Exosomes are smallest extracellular vesicles of size 30 to 100 nm originated from late endosomes. These are released by broad array of cells including B‐ cells, cells, dendritic cells (DCs), T‐cells, epithelial cells,
platelets and many more.
Lecture presented by Dr.Fatma Taha at BIOCHEM Cairo 2014 organized by Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cairo University. BIOCHEM Cairo 2014 is a Scribe event ( www.scribeofegypt.com)
This presentation naming Role of exosomes in cancer help you find exosomal introduction, composition, functions and their role in cancer growth, metastasis, angiogenesis, cancer diagnosis and therapy
Exosomes are 30-150 nm tiny vesicles secreted by most cell types in vivo and in vitro. They are found in all body fluids including plasma, serum, saliva, urine, amniotic fluid, malignant ascite fluids, and cultured medium of cell cultures.
Exosomes are smallest extracellular vesicles of size 30 to 100 nm originated from late endosomes. These are released by broad array of cells including B‐ cells, cells, dendritic cells (DCs), T‐cells, epithelial cells,
platelets and many more.
Lecture presented by Dr.Fatma Taha at BIOCHEM Cairo 2014 organized by Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cairo University. BIOCHEM Cairo 2014 is a Scribe event ( www.scribeofegypt.com)
This presentation naming Role of exosomes in cancer help you find exosomal introduction, composition, functions and their role in cancer growth, metastasis, angiogenesis, cancer diagnosis and therapy
Exosomes are 30-150 nm tiny vesicles secreted by most cell types in vivo and in vitro. They are found in all body fluids including plasma, serum, saliva, urine, amniotic fluid, malignant ascite fluids, and cultured medium of cell cultures.
Exosomes biomarkers mediating important biological process,especially in the systemic disease
diagnostics and therapeutics,yet the protective exosomal vesicle structure hinders rapid,simple detection of the harbored molecules.
Exosomes are 30-150 nm tiny vesicles secreted by most cell types in vivo and in vitro. They are found in all body fluids including plasma, serum, saliva, urine, amniotic fluid, malignant ascite fluids, and cultured medium of cell cultures. Exosomes contain various molecular constituents of their cell of origin, including proteins and RNA. Evidence has shown that exosomes act as many different roles and functions including eradication of obsolete molecules, intercellular communication, antigen presentation, dissemination of oncogenes from tumor cells, and spread of pathogens such as prions and viruses from one cell to another. https://www.creative-biolabs.com/exosome/services.htm
Dr. Talita Resende - Organoids as an invitro model for enteric diseasesJohn Blue
Organoids as an invitro model for enteric diseases - Dr. Talita Resende, from the 2018 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 15-18, 2018, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2018-leman-swine-conference-material
EXTRACTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF BLEBS IN HUMAN EMBRYONIC STEM CELLdbpublications
A main objective of this paper is
to extract bleb from the human
embryonic stem cells. Blebbing is an
important biological indicator in
determining the health of human
embryonic stem cells (hESC). Especially,
areas of a bleb sequence in a video are
often used to distinguish two cells
blebbing behaviours in HESC; dynamic
and apoptotic blessings. Here analyses
active contour segmentation method for
bleb extraction in hESC videos and
introduces a bio-inspired score function
to improve the performance in bleb
extraction. The full bleb formation
consists of bulb expansion and retraction.
Blebs change their size and image
properties dynamically in both processes
and between frames. Therefore, adaptive
parameters are needed for each
segmentation method. A score function
derived from the change of bleb area and
orientation between consecutive frames with cuckoo optimization is proposed
which provides adaptive parameters for
bleb extraction in videos and classified
using artificial neural networks (ANN).
Meritxell Huch - Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Universi...Fundación Ramón Areces
El jueves 8 de febrero de 2018 se realizó en la Fundación Ramón Areces un Ciclo de Conferencias sobre células madre y organoides, en colaboración con Springer Nature.
Reprogramming to pluripotency is possible from adult cells of different tissues and species through the ectopic expression of defined factors. The generated induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) are relevant for various purposes, including disease modeling, drug or toxicity screening and autologous cell therapy. Over the last few years, increased efforts are being made to improve the reprogramming techniques, the efficiency and quality of the generated iPSCs, as well as to identify the best cell source to be reprogrammed. Cells derived from fetal tissues, such as amniotic fluid, placenta and umbilical cord, offer distinct advantages in terms of reprogramming compared to adult somatic cells. Importantly, fetal cells are more primitive, easily achievable in sufficient numbers and are devoid of any ethical concern. They show great plasticity, high proliferation rate, low immunogenity and absence of teratoma formation. Therefore, they can be reprogrammed much faster and more efficiently than adult cells. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the advantages of reprogramming fetal sources in comparison to other commonly used cell types.
ISEV2014 - Introduction to EV biogenesis and secretion (C. Thery)andyfhill
Slides from ISEV2014 presentation. Introduction to Extracellular Vesicle biogenesis and secretion presented by Clotilde Thery.
For more information go to www.isev.org
Exosomes biomarkers mediating important biological process,especially in the systemic disease
diagnostics and therapeutics,yet the protective exosomal vesicle structure hinders rapid,simple detection of the harbored molecules.
Exosomes are 30-150 nm tiny vesicles secreted by most cell types in vivo and in vitro. They are found in all body fluids including plasma, serum, saliva, urine, amniotic fluid, malignant ascite fluids, and cultured medium of cell cultures. Exosomes contain various molecular constituents of their cell of origin, including proteins and RNA. Evidence has shown that exosomes act as many different roles and functions including eradication of obsolete molecules, intercellular communication, antigen presentation, dissemination of oncogenes from tumor cells, and spread of pathogens such as prions and viruses from one cell to another. https://www.creative-biolabs.com/exosome/services.htm
Dr. Talita Resende - Organoids as an invitro model for enteric diseasesJohn Blue
Organoids as an invitro model for enteric diseases - Dr. Talita Resende, from the 2018 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 15-18, 2018, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2018-leman-swine-conference-material
EXTRACTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF BLEBS IN HUMAN EMBRYONIC STEM CELLdbpublications
A main objective of this paper is
to extract bleb from the human
embryonic stem cells. Blebbing is an
important biological indicator in
determining the health of human
embryonic stem cells (hESC). Especially,
areas of a bleb sequence in a video are
often used to distinguish two cells
blebbing behaviours in HESC; dynamic
and apoptotic blessings. Here analyses
active contour segmentation method for
bleb extraction in hESC videos and
introduces a bio-inspired score function
to improve the performance in bleb
extraction. The full bleb formation
consists of bulb expansion and retraction.
Blebs change their size and image
properties dynamically in both processes
and between frames. Therefore, adaptive
parameters are needed for each
segmentation method. A score function
derived from the change of bleb area and
orientation between consecutive frames with cuckoo optimization is proposed
which provides adaptive parameters for
bleb extraction in videos and classified
using artificial neural networks (ANN).
Meritxell Huch - Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Universi...Fundación Ramón Areces
El jueves 8 de febrero de 2018 se realizó en la Fundación Ramón Areces un Ciclo de Conferencias sobre células madre y organoides, en colaboración con Springer Nature.
Reprogramming to pluripotency is possible from adult cells of different tissues and species through the ectopic expression of defined factors. The generated induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) are relevant for various purposes, including disease modeling, drug or toxicity screening and autologous cell therapy. Over the last few years, increased efforts are being made to improve the reprogramming techniques, the efficiency and quality of the generated iPSCs, as well as to identify the best cell source to be reprogrammed. Cells derived from fetal tissues, such as amniotic fluid, placenta and umbilical cord, offer distinct advantages in terms of reprogramming compared to adult somatic cells. Importantly, fetal cells are more primitive, easily achievable in sufficient numbers and are devoid of any ethical concern. They show great plasticity, high proliferation rate, low immunogenity and absence of teratoma formation. Therefore, they can be reprogrammed much faster and more efficiently than adult cells. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the advantages of reprogramming fetal sources in comparison to other commonly used cell types.
ISEV2014 - Introduction to EV biogenesis and secretion (C. Thery)andyfhill
Slides from ISEV2014 presentation. Introduction to Extracellular Vesicle biogenesis and secretion presented by Clotilde Thery.
For more information go to www.isev.org
Molecular basis of plant resistance and defense responses to pathogensSenthil Natesan
In response to pathogen attack, plants have evolved sophisticated defense mechanisms to delay or arrest pathogen growth.Unlike animals, plants lack a circulating immune system recognizing microbial pathogens. Plant cells are more autonomous in their defense mechanisms and rely on the innate immune capacity of each cell and systemic signals that disseminate from infection sites (Jones and Dangl, 2006). Plant innate immunity consists of preformed physical and chemical barriers (such as leaf hairs, rigid cell walls, pre-existing antimicrobial compounds) and induced defenses. Should an invading microbe successfully breach the pre-formed barriers, it may be recognized by the plant, resulting in the activation of cellular defense responses that stop or restrict further development of the invader.
Circulating Tumor Cell, Cell Free DNA, Exosome and Vesicle Cancer Diagnostic ...MarketResearch.com
A revolution in cancer diagnostics is occurring using in vitro blood testing to identify cancer DNA. GRAIL, a new company with impressive backing, has announced a single blood test to detect all cancers. The technology is moving faster than the market. New technology that definitively identifies disease conditions from blood samples is poised to replace expensive invasive surgical biopsy procedures. The market is still in its infancy but has outstanding growth potential. The impact on the health care industry is enormous. The report forecasts the market size out to 2020. In addition, the report looks at potential market sizes by country, by cancer and by the three different opportunities: detection, management and screening.
CXCR7 is induced by hypoxia and mediates glioma cell migration towards SDF-1a...Enrique Moreno Gonzalez
Glioblastomas, the most common and malignant brain tumors of the central nervous system, exhibit high invasive capacity, which hinders effective therapy. Therefore, intense efforts aimed at improved therapeutics are ongoing to delineate the molecular mechanisms governing glioma cell migration and invasion.
LSM4222 Autophagy proteins stabilize pathogen containing phagosomes for prolo...Wong RuiXiong
National University of Singapore
2013/2014 Semester 2
LSM4222
Autophagy proteins stabilize pathogen containing phagosomes for prolonged MHC class II presentation
A fun activity to teach the concept of tissue engineering to students and even kids! This was developed by the Binghamton BMES student chapter and also used as a case study submission for the Biomaterials class by the developers of this idea. It will showcase at the Binghamton University 2016 Engineers Week for young students in the local community.
Gene for gene system in plant fungus interactionVinod Upadhyay
MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF GENE FOR GENE SYSTEMS IN PLANT- FUNGUS INTERACTION AND THE APPLICATIONS OF AVIRULENCE GENES IN CONTROL OF PLANT PATHOGENS
Bio303 Lecture Three: New Foes, Emerging InfectionsMark Pallen
New foes. In this lecture I will describe emerging infections, their epidemiology and ecology and the threats that they pose. I will focus on three case studies: SARS, pandemic flu (with help from Jennifer Gardy) and the German STEC outbreak of May-June 2011
Clinical microbiology and molecular techniquesIndhra Yogaesh
Molecular biology is the science of biomolecules. Even though the term “biomolecules” includes all molecules such as proteins, fatty acids etc, it is refers to nucleic acid these days.
The application of molecular technology in medicine is almost endless, some of the applications of molecular methods are:
1. Classification of organism based on genetic relatedness (genotyping)
2. Identification and confirmation of isolate obtained from culture
3. Early detection of pathogens in clinical specimen
4. Rapid detection of antibiotic resistance
5. Detection of mutations
6. Differentiation of toxigenic from non-toxigenic strains
7. Detection of microorganisms that lose viability during transport, impossible, dangerous and costly
to culture, grow slowly or present in extremely small numbers in clinical specimen
8. Apart from their role in microbiology, these techniques can also be used in identifying
abnormalities in human and forensic medicine.
Eric Luellen's presentation at Harvard University virology class on December 3, 2015 about veepox, the weaponization of smallpox via recombination with Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEEV); Dark Winter, a model for extrapolating the impact of weaponized smallpox; and, Dark Winter 2.0, one example of applying veepox to that model.
Zoonoses pandemics and the Urgency of a “Zooimmunocament”ijtsrd
The recurrence of animal to man pathologies and its lethality has motivated our inquiry into a rethink of our relationship with fauna species. Mindful of the lethality of zoonoses, the duration to develop vaccines for the prevention of zoonoses, the inevitable interaction of fauna and humans, the fragile nature of the human immune system to fight zoonoses, this paper proposes a “zooimmunocament” which humanity needs to borrow the genetic and immunologic ingredients from the fauna species where they don’t develop a malady and used for his therapy. This therapy is far from vaccines. Humanity thanks to his evolutionary advancement in intelligence can control and make use of the fauna immune system for the fight against zoonotic zoonoses pathologies. Since those pathogens in fauna species do not cause harm, humanity can exploit the set up of their defense system for a possible therapy thus the appellation zooimmunocament. Ezekiel Kikoh | Ngai Roland Yinkfu "Zoonoses-pandemics and the Urgency of a “Zooimmunocament”" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38457.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/philosophy/38457/zoonosespandemics-and-the-urgency-of-a-“zooimmunocament”/ezekiel-kikoh
Bioterrorism is using living organsims as weapons of mass destruction or to cause panic in population. it has existed since ancient times and yet pose a potential future threat. this compilation is not exhaustive and contains references at the end for further reading
Ebola virus (Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever) by S Shivani Shastrulagari shivani shastrulagari
WHAT IS EBOLA?
Ebola is the most lethal virus known to man.
Ebola hemorrhagic fever is a very contagious illness that is often fatal in humans and nonhuman primates (monkeys, gorillas, and chimpanzees).
Distinguish between cellular and acellular. Give examples of microorg.pdfarjuntiwari586
Distinguish between cellular and acellular. Give examples of microorganisms in each category.
Describe the distinguishing features of each type of cell. What are the three domains of life?
Describe features of each domain. Escherichia coli is a bacterial species. Identify the genus and
the species. Escherichia coli has different strains. What is the significance of the strain
designation? What contributes to the emergence and/or re-emergence of infectious diseases?
Define the divisions of microbiology: bacteriology, mycology, virology, parasitology, serology,
molecular biology. The following made significant contributions to the field of microbiology,
identify the contribution of each: Leeuwenhoek, Holmes, Semmelweis, Lister, Pasteur, Koch,
Jenner
Solution
2.Unicellular organism is made up of one cell, a being with a cell wall, that gets along fine on its
own (like amoebas, protozoa or bacteria that usually move about all on their own) or which
could get along fine on its own (like yeasts or algae, which usually grow in bunches or
strings).Acellular organisms do not divide into discrete cells following the division of the
nucleus - they just carry on growing and producing more nuclei.Eg:Viruses, viroids, satellites,
plasmids, phagemids, cosmids, transposons and prions.
3. please specify the cells,in human or microbes?
4.The three domains of life are:
(a)EUKARYOTA
The Eukaryota include the organisms that most people are most familiar with - all animals,
plants, fungi, and protists. They also include the vast majority of the organisms that
paleontologists work with. Although they show unbelievable diversity in form, they share
fundamental characteristics of cellular organization, biochemistry, and molecular biology. Eg:
dinoflagellate,single-celled photosynthetic protist; plants; animals; and fungi.
(b)BACTERIA
Bacteria are often maligned as the causes of human and animal disease (like this one, Leptospira,
which causes serious disease in livestock). However, certain bacteria, the actinomycetes, produce
antibiotics such as streptomycin and nocardicin; others live symbiotically in the guts of animals
(including humans) or elsewhere in their bodies, or on the roots of certain plants, converting
nitrogen into a usable form. Bacteria put the tang in yogurt and the sour in sourdough bread;
bacteria help to break down dead organic matter; bacteria make up the base of the food web in
many environments. Bacteria are of such immense importance because of their extreme
flexibility, capacity for rapid growth and reproduction, and great age - the oldest fossils known,
nearly 3.5 billion years old, are fossils of bacteria-like organisms.
(c)ARCHEA
Archaeans include inhabitants of some of the most extreme environments on the planet. Some
live near rift vents in the deep sea at temperatures well over 100 degrees Centigrade. Others live
in hot springs, or in extremely alkaline or acid waters. They have been found thriving inside the
digestive tracts of cows, t.
Plague : Medical Management and original method of treatment.Dmitri Popov
A new effective method of coutermeasure against biological weapons, antiviral treatment of acute and chronic viral hepatitis B and C and against other viral diseases was used in medical practice in hospitals.Research results show this method as effective method against severe viral infections, warfare, and outbreak infections, Biological warfare, methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus.
Members of the fungal genus now known as Pneumocystis were first identified in 1909 by Chagas in the lung of guinea pigs that had been experimentally infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. Chagas thought he had identified a new trypanosomal life form. In 1910, Carini noted morphologically similar organisms in the lung of rats infected with Trypanosoma lewisi, and likewise thought they were a new type of trypanosome.
In 1912, Delanoe and Delanoe, working at the Institut Pasteur, Paris, reviewed Carini’s data and observed the cysts in the lung of Parisian sewer rats. Delanoe and Delanoe realized this was a unique organism and a separate species from Trypanosoma, and named it Pneumocystis carinii, Pneumocystis highlighting the pulmonary tropism and pathogenesis of the organism, carinii in honor of A. Carini.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
ISEV2014 - Introduction to Pathogen Derived EV's (H. Del Portillo)
1. PATHOGEN-‐DERIVED
EVs
CHAIRS
ANTONIO
MARCILLA
Departament
de
Biologia
Cel.lular
i
Parasitologia,
Universitat
de
València,
Valencia,
Spain
antonio.marcilla@uv.es
HERNANDO
A
DEL
PORTILLO
ICREA
at
Barcelona
Centre
for
InternaJonal
Health
Research
–
CRESIB,
Barcelona,
Spain
hernandoa.delporJllo@cresib.cat
ISEV
2014,
RoRerdam
April
30th
–
May
3rd
2014
2. O1C-‐013
TRYPANOSOMA
CRUZI-‐DERIVED
MICROVESICLES
TRIGGER
DISTINCT
STRAIN-‐SPECIFIC
PROINFLAMMATORY
ACTIVITY
VIA
TLR2
R.
Soares
1,*
K.
Ribeiro
2,
C.
Miranda
2,
P.
Nogueira
1,
A.
C.
Silveira
1,
O.
MarKns-‐Filho
1,
A.
C.
Torrecilhas
2
1Laboratório
de
Biomarcadores
de
DiagnósKco
e
Monitoração,
Centro
de
Pesquisas
René
Rachou,
Belo
Horizonte,
2Departamento
de
Ciências
Biológicas,
Universidade
Federal
de
São
Paulo,
Diadema,
Brazil
O1C-‐014
Biogenesis
Mechanisms
of
Bacterial
Vesicles
M.
Kuehn
1,*
1Biochemistry,
Duke
University
Medical
Center,
Durham,
United
States
O1C-‐015
Membrane
vesicles
released
from
Uropathogenic
Escherichia
coli
transport
an
RNA
cargo
C.
Blenkiron
1,*
,
D.
Simonov
1,
A.
MUTHUKARUPPAN
1,
P.
Tsai
1,
S.
Green
1,
C.
Print
1,
S.
Swi`
1,
A.
Phillips
1
1Faculty
of
Medical
and
Health
Sciences,
University
of
Auckland,
Auckland,
New
Zealand
O1C-‐016
Extracellular
vesicle-‐mimeKc
nanovesicles
derived
from
bacterial
protoplast
as
next
generaKon
vaccine
delivery
system
for
effecKve
prevenKon
of
infecKous
diseases
O.
Y.
Kim
1,*
,
S.
J.
Choi
1,
K.-‐S.
Park
1,
S.
C.
Jang
1,
J.
Lötvall
2,
Y.-‐K.
Kim
1,
Y.
S.
Gho
1
1Life
Science,
POSTECH,
Po
Hang,
Korea,
Republic
Of,
2Kre`ing
Research
Centre,
Internal
Medicine,
University
of
Gothenburg,
Gothenburg,
Sweden
O1C-‐017
ConservaKon
of
exosome
funcKon
during
viral
infecKon
in
Drosophila
melanogaster
C.
Kerr
1,*
,
L.
Foster
1,
E.
Jan
1
1Biochemistry
and
Molecular
Biology,
University
of
BriKsh
Columbia,
Vancouver,
Canada
4. “SomeJme,
about
150,000
years
ago,
Homo
sapiens
emerged
in
eastern
Africa
and
spread
throughout
the
world,
possibly
in
several
waves,
unJl
15,000
years
ago.
At
the
end
of
the
Ice
Age
humans
had
migrated
to
and
inhabited
virtually
the
whole
of
the
face
of
the
Earth,
bringing
some
parasites
with
them
and
collecJng
others
on
the
way.
During
our
relaJvely
short
history
on
Earth,
humans
have
acquired
an
amazing
number
of
parasites,
about
300
species
of
helminth
worms
and
over
70
species
of
protozoa
.
Many
of
these
are
rare
and
accidental
parasites,
but
we
sJll
harbor
about
90
relaJvely
common
species,
of
which
a
small
proporJon
cause
some
of
the
most
important
diseases
in
the
world.
So
vast
is
the
field
of
human
parasitology,
and
so
many
and
far-‐reaching
the
discoveries
made,
that
it
is
not
possible
to
do
jusJce
to
the
whole
subject.
Therefore;
only
the
most
significant
aspects
and
the
most
important
parasites
are
considered
under
two
major
headings,
the
helminth
worms
and
the
protozoa”.
COX
F.E.G.
CLINICAL
MICROBIOLOGY
REVIEWS,
Oct.
2002,
p.
595–612
HISTORY
OF
HUMAN
PARASITOLOGY
7. Hotez
et
al.
2008
J
Clin
Inv
Worms
are
responsible
for
millions
of
clinical
cases
8. Threadgold,
1963
Quart.
J.
micr.
Sci.
FIG.
3
(plate),
A,
cuJcular
surface,
showing
the
electron-‐dense
zone
of
invaginaJons,
pinocytoJc
vacuoles,
and
small
vesicles.
9.
10. E.
caproni
100
nm
100
nm
F.
hepa.ca
56
%
SECRETOME
ECV
In
summary,
although
the
secreJon
of
exosome-‐like
vesicles
has
been
demonstrated
in
several
organisms,
we
have
shown
the
producJon
of
these
structures
by
parasiJc
helminths
for
the
first
Jme.
12. PARASITIC
PROTOZOA
AND
ASSOCIATED
DISEASES
hRp://www.pathobio.sdu.edu.cn/sdjsc/engparabook/ch077.htm
13. www.stanford.edu
Trichomona
vaginalis
is
the
causaKve
agent
of
trichomoniasis,
and
is
the
most
common
pathogenic
protozoan
infecKon
of
humans
in
industrialized
countries
The
WHO
has
esKmated
that
275
million
cases
of
infecKon
are
acquired
annually
worldwide.
14.
15. PreincubaKon
with
exosomes
of
a
highly
adherent
strain
increases
adherence
of
a
poorly
adherent
strain
to
Ects
21. P.
falciparum
216
million
clinical
cases
650.000
deaths
P.
vivax
2.85
billions
of
people
at
risk
70-‐320
millions
of
clinical
cases
yearly
Global
distribuKon
and
endemicity
of
P.
falciparum
&
P.
vivax
27. Exosomes
Hypothesis: - Exosomes derived from Plasmodium vivax infected reticulocytes
contain parasite proteins and can modulate immune responses.
exosomes
MVB
Aikawa,
Barnwell,
Galinski.
del
PorKllo
et
al
2001
Nature
28. Exosomes+CpG immunization
Py XL Py XLPy XL
Immunized
mice
present
sterile
protecJon
in
subsequent
infecJons
20 days 20 days
parasitemia
P. yoelii 17XL
NI
5 µg s.c.10 µg s.c
+CpG. rexPy
rexC
rexPy
rexC
MarKn-‐Jaular
et
al.,
2011
PLoS
One
29. PARASITES
AND
EVs
Barteneva
et
al.,
2013
FronKers
Cell
Inf
Microbiol