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This study monitored ranavirus-associated mortality in amphibians in a Dutch heathland area in the year following a 2010 outbreak that killed thousands of common midwife toads and dozens of smooth newts. The aims were to document spatial and temporal patterns of ranavirus disease and identify potential enhancing factors. A fixed monitoring protocol was established for ponds in the area. The virus was found to be continuously present in the outbreak pond from 2010 and also present in surrounding ponds, causing ongoing mortality in all life stages of amphibians. However, no clear triggering factors for the outbreaks or continued mortality were identified.
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A field experiment to detect the response of different
rice genotypes against rice blast disease under DSR condition at
Mid hill during rainy season of 2017. Screening of different
genotypes was carried out in a field against rice blast disease and
checked in one factor RCBD with 3 replication and 9 genotype.
The experiment was conducted to impart knowledge about the
response of different genotype against rice blast disease. The
disease severity, AUDPC was found high in Shankharika
genotype while found low in Sabitri genotype. Thus the use of
Sabitri genotype provide proper resistance against rice blast
disease in rice under the hill region of Baitadi district under
Direct Seeded Rice(DSR) condition.
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Risk Factors Early
in the 2010 Cholera
Epidemic, Haiti
Katherine A. O’Connor, Emily Cartwright,
Anagha Loharikar, Janell Routh, Joanna Gaines,
Marie-Délivrance Bernadette Fouché,
Reginald Jean-Louis, Tracy Ayers,
Dawn Johnson, Jordan W. Tappero,
Thierry H. Roels, W. Roodly Archer,
Georges A. Dahourou, Eric Mintz, Robert Quick,
and Barbara E. Mahon
During the early weeks of the cholera outbreak that
began in Haiti in October 2010, we conducted a case–
control study to identify risk factors. Drinking treated water
was strongly protective against illness. Our results highlight
the effectiveness of safe water in cholera control.
On October 19, 2010, the Haitian Ministry of Public Health and Population (MSPP) was notifi ed of
increased cases of acute watery diarrhea resulting in death
among adults in Artibonite Department. Within 2 days,
MSPP’s Laboratoire National de la Santé Publique had
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biotype El Tor in stool specimens (1). The fi rst reports of
illness consistent with cholera occurred on October 16,
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administrative departments (2).
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suspected as the initial source. In a proactive effort to
protect the population, MSPP rapidly implemented a
cholera prevention campaign that began on October 22,
2010, to discourage the population from drinking river
water, distribute water treatment products, and promote
water treatment, handwashing, sanitation, and safe food
preparation. To inform further prevention activities, we
conducted a case–control study during the second and
third weeks of the outbreak to identify risk factors for
symptomatic cholera.
The Study
This study was conducted in Artibonite Department
close to where the fi rst cases were identifi ed. On the
basis of detailed hypothesis-generating interviews with
patients and known risk factors associated with cholera
in other investigations in the Americas, we created a
questionnaire to assess multiple exposures, including
river and other water-related exposures, sanitation and
hygiene practices, foods, and other factors. We enrolled
and interviewed participants from October 31 through
November 13, 2010, with a 4-day break during November
5–8 because of Hurricane Tomas. To rapidly generate
relevant information to guide outbreak response, we set
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sample size that, although limited, was in line with that of
previous successful emergency investigations.
Eligible case-patients were persons >5 years of age
who were hospitalized between October 22 and November
9 for acute watery diarrhea at the Médecins Sans
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in a densely populated rural region near the Artibonite
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Ranavirus: an emerging pathogen in amphibian, fish and reptile populations in...
This document summarizes research on Ranavirus, an emerging pathogen affecting amphibians, fish, and reptiles. Ranavirus is a DNA virus that can cause rapid mortality in susceptible hosts. Research has shown that Ranavirus transmission is efficient across multiple host classes and that community composition and exposure order can impact outbreaks. Evidence also suggests that Ranavirus is capable of causing local extirpations of amphibian populations, including more common species. Factors such as anthropogenic stressors and global trade may contribute to the emergence of this pathogen. Ranavirus represents a significant threat to global biodiversity.
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Presentation on the basic ecology of ranaviruses and mechanisms that may be contribute to this pathogen's emergence. By Dr. Matt Gray (University of Tennessee, Center for Wildlife Health)
Ranaviruses: Cry Wolf or Real Threat?
Are ranaviruses capable of causing local population extinctions and contributing to species declines? By Dr. Matt Gray (University of Tennessee, Center for Wildlife Health)
Mazzoni
This document summarizes a study on the surveillance of ranaviruses in farmed American bullfrogs and sympatric amphibian, fish, and reptile species in Brazil. The study found high prevalence of ranaviruses in bullfrog farms with poor management practices and whole lifecycle production. Ranaviruses were detected at low levels in sympatric species near infected farms but not in other areas without bullfrog introduction. While disease was reported in farmed bullfrog tadpoles, no disease or mortality was observed in sympatric species despite some testing positive for ranaviruses. Future work is needed to further characterize the ranaviruses detected and their potential virulence.
Ranavirus in Costa Rica
This document summarizes research on Ranavirus in Costa Rica. Initial surveys found Ranavirus present in four species of frog. Further study found several species co-infected with Ranavirus and the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. Sequencing found the Ranavirus strain matches one from North America, raising questions about its origin. Animals confiscated from the illegal pet trade in Costa Rica were found to be infected, indicating this trade could be a pathway. Current work aims to isolate a Costa Rican strain, examine museum samples for historical presence, and analyze samples from relict sites that survived past die-offs.
Brunner
This document summarizes a model exploring the dynamics of ranavirus outbreaks in pond-breeding amphibians. Initial models with waterborne and direct transmission alone could not reproduce key features of ranavirus epidemics. Including stage-specific susceptibility based on experimental data resulted in a model that matched the timing and shape of real epidemics, with a sharp increase in cases occurring later in the season. While waterborne transmission was found to be minor compared to direct contact, environmental heterogeneity and multi-host communities warrant further study.
Warne
Environmental stressors are ubiquitous and can impact disease susceptibility and transmission in complex ways. Stress can alter an individual's phenotype through effects on reproduction, growth, and development, as well as their stress response and immune function. This in turn can influence their susceptibility to disease and ability to transmit disease to others. The timing, duration, and intensity of stress exposure are important factors that may increase or decrease disease risk in complex, nonlinear ways. Research is needed to better understand how stressors like pollution contribute to disease emergence and outbreaks through their effects beyond just susceptibility, and how individual stress profiles impact transmission capacity and recovery from disease.
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- 1. Monitoring ranavirus-associated mortality in a Dutch heathland in the aftermath of an outbreak Annemarieke Spitzen – van der Sluijs1; Marja Kik2; Andrea Gröne2 ; Jan van den Broek2; Frank Pasmans3; An Martel3; Jolianne Rijks2 1 Reptile, Amphibian and Fish Conservation the Netherlands (RAVON) 2 Utrecht University & Dutch Wildlife Health Centre (DWHC) 3 Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Knoxville, Tennessee, USA (27 – 29 July 2013)
- 2. 2/18 Introduction 2010 Common Midwife Toad Virus (CMTV) – like virus outbreak killed thousands Pelophylax sp. and dozens Lissotriton vulgaris (Kik et al. 2010) Led to many questions, including: Will ranavirus infection be sustained in this pool? Will we witness outbreaks in neighbouring pools in 2011? How is the water quality, are there clear triggering factors?
- 3. 3/18 Introduction Study aim: To document ranavirus disease spatial and temporal patterns in the year following this mass mortality event, and to identify possible disease enhancing factors
- 4. 4/18 Study site National Park Dwingelderveld 3700 ha heathland with pools, forest and shifting sands
- 6. 6/18 Methods Fixed disease monitoring protocol for the ponds
- 7. 7/18 Conclusions / discussion Continued presence in pond of 2010 outbreak, and presence in surrounding ponds Manifested as continuous mortality of all life stages No clear triggering factors
- 8. 8/18 Acknowledgments Pictures from: www.digitalnature.org, D. Willems, J. Janse, B. Geutskens, J. de Jong, H. Sanders, Google Earth, F. Spikmans R. Popken & A. Donker (Natuurmonumenten) Volunteers: D. Willems Study funded by the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs