions that should be accepted without proof
(i.e. axioms or postulates.) Then he proved various assertions using only those undefined terms,
postulates, and theorems already proven.
This axiomatic system has been copied in a number of fields. The United States\' Declaration of
Independence starts with \"We hold these truths to be self-evident...\", thus the concepts of
people\'s inalienable rights to life, freedom, and pursuit of happiness are taken as postulates in
the political system so devised.
Solution
(1) Euclid\'s \"Elements\" was used as the primary math textbook from Euclid\'s time (circa 300
b.c.e) to the 19th century. The 13 books comprised geometry, algebra, and number theory.
(2) Euclid\'s \"Elements\" is the earliest book that uses an axiomatic system. Euclid realized that
you need some undefined terms, as well as some notions that should be accepted without proof
(i.e. axioms or postulates.) Then he proved various assertions using only those undefined terms,
postulates, and theorems already proven.
This axiomatic system has been copied in a number of fields. The United States\' Declaration of
Independence starts with \"We hold these truths to be self-evident...\", thus the concepts of
people\'s inalienable rights to life, freedom, and pursuit of happiness are taken as postulates in
the political system so devised..
A unicellular green alga somehow failed to separate into two daughte.pdfkrram1989
A unicellular green alga somehow failed to separate into two daughter cells after cytokinesis.
The resultant daughter cells also remained attached together with the glycoprotein secreted in
their extracellular matrix. The process of natural selection favoring these multicellular forms led
to the evolution of multicellular green algae.
Solution
A unicellular green alga somehow failed to separate into two daughter cells after cytokinesis.
The resultant daughter cells also remained attached together with the glycoprotein secreted in
their extracellular matrix. The process of natural selection favoring these multicellular forms led
to the evolution of multicellular green algae..
Ethyl 4-aminobenzoate is partially soluble in water. Generally, org.pdfkrram1989
Ethyl 4-aminobenzoate is partially soluble in water. Generally, organic compounds are
insoluble in water, due to their hydrophobic nature. In ethyl 4-aminobenzoate, there is the large,
nonpolar benzene ring and the nonpolar ethyl ester functionality, which tend to make this
compound insoluble in water. However, there is also an -NH2 group, which readily forms
hydrogen bonds with water, favoring solubility. Very polar groups such as amino groups (-NH2)
and carboxylic acid groups (-CO2H) tend to make compounds water soluble. As a rule of thumb,
each polar group can balance out the insoluble nature of about 5 carbons. Ethyl 4-
aminobenzoate has more than 5 carbons, so the one amino group is not enough to render the
molecule soluble. However, it will dissolve a little bit in water, thus it is partially soluble.
Solution
Ethyl 4-aminobenzoate is partially soluble in water. Generally, organic compounds are
insoluble in water, due to their hydrophobic nature. In ethyl 4-aminobenzoate, there is the large,
nonpolar benzene ring and the nonpolar ethyl ester functionality, which tend to make this
compound insoluble in water. However, there is also an -NH2 group, which readily forms
hydrogen bonds with water, favoring solubility. Very polar groups such as amino groups (-NH2)
and carboxylic acid groups (-CO2H) tend to make compounds water soluble. As a rule of thumb,
each polar group can balance out the insoluble nature of about 5 carbons. Ethyl 4-
aminobenzoate has more than 5 carbons, so the one amino group is not enough to render the
molecule soluble. However, it will dissolve a little bit in water, thus it is partially soluble..
12) Urethritis is the inflammation of the urethra (tube that takes u.pdfkrram1989
12) Urethritis is the inflammation of the urethra (tube that takes urine from the bladder to the
outside). The inflammation is usually caused by bacterial infection.
Pyelonephritis is the infection of the kidney, caused by the ascension of pathogens through the
urinary tract or by hematogenous spread (pathogen spread by the bloodstream). It is more
common in women and seen in men that have some anatomical or functional defect.
Pyelonephritis (infection in upper urinary tract) is less common than urethritis(infection of lower
urinary tract). Most infections remain in the lower urinary tract where they cause symptoms,
such as dysuria, demanding the patient’s attention. These infections are easily treated in most
cases and the spread of the infection to other parts of the system is prevented. If the urethritis is
not treated, the pathogen can travel to the kidneys through the ureters.
13) Leptospirosis is a disease caused by Leptospira and is spread through the urine of infected
animals. Symptoms include fever, headache, muscle ache, and if left untreated, liver damage,
kidney failure, bleeding of lungs and meningitis. Most animals can get this disease, but it is
commonly spread by rodents. Humans can catch the disease when they come in contact with an
infected animal’s urine, soil, food or water contaminated with urine. Occurrence of this disease is
higher in rural than in urban communities because chances of coming in contact with the animals
is higher there. However, it can be found in slums where large number of people live in small
areas along with their domesticated animals, and proper sanitaion facilities are unavailable.
These areas often suffer from rodents such as mice.
The disease can be prevented by using protective gear while working with animals , using boiled
water, throughly cleaning vegetables with clean water, maintaining hygiene while handling food,
reducing rodents, vaccinating domesticated animals.
Solution
12) Urethritis is the inflammation of the urethra (tube that takes urine from the bladder to the
outside). The inflammation is usually caused by bacterial infection.
Pyelonephritis is the infection of the kidney, caused by the ascension of pathogens through the
urinary tract or by hematogenous spread (pathogen spread by the bloodstream). It is more
common in women and seen in men that have some anatomical or functional defect.
Pyelonephritis (infection in upper urinary tract) is less common than urethritis(infection of lower
urinary tract). Most infections remain in the lower urinary tract where they cause symptoms,
such as dysuria, demanding the patient’s attention. These infections are easily treated in most
cases and the spread of the infection to other parts of the system is prevented. If the urethritis is
not treated, the pathogen can travel to the kidneys through the ureters.
13) Leptospirosis is a disease caused by Leptospira and is spread through the urine of infected
animals. Symptoms include fever, headache, mus.
1. Legionnaires disease is caused by Legionella pneumophila. It is.pdfkrram1989
1. Legionnaire\'s disease is caused by Legionella pneumophila. It is found in potable and non-
potable water systems. It is naturally found in water. The disease is transmitted by drinking
contaminated water.
2. The pathogen is a facultative intracellular parasite that can invade and replicate inside amoeba
in the environment.
3. In human cells, the bacterium is able to grow inside alveolar macrophages. It enters the
macrophages by phagocytosis and replicates inside a vacuole.
4. Studies on the development of vaccines show that the vaccine gave high levels of protection
against heat - killed or acetone - killed cells but was ineffective against aerosol infection in
guinea pigs.
5. All the different strains will have to be isolated. The DNA from the different strains would
have to be isolated. Primers will have to be designed to amplify the DNA. The DNA thus
amplified could be sequenced to find out the DNA sequence. A comparison of the sequences will
bring out the similarities/ dissimilarities in the DNA.
Solution
1. Legionnaire\'s disease is caused by Legionella pneumophila. It is found in potable and non-
potable water systems. It is naturally found in water. The disease is transmitted by drinking
contaminated water.
2. The pathogen is a facultative intracellular parasite that can invade and replicate inside amoeba
in the environment.
3. In human cells, the bacterium is able to grow inside alveolar macrophages. It enters the
macrophages by phagocytosis and replicates inside a vacuole.
4. Studies on the development of vaccines show that the vaccine gave high levels of protection
against heat - killed or acetone - killed cells but was ineffective against aerosol infection in
guinea pigs.
5. All the different strains will have to be isolated. The DNA from the different strains would
have to be isolated. Primers will have to be designed to amplify the DNA. The DNA thus
amplified could be sequenced to find out the DNA sequence. A comparison of the sequences will
bring out the similarities/ dissimilarities in the DNA..
1) alkyl group, like CH3, is a better electron-releasing groupthan H.pdfkrram1989
1) alkyl group, like CH3, is a better electron-releasing groupthan H that make it more difficult to
dissociate the O-Hbond.
2) halides are EWG (electron withdrawing group), which willhave the O-H bond weaker.
Stronger the electronegativity of thehalide, easier the O-H bond dissociates. The
electronegativity: F> Cl > Br.
Solution
1) alkyl group, like CH3, is a better electron-releasing groupthan H that make it more difficult to
dissociate the O-Hbond.
2) halides are EWG (electron withdrawing group), which willhave the O-H bond weaker.
Stronger the electronegativity of thehalide, easier the O-H bond dissociates. The
electronegativity: F> Cl > Br..
The effect of acid deposition is basically the ef.pdfkrram1989
The effect of acid deposition is basically the effect any acid has on metal. It tends to
corrode it. Corrosion is the electrochemical degradation of a material. That means that as the
metal breaks down, it loses electrons to become a different form. Solid iron (Fe) loses electrons
to become a soluble form, Fe(s) --> Fe2+(in solution) + 2e- These electrons are taken up by
oxygen (O2), which reacts with hydrogen ions (H+) to form water. (1/2) O2 + 2H+ + 2e- -->
H2O The overall reaction is , Fe(s) + (1/2) O2 + 2H+ --> Fe2+ + H2O Normally, the H+ can
come from the acid that forms naturally as CO2 dissolves in water. However, acid rain provides
a lot more H+ & makes it much easier for the reaction to run because there is plenty of
everything needed. Once the iron is in solution it can react further to form iron oxide, which is
also known as rusting.
Solution
The effect of acid deposition is basically the effect any acid has on metal. It tends to
corrode it. Corrosion is the electrochemical degradation of a material. That means that as the
metal breaks down, it loses electrons to become a different form. Solid iron (Fe) loses electrons
to become a soluble form, Fe(s) --> Fe2+(in solution) + 2e- These electrons are taken up by
oxygen (O2), which reacts with hydrogen ions (H+) to form water. (1/2) O2 + 2H+ + 2e- -->
H2O The overall reaction is , Fe(s) + (1/2) O2 + 2H+ --> Fe2+ + H2O Normally, the H+ can
come from the acid that forms naturally as CO2 dissolves in water. However, acid rain provides
a lot more H+ & makes it much easier for the reaction to run because there is plenty of
everything needed. Once the iron is in solution it can react further to form iron oxide, which is
also known as rusting..
0.025L 0.75molL acid - 0.02795L 0.5 molL base used to neutrali.pdfkrram1989
0.025L * 0.75mol/L acid - 0.02795L * 0.5 mol/L base used to neutralize reaction mixture =
moles of acid used in reaction with metal.
= 4.775*10-3 moles of acid used
Solution
0.025L * 0.75mol/L acid - 0.02795L * 0.5 mol/L base used to neutralize reaction mixture =
moles of acid used in reaction with metal.
= 4.775*10-3 moles of acid used.
#include
#include
using namespace std;
//global variable declaration
int a[10];
int active, size;
void menu() {//prints menu
cout << \"menu\" << endl;
cout << \"1.Insert \\\"Insert\\\" key\" << endl; //code 45
cout << \"2.Delete \\\"Delete\\\" key\" << endl; //code 46
cout << \"3.Sort \\\"F2\\\" key\" << endl; //code 113
cout << \"4.Select \\\"Down Arrow\\\" key\" << endl; //code 40
cout << \"5.Move Right \\\"Right Arrow\\\" key\" << endl; //code 39
cout << \"6.Move Left \\\"Left Arrow\\\" key\" << endl; //code 37
cout << \"7.Exit \\\"F1\\\" key\" << endl; //code 112
cout << \"press the required key or number to continue\" << endl;
}
//reads the data from file
void readdata() {
ifstream f;
f.open(\"F://MyFile.txt\");
if (f.is_open()) {
f>>size;
f>>active;
if (size > 10) {
cout << \"Numbers exceeds array limit\";
return;
} else {
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
f >> a[i];
}
}
f.close();
}
}
//sorts the data
void sort() {
//sorting using bubble sort
int pass = 0, so = 0, t, i;
while ((pass <= size - 1) && (so == 0)) {
so = 1;
for (i = 0; i < size - 1 - pass; i++) {
if (a[i] > a[i + 1]) {
t = a[i];
a[i] = a[i + 1];
a[i + 1] = t;
so = 0;
}
}
pass = pass + 1;
}
}
//prints the data
void print() {
cout<<\"\ \";
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
cout << a[i] << \"\\t\";
}
cout << \"Active=\" << active << endl;
}
//writes the data into the file
void writedata() {
ofstream f;
f.open(\"F://MyFile.txt\");
f << size << endl;
f << active << endl;
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
f << a[i] << \" \";
}
f.close();
}
//inserts an element in array and makes it active
void insert() {
if (size == 10)//checks if the list is full
cout << \"list is full\";
else {
int x, i;
cout << \"Enter a number to insert: \";//takes user input
cin>>x;
for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
if (a[i] == active)//finds active index
break;
}
size++;//increment the size
int y = size;
while (y != i) {//shifting
a[y] = a[y - 1];
y--;
}
a[i] = x;//insert
active = x;//sets active
}
}
//deletes the active value and sets the next one as active
void del() {
int i;
for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {//finds active index
if (a[i] == active)
break;
}
active = a[i + 1]; //sets the next one as active
while (i < size - 1) {//shifting
a[i] = a[i + 1];
i++;
}
size--;//decrements the size
}
//changes the active value
void select() {
int i;
for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
if (a[i] == active)//finds active index
break;
}
if (i == size - 1)
active = a[0]; //selects the first one as active
else
active = a[i + 1]; //sets the next one as active
}
//moves the active value to its left
void moveleft() {
int i;
for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
if (a[i] == active)
break;
}
if (i == 0)
cout << \"moving left is not possible\"; //selects the first one as active
else
{ int temp = a[i - 1];
a[i-1]=a[i];
a[i]=temp;
//moves the active value to the left of the previous element by swapping
}
}
//moves the active value to its right
void moveright() {
int i;
for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
if (a[i] == active)
break;
}
if (i == size - 1)
cout << \"m.
Amphoteric means that the substance can act as ei.pdfkrram1989
Amphoteric means that the substance can act as either an acid or a base in solution.
The two options that jump out are H2O and H2SO4. The rest are conjugates of either
Strong/Weak acids and bases and are not able to act efficiently as acids or bases. H2SO4
CANNOT act as an amphoteric substance because it can only act as an acid. The reason I wanted
to point this substance out those is because if this compound gained one electron, (acted as an
acid) it would turn into HSO4- and this substance IS amphoteric because it can either gain or
lose electrons going to SO4(2-) or H2SO4 respectively. Be sure to look out for these substances.
H2O is often used as either a base or an acid because when is loses an electron, is is H3O+ and
when it gains an electron it is OH-. This makes water very likely (certainly) the most likely to be
amphoteric.
Solution
Amphoteric means that the substance can act as either an acid or a base in solution.
The two options that jump out are H2O and H2SO4. The rest are conjugates of either
Strong/Weak acids and bases and are not able to act efficiently as acids or bases. H2SO4
CANNOT act as an amphoteric substance because it can only act as an acid. The reason I wanted
to point this substance out those is because if this compound gained one electron, (acted as an
acid) it would turn into HSO4- and this substance IS amphoteric because it can either gain or
lose electrons going to SO4(2-) or H2SO4 respectively. Be sure to look out for these substances.
H2O is often used as either a base or an acid because when is loses an electron, is is H3O+ and
when it gains an electron it is OH-. This makes water very likely (certainly) the most likely to be
amphoteric..
Different types of Bits, bytes, and representation of information1.pdfkrram1989
Different types of Bits, bytes, and representation of information
1. Digital representation means that everything is represented by numbers only
The usual sequence something (sound, pictures, text, instructions, etc) are converted into
Numbers by some mechanism
2. The numbers can be stored, retrieved, processed, transmitted, The numbers might be
reconstituted into a version of the original.
3.And for (sound, pictures, other real-world values) Make accurate measurements and convert
them to numeric values need to measure intensity/loudness often enough and accurately
enough that we can reconstruct it well enough
higher frequency = higher pitch
human ear can hear ~ 20 Hz to 20 KHz
by taking samples at twice the highest frequency is good enough (Nyquist)
4. CD audio usually uses: 44,100 samples / second and accuracy of 1 in 65,536 (= 2^16) distinct
levels
two samples at each time for stereo data rate is 44,100 x 2 x 16 bits/sample= 1,411,200 bits/sec =
176,400 bytes/sec ~ 10.6 MB/minute
5.MP3 audio compresses by clever encoding and removal of sounds that won\'t really be heard
data rate is ~ 1 MB/minute
6.A computer’s assembly language corresponds directly to its instruction set; there is one
assembly language mnemonic for each machine instruction. Unless you program in assembly
language, you will have very little visibility of the machine instruction set.
7. differences in instruction sets explain why some programs run on some machines but not
others. Unless two computers share the same instruction set, they will not be able to execute the
same set of machine instructions.
most programming is done in higher-level languages, rather than assembly language. When you
program in a higher-level language, you write statements in the syntax of your programming
language (e.g., Java, C, Python), and the language processor translates your code into the correct
set of machine instructions to execute your intent. If you want to run the same program on a
different computer with a different instruction set, you can often simply supply your code to the
appropriate language processor on the new computer.
General Execution Sequence:
a. Address of the instruction is sent to memory with a READ control signal
b. Instruction is fetched into control unit
c. Decode the instruction
d. Address 1 sent to memory with READ signal
e. Data fetched from memory location 1 into the data path
f. Address 2 sent to memory with READ signal
g. Data fetched from memory location 2 into the data path
h. ADD operation is sent to ALU in data path
i. Address 0 sent to memory with WRITE signal
j. Result sent from data path to memory and written to location 0.
Types of instructions sets are :
MOV
ADD
SUB
MUL
DIV
IMUL
DEC
AND
INC
OR
XOR
NOR
NOT
OUT
IN
JMP
CALL
Solution
Different types of Bits, bytes, and representation of information
1. Digital representation means that everything is represented by numbers only
The usual sequence something (sound, pictures, text, instructions, etc) are conver.
Answer- Q2-Cancer is a disease that is caused due to several fac.pdfkrram1989
Answer:- Q2:-
Cancer is a disease that is caused due to several factors not by the single gene, so studying single
would ignore other factors that are cancer causing agents thus system biology takes over all
factors into consideration rather one single gene .
Solution
Answer:- Q2:-
Cancer is a disease that is caused due to several factors not by the single gene, so studying single
would ignore other factors that are cancer causing agents thus system biology takes over all
factors into consideration rather one single gene ..
ans- Matthaei’s experiment, develped a system for synthesizing prote.pdfkrram1989
ans- Matthaei’s experiment, develped a system for synthesizing protein in vitro.they observed
DNAase inhibited in vitro amino acid incorporation into protein.The process of protein synthesis
or translation is organised with in the cell so that each amino acid is usually is selected
independently of other amino acid.In his experiment E. coli
bacterial cells to release the contents of the cytoplasm, By adding specific RNA, the protein they
synthesized could be controlled Synthetic RNA was created that were outside the bacteria and
introduced into the E. coli.
Using poly(U) mRNA coded polyphenylalanine, which is consistent with UUU coding for
phenylalanine served as a messenger directing protein synthesis. This experiment demonstrated
that mRNA transcribes genetic information from DNA, regulating the assembly of amino acids
into complex proteins.
During initiation step in tanslation process the ribosome attaches to the mRNA strand and finds
the beginning of the genetic message, called the start codon AUG which code for methionine in
next step the t RNA molecule that carries methionine recognizes this codon and binds to it
.tRNA ligase from E. coli catalyzes the synthesis of AA-tRNA (amino acyl) only if both amino
acid and tRNA species are selected correctly. If an error aminoacyl-adenylate is synthesized, the
enzyme corrects the error by catalyzing the hydrolysis of the aminoacyl- adenylate.at this point
initiation step is complete.
B) When Nirenberg and Matthaei had hoped for the experiment was to make a synthetic
polynucleotide, which was an RNA that had one kind of base.They wondered if the synthetic
RNA could stimulate protein synthesis they ended up finding is that a series of urasils coded for
phenylalanine. They had broken the genetic code and deciphered the first codon The scientists
were excited because they could now take a random order of bases and make various
polynucleotides
Solution
ans- Matthaei’s experiment, develped a system for synthesizing protein in vitro.they observed
DNAase inhibited in vitro amino acid incorporation into protein.The process of protein synthesis
or translation is organised with in the cell so that each amino acid is usually is selected
independently of other amino acid.In his experiment E. coli
bacterial cells to release the contents of the cytoplasm, By adding specific RNA, the protein they
synthesized could be controlled Synthetic RNA was created that were outside the bacteria and
introduced into the E. coli.
Using poly(U) mRNA coded polyphenylalanine, which is consistent with UUU coding for
phenylalanine served as a messenger directing protein synthesis. This experiment demonstrated
that mRNA transcribes genetic information from DNA, regulating the assembly of amino acids
into complex proteins.
During initiation step in tanslation process the ribosome attaches to the mRNA strand and finds
the beginning of the genetic message, called the start codon AUG which code for methionine in
next step the t RNA mol.
An Assembly program to find the factorial of decimal number given by.pdfkrram1989
An Assembly program to find the factorial of decimal number given by user
Now we will write another Assembly program to to find the factorial of decimal number given
by user
Let’s identify variables needed for this program.
First variable will be the one which will hold the value entered by user in the variable NUM and
FACTwill hold 1H and Other variable RES will be holding the Resultant Decimal equivalent
printable form to be printed for the User on Screen and Other variables will be holding the
Messages “ENTER NUMBER: $” and “RESULT : $” to be printed for the User, So in all Five
variables.
The identified variables are NUM, FACT,RES, MSG1 and MSG2.
First Line – DATA SEGMENT
DATA SEGMENT is the starting point of the Data Segment in a Program and DATA is the
name given to this segment and SEGMENT is the keyword for defining Segments, Where we
can declare our variables.
Next Line – NUM DB ?
FACT DB 1H
RES DB 10 DUP (‘$’)
MSG1 DB “ENTER NUMBER : $”
MSG2 DB 10,13,”RESULT : $”
NUM DB ? We are initializing NUM to ? (? stands for blank value), As we are accepting value
from User from Console as the Decimal number to find Factorial of it. Detailed explanation is
given below. FACT DB 1H We are initializing FACT to 1H (H stands for Hexadecimal value).
RES DB 10 DUP (‘$’) this line is a declaration of Array initialized with ’$’ which works as New
Line Character. $ is used as (\ ) NULL character in C program. (A Number Character is of a
BYTE size Hence we have to used only DB Define Byte ) as we don’t know the lenght of the
digits in the Resultant Decimal equivalent printable form, Therefore we take it approx size ten.
Here 10 DUP (‘$’) stands for N i.e. Size of Array or Array Size. DUP stands for Duplicate i.e. it
will duplicate the value in All the Array with the value present in Bracket (i.e. $). MSG1 DB
“ENTER NUMBER: $” this line is a declaration of Charater Array initialized with “ENTER
NUMBER:$” and $ is used as (\ ) NULL character in C program. (A Character is of a BYTE
Hence we have to use only DB Define Byte ). MSG2 DB 10,13,”RESULT:$” this line is a
declaration of Charater Array initialized with “RESULT: $”. 10,13, works as New Line
Character if this is not present All the Messages will be printed on the same line and $ is used as
(\ ) NULL character in C program. (A Character is of a BYTE Hence we have to use only DB
Define Byte ).
Next Line – DATA ENDS
DATA ENDS is the End point of the Data Segment in a Program. We can write just ENDS But
to differentiate the end of which segment it is of which we have to write the same name given to
the Data Segment.
Now, Selection of data type is DB data type the numbers which we are adding will be integers so
DB is sufficient.
DB – Define Byte (Size – 1 Byte)
DW – Define Word (Size – 2 Byte)
DD – Define Double word (Size - 4 Bytes)
DQ – Define Quad word (Size – 8 Bytes)
DT – Define Ten Bytes (Size – 10 Bytes)
NUMBER SYSTEM in Assembly Programming is Decimal, Octal, Hexadecimal, Binary.
In the Program, We.
A stone tool is, in the most general sense, any t.pdfkrram1989
A stone tool is, in the most general sense, any tool made either partially or entirely
out of stone. Stone tools like rock hammers developed in prehistoric times, starting around 2.6
million years ago and developed to more complex technology
Solution
A stone tool is, in the most general sense, any tool made either partially or entirely
out of stone. Stone tools like rock hammers developed in prehistoric times, starting around 2.6
million years ago and developed to more complex technology.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
5 cap and polyadenylationPost-transcriptional mRNA modification.pdf
1. 5' cap and polyadenylation:
Post-transcriptional mRNA modifications: In case of eukaryotes, the pre-mRNA must undergo
modifications, before making it ready for translation. These modifications include, addition of
5’cap, poly -A tail, removal of introns. This extensive mRNA processing is absent in prokaryotes
in which except self-splicing occurs without spliceosomes. Therefore, it has concluded that
eukaryotic protein synthesis is much slower than prokaryotes.
Addition of 5’cap: During this step, the 7-methylguanosine cap added to the 5’end of the pre-
mRNA, which protects the mRNA from degradation and allow the binding of ribosomes.
Polyadenylation-Addition of Poly A tail: A poly A tail is added to the 3’ end of the pre-mRNA
after the completion of elongation. This protects the mRNA from degradation and facilitates the
mature mRNA export to the cytoplasm.
Removal of introns: Before the export of mRNA to the cytoplasm, the introns removed from the
pre-mRNA. Spliceosomes consist of "snRNPs.".SnRNP U1 binds the 5 prime whereas snRNP
U2 binds with branch point sequence (BPS) and snRNP U5 binds to the 3 prime region. In the
first splicing step, a 2'-->5' phosphodiester bond is formed between the first nucleotide of the
intron and the branch site adenosine. In the second step, a 3'-->5' phosphodiester bond is
formed between the exon1 and the exon2 followed by simultaneous ligation.
Splicing mechanism
Small nuclear ribonucleic acid (snRNA): It is also known as U-RNA as it contains many uridine
contents in its complex structure. This is composed of 150 nucleotides nearly to produce
spliceosomes and to act along with snRNP. This snRNA has a predominant role in splicing. The
roles of U1snRNA is different to that of U4snRNA and U1snRNA is mainly going to mediate
splicing by binding to 5'-splice site when snRNP (small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles) to
remove latriant introns but the U4snRNA is going to
Peptidyl transferase rRNA is different in their function to U1snRNA, U4snRNA in RNP as
ribozymes and these ribozymes are enzymatic RNA molecules & they are going to mediate RNA
splicing. The peptidyl transferase activity is possessed by 5S and 23S rRNA of ribosomes. The
role of U4snRNA is going to form a complex to form as U1/U2/U4/U5 on pre-mRNA as
spliceosome to remove introns. However, U4snRNA is specifically has specific role in 3 prime
end of hnRNA
Solution
5' cap and polyadenylation:
2. Post-transcriptional mRNA modifications: In case of eukaryotes, the pre-mRNA must undergo
modifications, before making it ready for translation. These modifications include, addition of
5’cap, poly -A tail, removal of introns. This extensive mRNA processing is absent in prokaryotes
in which except self-splicing occurs without spliceosomes. Therefore, it has concluded that
eukaryotic protein synthesis is much slower than prokaryotes.
Addition of 5’cap: During this step, the 7-methylguanosine cap added to the 5’end of the pre-
mRNA, which protects the mRNA from degradation and allow the binding of ribosomes.
Polyadenylation-Addition of Poly A tail: A poly A tail is added to the 3’ end of the pre-mRNA
after the completion of elongation. This protects the mRNA from degradation and facilitates the
mature mRNA export to the cytoplasm.
Removal of introns: Before the export of mRNA to the cytoplasm, the introns removed from the
pre-mRNA. Spliceosomes consist of "snRNPs.".SnRNP U1 binds the 5 prime whereas snRNP
U2 binds with branch point sequence (BPS) and snRNP U5 binds to the 3 prime region. In the
first splicing step, a 2'-->5' phosphodiester bond is formed between the first nucleotide of the
intron and the branch site adenosine. In the second step, a 3'-->5' phosphodiester bond is
formed between the exon1 and the exon2 followed by simultaneous ligation.
Splicing mechanism
Small nuclear ribonucleic acid (snRNA): It is also known as U-RNA as it contains many uridine
contents in its complex structure. This is composed of 150 nucleotides nearly to produce
spliceosomes and to act along with snRNP. This snRNA has a predominant role in splicing. The
roles of U1snRNA is different to that of U4snRNA and U1snRNA is mainly going to mediate
splicing by binding to 5'-splice site when snRNP (small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles) to
remove latriant introns but the U4snRNA is going to
Peptidyl transferase rRNA is different in their function to U1snRNA, U4snRNA in RNP as
ribozymes and these ribozymes are enzymatic RNA molecules & they are going to mediate RNA
splicing. The peptidyl transferase activity is possessed by 5S and 23S rRNA of ribosomes. The
role of U4snRNA is going to form a complex to form as U1/U2/U4/U5 on pre-mRNA as
spliceosome to remove introns. However, U4snRNA is specifically has specific role in 3 prime
end of hnRNA
